Index. Assimilant, 178 hypothetical, 179 Assimilation, 84, 156, 159, 175, 181, 203 bulk, 182 Atlas fracture, 25, 250 Avalanche breccia, 66

Transcription

1 Author Biographies Juan Carlos Carracedo: A prestigious research professor of the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) and director of the Estación Volcanológica de Canarias (EVC) until 2011 is now an emeritus research associate at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (GEOVOL GROUP). Prof. Carracedo has worked in the Canary Islands over 40 years and published over 200 scientific articles on the geology, palaeomagnetism and geomorphology of the Canaries. jcarracedo@proyinves.ulpgc.es. Valentin R. Troll: Lectured in volcanology and petrology at Trinity College Dublin for seven years before taking up the Chair in Petrology and Geochemistry at Uppsala University, Sweden in Prof. Troll has worked on the volcanic phenomena of the Canary Islands since the late 1990s and has published over 25 scientific articles on the geology, petrology and geochemical characteristics of the archipelago. valentin. Troll@geo.uu.se. J. C. Carracedo and V. R. Troll (eds.), Teide Volcano, Active Volcanoes of the World, DOI: / , Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

2 Index A A a lava, 5, 44, 45, 199, 215 Accretionary lava balls, 217 Aeolian landforms, 48 Aeromagnetic studies, 238 African craton, 26 African plate, 23, 58 Alkali magma series, 83 Alluvial fans, 50 Anaga massif, 78 Anaga, 30, See also Shield volcano Analogue experiments, 63 Ankaramite, 83, Ar/ 39 Ar, 30. See also Radiometric dating Assimilant, 178 hypothetical, 179 Assimilation, 84, 156, 159, 175, 181, 203 bulk, 182 Atlas fracture, 25, 250 Avalanche breccia, 66 B Background noise, 243 Basanite, 83, 160, 195 isotopic composition, 198 Bimodality of lava compositions, 69, 106, 130, 149, 158, 159. See also Bunsen-Daly Gap Boca Cangrejo volcano, 132 Boca de Tauce volcano, 237 Borehole, 236 Bottom breccia, 194 Bouguer anomaly, 237 Bouguer anomaly map, 237 Bunsen-Daly Gap, 158 C Caldera, 5 Calvas del Teide, 222 Canarian archipelago, 234 Canary Islands, 76 age progression, 25, 26 paleocanaries, 24 Central shield, 30. See also Shield volcano Central volcano, 110 Chahorra eruption, 138 Charcoal, 94, 109, 132 Chilled margin, 195, 199, 203 Chinyero, 17, 138 Chinyero volcano, 132 Christopher Columbus, 131 Cinder cones, 217 Climate, 48 Collapse embayment, 96, 107, 109 Collapse unloading, 124 Conjugate graben, 63 Coulées, 115 Craters of elevation, 11 Creeping sector, 62 Crustal contamination, 83 Crustal melting, 183, 186, 187 Crustal recycling, 159, 167, 187 Cryptodomes, 115 Cuevas Negras, 149, 210 D Debris avalanche deposits, 38, 39 Debris flows deposits, 52 Decompression fracturing, 25 Density filter, 111 Density filtering, 187 Diego Hernández Formation, 41. See also Las Cañadas volcano Diffusive gradient, 199 Digital elevation model (DEM), 40 Dyke complex, 58, 63 Dyke intrusion, 252 Dyke petrography, 80 ankaramite group, 80 aphyric group, 80 feldspar-and pyroxene-rich group, 80 feldspar-rich group, 80 J. C. Carracedo and V. R. Troll (eds.), Teide Volcano, Active Volcanoes of the World, DOI: / , Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

