Preliminary Investigation to Eliminate Soft Spots + (Remediation of Soft Subgrade)
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1 Preliminary Investigation to Eliminate Soft Spots + (Remediation of Soft Subgrade) By Jim Coffin, P.G. Chief Engineering Geologist Wyoming Department of Transportation
2 WYDOT Geology Crew: 24 Total- 1 Admin. Spec.; 6 Drill Crew; 14 Engineering Geologist s; 2 Lab Techs.; 1 Draftsman
3 CME 1050 ATV
4 CME 75
5 CME 55 CME 75 Towing the CME 55 Teamwork CME 55 Stuck
6 John Deere (Extends to 21 depth)
7 Geologic Map of Wyoming The Geology determines the geotechnical issues we might encounter around the state, e.g., problem soils, drainage problems, available material sources.
8 Avg. Elev.= 6,100 Lowest Elev. 3,125 Bentonite Surfacing Materials: Limestone AREA OF POOR SOILS! Gannett Pk., Highest Elevation 13,804 KASF Surfacing Materials: Igneous\Metamorphic (Granite, Gneiss) Overall soils are fine grained, silts & clays Surfacing Materials: Terrace Gravel Deposits Randomly Collapsing Soils Deposited
9 -Pre Investigation -Site Inspection or Reconnaissance -Drill and Field Investigation -Laboratory Testing -Analysis
10 Review Bedrock Existing Soils Profiles Geologic Map PRE-INVESTIGATION Aerial Photographs or Google Earth Images -Data Search to Obtain Available Information Concerning the Road Section WYDOT Photos and Survey Program can Provide high resolution images Highway
11 PRE-INVESTIGATION -Data Search to Obtain Available Information Concerning the Road Section Wearing Coarse Pavement Base -WYDOT -Falling Agile Assets Weight Database provides Deflectometer Construction/Pavement Road History
12 Site Inspection and Reconnaissance Map the local Geology and Soil Conditions -Document -Stake test surface holes in water advance conditions, which assists e.g., utility locaters irrigation ditches, andwater expedites adjacent the drill to the road, -Document condition of pavement surface water conditions, (Is the -Geologic and Soils Mapping Photograph and document conditions investigation etc. and roadway ditch section adequate?)
13 Drill/Field Investigation -Drill holes spaced 600 to 800 feet apart to determine general soil conditions -Drill holes spaced 100 to 400 feet apart in problem areas -Drill and test within and outside distressed areas
14 -Accurately log test holes and estimate the following: -Soil descriptions/stratigraphy; consistency (soft, stiff), soil type, moisture content, color -Soil descriptions/stratigraphy; consistency (soft, stiff), soil type, moisture content, color -Thickness of surfacing and soil/bedrock materials water table Hollow Stem Augers Drill/Field Investigation
15 Drill/Field Investigation Sampling and Testing -Samples of the subgrade are submitted to the Cheyenne Materials Lab in canvas sacks -Used to determine classification, gradation, and R Value, etc. for surfacing design
16 Continuous Sampler 3 diameter (split barrel) 5 long Continuous Sampler 3 diameter 2.5 long Shelby Tube Provides sample of soils with depth Drill/Field Investigation Sampling and Testing
17 Standard Penetration Test -Universal test throughout geotechnical industry -Provides sample of soil and a blow count -Soil strength can be correlated with blow count using charts and graphs Drill/Field Investigation Sampling and Testing
18 Drill/Field Investigation Sampling and Testing Drive Point Test AW Rods 2 cone Provides relative strength of soil and soft bedrock Continuously with depth
19 Drill/Field Investigation Sampling and Testing Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) Accurate to depths of 3.5, can test deeper Provides in-situ shear strength values
20 Drill/Field Investigation Sampling and Testing -Install observation wells or piezometers to measure groundwater or water pressure -If GWS is encountered, install adequate monitoring wells to contour the groundwater surface
21 Laboratory Coarse GrainedTesting Classification of soils -Unified Soil Classification System -AASHTO Soil Classification System Coarse Grained Fine Grained Fine Grained
22 Laboratory Testing Unconfined Compressive Test (quick test) provides a shear strength value Direct shear and Triaxial Tests provide a cohesion and phi angle Cohesion Phi angle Consolidation/Swell Tests -Compressibility -Expansive/Swell Potential
23 Analysis 1. Maps, maintenance records, site observations 2. Field Investigations data, drill logs, field tests 3. Laboratory Classifications shear strength data, ect.. We consider the Engineering Geologist in the field to be a detective, they must look at all the data to determine the problem and a cost effective solution for the mitigation of soft soils
24 DESIGN Good Resource: FHWA-NHI 1. Course Determine No , soil subgrade Geosynthetic strength. Design and Construction assume CBR=1 Guidelines ~ 600 psf or (2008) 4.2 psi Without geotextile Provides design charts 32 gravel With geotextile 2. Determine wheel loading. 21 gravel Use 30,000 lbs. (15 yd 3 scrapper) 3. Establish tolerable rutting 4. Obtain bearing capacity factor Without geotextile: 2.8<N c <3.3 With geotextile : 5.0<N c < Without Geotextile: N c = 3.0 c = 4.2 psi; cn c = 12.6 psi With Geotextile: N c = 5.5 c = 4.2 psi; cn c = 23.1 psi
25 Geotechnical Recommendations
26 Subgrade Mitigation
27 When soft soils are encountered on the project, we basically have to build a temporary haul road or platform for the construction equipment These construction loads are the highest loads the road will ever experience
28 And the equipment is heavy; like 185,000 pounds for a heaped 631G Cat Scraper!
29 Soft Subgrade Options (cont.) Most common method for stabilizing soft soils at WYDOT: Subexcavate a portion of soft soils Place a geotextile or geogrid Backfill with granular material or best borrow
30 10 lbs. of gravel placed on 10 lbs. of mud = 20 lbs. of MUD!
