Section 1 Review body wave a seismic wave that travels through the body of a medium

Transcription

1 Name Cla'3s Date Section 1 Review body wave a seismic wave that travels through the body of a medium earthquake a mo~emen~ortrert!bling of the ground that is caused.bya sudden release of energy when rocks along afault move elastic rebound thesvdder:heturn of elastically defor'lleqrofktt) its undeformed shape. eplcentel". the, P9int~ 0",.Earth'ssurf(!cedireCtly above an earthquakef5staiting point, or focus. fault zone a region ofnumerol!s, doselyspaced faults. focusthelocationwit9in Ea~halongflfallit at which the first motion: of an' earthquake occurs P wave a primary wave, or compression W8veL. a seismic wave,that causes partieles of,to move ina back:'and~fbrth direttionpar.tol;; the directi.on inwhich.the wave.i~traverini: :. shadow. zone an area on EarthrssUffacew~ere.;\: no. direct seismic wave~ frqm~. partkul~r ',:'.',.:.:. earthquclkecan be detected;... (i';, surface wave a seismicwave that travels alohg... the surface of amedium and that has it stron~ ger effect near the surface of the medium than it has in the interior 5 wa~, a secondary wave, or shear' wave;i! sei~h mit wave that causespartides9f rot~ tomoy~) in a side-to-side.dire9iion p~rpendfculattq'the. : direction invvhichthe.wave is~ra'(eling,,'.., 1. Describe Relationships How is elastic rebound related to earthquakes? «: /",1 ~/,2J->, 2. Explain Why do most earthquakes happen at plate boundaries? 3. Compare Desclibe three differences between P waves and S waves. 4. Describe What are shadow zones, and why do they exist? COPYlight Ii) Holt :McDougaL ;\11 lights reserved, Holt McDougal Earth Science 180 Earthquakes

2 Name Section 2 Review intensityin Earth science, the amount of dama&e caused byan earthquake ma,","qdea measure ofthe strength of an I earthquake. Class seismogram a tracing of earthquake motion.that is re<;orded by a seismograph seismograph an instrument that records vibrations in the ground 1. Describe Relationships How are a seismograph and a seismogram related? 2. Explain Two different cities experienced the same earthquake. In one city, scientists said that the earthquake had a level V intensity. In the other city, scientists said that the earthquake had a level \ill intensity. Explain how this could be true. 3. Describe How do scientists find the location of an e31thquake's epicenter? 4. Apply Concepts An e31ihquake affected the to~rns of Quakeville and Shaketown. Quakeville was closer to the epicenter than Shaketown was. The seismogram on the left is from Quakeville. The picture on the right shows p31i; of the seismogram from Shaketown. Complete the seismogram from Shaketown. I Seismogram from Quakeville P waves arrive~ I S waves Seismogram from Shaketown I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I f I o Time in minutes after earthquake Time in minutes after earthquake Copyright «') Holt xlcdougal. Ail lights reserved. Holt McDougal Earth Science 184 Earthquakes

3 NAME DATE -,--_ CLASS REINFORCEMENT Earthquake Information " 7 S The graph below shows travel time in minutes and distance traveled for primary and secondary waves. Primary and secondary wa.ves start at the same time but do not travel at the same speed. Study the graph. Use the graph to help answer the questions that follow. ~ (. -.s E- CD E ;; Gi > ~ a ~fii / ~tti/ ~~ ~?!)/ (JO C:Jqj / V V / ~~"e~ v- / /' ~~i I ~~\~ / / / /' 1/ /! V V o Distance traveled (1000 km units) 1. Howlong does it take for a primary wave to travel 2000 kilometers? 2. How long does it take for a secondary wave to travel 2000 kilometers? 3. How far does a secondary wave travel in 10 minutes? 4. How far does a primary wave travel in 10 minutes? 5. What happens to the time difference between primary and secondary waves as the distance traveled gets longer? 6. Suppose a primary and secondary wave both traveled a distance of5000 kilometers before they are picked up by a seismograph. Which wave will, arrive first? 7. How much time lag at 5000 km will there be between these two waves? ~.. 8. Suppose both a primary and secondary wave start together and travel for 5 minutes. Which wave will travel farther? Copyright Glencoe Division of Macmillan/McGraw HiII Users of Merrill Earth Science have the publisher's permission 10 reproduce this page. 59