3 276 Index D (cont.) olivine-and pyroxene-rich group, 80 pyroxene-rich group, 80 E EC-AFC model, 183 Echeide, 6 Effusive eruptions, 214, 215 El Hierro, 29 End-member, 175 Erosion rate, 41 Eruption frequency, 167 Eruption rates, 47, 96, 98, 110, 258 Eruption style, 214 Hawaiian, 214 phreatic explosion, 45 phreatoplinian, 214 plinian, 214 strombolian, 214 surtseyan, 214 vulcanian, 214 Eruption volume, 47, 215 Evapotranspiration, 48 Explosion breccia, 225 Explosive volcanism, 156 Eye-witness accounts, 105 F Fault, 70 Felsic lavas, 47, 164 isotopic composition, 176, 181 Felsic volcanism, 33 Fissure eruption, 33, 119 Flank collapse, 38, 57, 81, 124 Güímar, 41, 66, 78 Icod, 70, 97, 106 La Orotava, 78 Micheque, 66, 78 Orotava, 41, 67 Forced intrusion, 206 Fractional crystallisation, 83, 156, 174, 181, 186 Fuel-coolant interaction, 214 Fumarolic activity, 234 G Galería, 39, 58, 63, 78, 96, 107, 161 Garachico eruption, 129, 135 Gas geochemistry, 235 Gelifluction lobes, 50 Geochronology, 93 Geological hazards, 250 Geological map, 263 Geomagnetic excursions, 94, 99 Mono Lake, 100 Geomagnetic field, 101 Geomagnetic reversals, 94, 97 G (cont.) Geothermal gradient, 187 Geothermobarometry, 181 Giant landslide, 65. See also Flank collapse Gravitational sinking, 266 Gravity model, 237 Gregory Rift valley, 158 Ground deformation, 244, 266 Growth rate, 65 Güímar, 78. See also Flank collapse Güímar valley, 16 Guyot, 27 H Half-life, 174 Hazard map, 259 Hazards, 257 Hemipelagic sedimentation, 41 Hiatus stage, 38. See aslo Tenerife evolution Hijo de Tenerife, 254 Historic eruptions, 47, 105, 119, 131 Hornitos, 45, 136, 217 Hotspot model, 26 trail, 25 Hybridisation, 205 Hydraulic fracturing, 252 Hydrothermal alteration, 97, 234 I Icod landslide, 39, 70, 106, 160, 187, 237. See also Flank collapse Inclusions, 195, 203 Inflation, 252 Instituto Geográfico Nacional (IGN), 256 Intraplate earthquakes, 251 Ionic radius, 182 Isopach maps, 147, 220 Isopleth maps, 220 Isotope analysis oxygen, 84, 175 Sr Nd Pb, 78, 175, 195 Isotopic composition of gases, 236 Isotopic fingerprinting, 175, 180, 203 K K/Ar age, 30 K Ar, 109. See also Radiometric dating Katmai, Alaska, 207 L La Gomera, 29 La Palma, 29, 59 Landslide deposits, 39 Lanthanide contraction, 182

4 Index 277 Lars seamount, 25. See also Seamounts Las Cañadas Caldera, 10, 38, 39, 44, 48, 107, 109, 110 origin, 70 Las Cañadas volcano, 17, 39, 63, 64, 78, 106, 158, 159, 215 abrigo ignimbrite, 160 Diego Hernández Formation, 47, 159, 179, 187. See also Las Cañadas volcano granadilla ignimbrite, 160, 179 lower group, 159 poris member, 159 upper group, 179 Las Lenguas, 147 Lava channels, 45 Lava flow paths, 264 Lava inundation, 264 Lavas Negras, 110, 142 Lava tubes, 45, 217 Levées, 45 Lithic blocks, 160 Lithospheric faults, 25 Lithospheric loading, 251 Low temperature alteration, 84 Low velocity zone, 142 M Macaronesia, 5, 26 Madeira Volcanic Province, 25. See also Macaronesia Mafic enclaves, 164, 195. See also Inclusions Mafic foam, 203 Mafic lavas, 46, 160 Magma co-genetic batches, 203 evolved, 30 filaments, 204 isotope ratios, 174 mechanisms of, 192 residence time of, 156, 187 silica content of, 156 Magma bulging, 115 Magma chamber, 142 Magma mingling, 199, 205 Magma mixing, 119, 158, 164, 192, 200 active region, 204 coherent region, 204 timescales of, 192 Magma reservoir, 267 Magmatic differentiation, 156, 175 degree of, 156 silica content of, 156 Magmatic eruptions, 214 Magmatic plumbing system, 177 Magmatic series, 20 Mafic lavas isotopic composition, 176 Magnetic anomaly lineations, 234 Magnetic anomaly map, 239 Magnetotelluric profiles, 234 Major and trace element analysis, 78 Malpaís, 5, 215 Mantle plume, 25 Mantle signal, 177 Mantle source, 85 May 2004, 254 Micheque, 78. See also Flank collapse Microseismic activity, 257 Microseismicity, 242 Mixing hyperbola, 180 Moho, 241 Montaña Abejera, 42 Montaña Amarilla, 227 Montaña Arenas Negras, 122 Montaña Bilma, 139 Montaña Blanca, 6, 18, 42, 108, 145, 168, 220, 242, 265 Montaña Cerrillar, 122 Montaña de Enmedio, 122 Montaña Escachada, 227 Montaña Guamasa, 122 Montaña Los Erales, 227 Montaña Mostaza, 122 Montaña Negra, 135 Montaña Reventada, 119, 147, 192, 194 stratigraphy, 193 Morphological evolution, 38, 40 N Nepheline syenite, 179 oxygen isotope composition, 181 Neptunists, 2 Northeast rift zone (NERZ), 38, 43, 119. See also Rift zone Northwest rift zone (NWRZ), 118., See also Rift zone O Oceanic crust, 28, 157, 177, 234 Ocean island, 76 evolution, 58 Ogives, 145 Open-system processes, 177, 181 Orotava valley, 6, 41 Orotava, 78. See also Flank collapse Oxygen isotope analysis, 78 Oxygen isotope ratios, 181 P Pāhoehoe lava, 5, 46, 161 Paleocliff, 48 Paleomagnetic analysis, 81, 98 Bruhnes chron, 82 Matuyama chron, 82 Partial melting, 182 Batch, 182 Periglacial processes, 49 Phase equilibrium experiments, 142