31 Geotextile Subgrade Reinforcement
32 Typical view of a Non-Woven Geotextile
33 Biaxial Geogrids
34 EQUIPMENT On Soft Subgrade, the more passes made with construction equipment the worse it gets!
35 The soil will eventually lose all it s available shear strength!
36
37
38 BACKFILL Good granular backfill is critical to help bridge soft soils
39 Hopefully you will never have a job that looks this bad!
40 Questions?
41 What Options do we look at for Soft Subgrade Mitigation at WYDOT? Moisture Density Control Works well for moderately soft soils Raise Grade and build on top of existing road materials Good option If the design allows Accesses, bridges, ROW along road corridor may restrict this option
42 Soft Subgrade Options (cont.) Shift Alignment Not often an option Improve Drainage (e.g., deepen ditches, install under-drains or drainage nets below road) Usually improves soil conditions, but clays are very slow to drain and may not stabilize during construction Lime Treatment
43 Separation 10 lbs. of gravel placed on 10 lbs. of mud = 20 lbs. of MUD!
44 Geosynthetic Installation (cont.) Geosynthetic Placement: Geosynthetic: Roll out smooth w/minimal folds, wrinkles Overlap: 24 at edges and ends of rolls, Shingle new rolls: When starting a new roll, place the end of new roll underneath previous roll Anchoring: If necessary can use staples, piles of soil, small rocks to hold in place ends/edges in place. Don t anchor over very soft soils
45 Chemical Treatment More common in construction than maintenance Lowers plasticity Reduces swelling potential Usage based on soil makeup
46 Quantitity of Geosynthetics used at WYDOT since 1984 (millions SY s) Geotextiles Separation: 9.5M Paving: 7.5M Membrane: 3.5M Emb. & R. Wall: 0.9M Drainage: 0.30M Erosion: 0.28M Subgrade Reinf.: New! Geogrid/Other Biaxial Geogrid: 1.4M Uniaxial Geogrid: 0.5M Sheet Drain: 1.4M Geocell: 0.1M Geosynthetics in red are used for subgrade stabilization
47 Lime Treatment Changes chemical nature of clays Calcium ions displace water Reduces plasticity, shrink/swell potential Increases ph clays break down Soils become hard and granular Type of soil Clays High: PI > 10 25% pass 200 sieve
48 Top of Finished Subgrade (Dirt Grade) Bottom of Base Top of PMP MDC= Up to 2 deep, ditch bottom to ditch bottom Base of MDC, up to 2 deep, ditch bottom to ditch bottom WHAT IS MDC?
49 Field Investigation DRILL HOLES (8 Augers or Rotary (Wireline Core) ) o Spacing o Reconstruction/Widening; 600 to 1000 feet o Minor Reconstr., Overlay (Second Stage); 1000 to 2000 feet o Depth o Road, 5 to15 feet o Cuts, 10 to 100 feet+ (5 feet below ditch bottom) o Fills, 5 feet to base of soft material
50 EQUIPMENT Placement of backfill with Low Ground Pressure equipment may be necessary to prevent failure of the subgrade.
51 BACKFILL If all you have is dirt for backfill, using a geotextile or geogrid may be a waste of money.
52 Yellowstone Crater (Produced enough volcanic ash to cover the entire US 1.5 thick)
53
54 GEOSYNTHETICS Geotextile and Membrane Requirements (Geogrids are by Supplementary Specification)
55 Hopefully you ll never have a job this bad!
56 Geology Equipment o 3 CME Drill Rigs (CME=Central Mine Equipment) *All above drills are 4x4 and auger & rotary capable o 1-John Deere 410 Backhoe (Extend a Hoe)
57 Benefits of using Geotextiles/Geogrids Short and Long Term Design Design Life Short term; Construction, 1-3 years Long term; Life of roadway, years Short Term Acts as a compaction aid and construction platform to bridge over soft soils Reduces the depth of subexcavation and granular backfill Long Term Prevents contamination of road base Extends life of surfacing materials
58 Drill/Field Investigation Sampling and Testing Seismic Refraction -Can determine the thickness and type of material -Generally used to determine the rippability of materials -Layers/Stratigraphy based on seismic velocities (must be correlated to drill information to provide ground truth)
59 Drill/Field Investigation Sampling and Testing Vane Shear Vane Shear can be used at the surface or within the drill hole Vane Shear provides an In-situ undrained shear strength
60 PRE-INVESTIGATION The goal of the Pre-Investigation is to: 1. Provide an Overview of the Geotechnical Conditions 2. Review the Roadway Maintenance History 3. Identify existing problem areas 4. Assist in determining specific locations for drilling and testing
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