4 Name Class Date Section 3 Review tsunami, agi~nt ocea'n w~v~ th~tlotni~ aftet. a:;' ': seismic gap." ~tl a~e~"<ai9 ~~ ~!~!Jltwhe!.eJ c :' ~ refatively f~"";,ei,trthq~akesn ~ve. o,c:cu rre~~;;,~ '. ', ' i\' '(orc~nlt eruptiofj; submarine i earitt1qoak~, or t ' rec~ntty ' ~Vt vi{.qere ~{1g eartnq~~k~s ~.:e,:~ ~ittldslide' r.' ' /',.' known to: h~ve eccij (red inj~ : pasr - ',-, >~:" i.,j c ' c C '.: _ t., 1. Explain What causes a tsunami? 2. Describe What are seismic gaps, and why are they important? 3. Identify What are two ways an earthquake can damage a building? 4. Infer Scientists examined the rocks at a fault zone, and they predicted that an earthquake might happen there. What do you think they found? 5. Identify In the table below, list steps that people who live in areas that have high earthquake-hazard levels should take. List at least two steps in each box. Before an Earthquake During an Earthquake After an Earthquake Copyright Holt McDougaL All rights r~ s erv~d. Holt McDougal Earth Science 188 Earthquakes

5 Naill(:' Class Date Section 2 Review caldera a large, circular depression that forms when the magma chamber.delow a volcano partially empties and causes the ground above to sink. felsic describes magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color... mafic describes magma or igneolls.rock that is rich irunagnesium-and irqnand ;tha~j~. generally dark in color -. pyroclastic material fragments of rock that form during a volcanic eruption. 1. Explain Why does felsic lava produce explosive enlptions more often than mafic lava does? 2. Compare Give one similarity and one difference between lapilli and volcanic blocks. 3. Describe How do calderas form? 4. Infer Which would be more likely to increase the steepness of a volcanic cone--a quiet eruption or an explosive eruption? Explain your answer. 5. Explain Scientists today are studying many active volcanoes around the world. They are even studying volcanoes that have not erupted for htmdreds or thousands of years. What is the most likely reason they are studying these volcanoes? Copyright Holt ;\kdougal All righl., reserved. Holt McDougal Earth Science 200 Volcanoes

6 Name ( 'lass Date Section 1 Review hot spot a volcanically active area of Earthts surface,: commonly feu from'a t,ectonic plate boundary, ' lava magma that flows onto Earth's surface; the rock that forms~he~:iava coolsahd solidifies magma, Iiquid,rockpr6duce4 underei;}rth'~ surface ', ' ':'.,',... 'E~. 1. Define In your own words, define volcanism..volcanism any activity that includes the ', ' movement of magma toward or onto,earth's. ' ~~re ', volcano 'a vent or fissure in Earth's surface_, through which magma an,d gases are expelled '... I I,, 1 2. Describe Complete the table below to describe how volcanoes form in different area..,. Place Where Volcanoes Form Subduction zones Description Why Magma Forms There A mantle plume rises to the surface. Two plates move apart. As the plates move apart, the pressure on the rock below decreases. The decreased pressure causes the rock to melt. 3. Compare \Vhat is the main difference between how a pluton forms and how a volcano forms? 4. Apply Concepts The map below shows the locations of many volcanoes. On the map, circle three volcanoes that are probably found at hot spots. Copyright Holt ;\!cdol1gal All rights reserved. Holt McDougal Earth Science 194 Volcanoes