5 278 Index P (cont.) Phonolite, 160, 162, 195 isotopic composition, 178, 198 Phonotephrite, 162 Phreatic explosion, 45. See also Eruption style Phreatomagmatic eruptions, 110, 214, 221 Phreatomagmatic explosions, 214 Pico Cabras, 42 Pico Viejo. See also Teide-Pico Viejo, 42 Pinatubo, Philipines, 206 Pipkrake, 50 Plagioclase basalt, 161 Plinian eruption, 33 Plutonic complex, 237 Plutonists, 2 Posterosional stage, 34 Pre-Hispanic period, 6 Pre-historic eruptions, 130 Primary magma, 156 Pumice, 220 Pyroclastic fall deposit, 33 Pyroclastic flow deposit, 33 R Radioactive decay, 174 Radiocarbon age, 6, 94, 109, 132 Radiogenic isotope ratios, 174 variability, 177 Radiometric age, 8, 93, 94, 98 Radiometric dating, 18, Ar/ 39 Ar, 30, 93 K Ar, 30, 93 unspiked K/Ar, 96 Rare earth elements (REE), 182 modelling, 182 Rb Sr isotope system, 175 Reawakening, 268 Rejuvenated stage, 33. See also Tenerife evolution Resurfacing map, 257 Retrograde erosion, 42 Rift zone, 43, 57, 58, 76, 106, 160, 187, 257 development, 60 Northeast rift zone (NERZ), 30, 38, 41, 43, 45, 64, 69, 77, 78, 98, 119, 167 Northwest rift zone (NWRZ), 45, 48, 64, 77, 118, 167 organization, 81 triple junction, 61 Roque Del Conde, 30. See also Shield volcano Roque Nublo, 28 Roques Blancos, 42, 118, 144 Roques de Garcia, 39 Rosette structure, 146 Run out length, 218 S Sea water, 227 Seafloor sediment, pre-island, 175, 177 S (cont.) Seamounts, 24 Lars seamount, 25 Sediment contamination, 87 Seismic profiles, 240 Seismic tomography, 242 Seismicity, 254 Shadow zone, 167 Shield-building stage, 30 Shield stage, 30. See also Tenerife evolution Shield volcano, 30, 38, 159 Anaga, 30, 64, 159 central shield, 30 Roque Del Conde, 30, 159 Teno, 30, 119, 159 Siete Fuentes volcano, 133 Sieve texture, 204 Single-line chain, 29 Spatter cone, 45 Sr/Nd ratio, 180 Strombolian. See also Eruption style, 214, 215, 220, 227, 229 Submarine volcanoes, 254 Subsidence, 27 Summit crater, 110, 234 Swath batymetry side-scan sonar, 237 T Taburiente, Caldera de, 16, 59 TAS diagram, 164, 198 Teide Pico Viejo, 2, 106, 109 altitude, 9 central complex, 42 Echeide, 130 future activity, 168 geothermal gradient, 183 morphology, 42 national park, 18, 38 old Teide, 110, 222 parasitic vents, 42 peak, 8, 42 petrogenesis, 187 petrology, 160 Pico Viejo, 42, 111 volcanic complex, 18 Teide s headdress, 7, 130 Tenerife, 29 Tenerife evolution, 38 hiatus stage, 38 rejuvenated stage, 33, 38 shield stage, 30 Tenerife unrest, 256 Teno, 30. See also Shield volcano Tephriphonolite, 162 Tephrite, 160 Timanfaya, 138 Top breccia, 195 Trace element patterns, 164, 182

6 Index 279 Trachybasalt, 162 Transitional lavas, 164, 167 isotopic composition, 176 Tsunami risk, 250 U Underplating, 167, 169, 187 Uphill diffusion, 202 V Vent distribution, 217 Vertical-axis rotation, 82 Vesiculation, 199 Viscosity, 205 Viscosity contrast, 205 Viscous coupling, 206 Volatile contents, 215 Volcán de Arafo, 134 Volcán de Fasnia, 134 Volcán del Portillo, 122 Volcanic cones, 44 Volcaniclastic deposits, 220 Volcanic rift zones, 76