COMMISSIONED REPORT. Commissioned Report No.286

Transcription

1 COMMISSIONED REPORT Commissioned Report No.286 Site Condition Monitoring: survey of marine features within the Sunart Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Site of Special Scientific Interest (ROAME No. F06AC701) For further information on this report please contact: Laura Baxter Scottish Natural Heritage Great Glen House INVERNESS IV3 8NW Telephone: This report should be quoted as: Mercer, T., Howson, C. M., and Moore, J. J. (2007). Site Condition Monitoring: Loch Sunart marine SAC and SSSI. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 286 (ROAME No. R06AC701). This report, or any part of it, should not be reproduced without the permission of Scottish Natural Heritage. This permission will not be withheld unreasonably. The views expressed by the author(s) of this report should not be taken as the views and policies of Scottish Natural Heritage. Scottish Natural Heritage 2007.

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3 COMMISSIONED REPORT Summary Site Condition Monitoring: survey of marine features within the Sunart Special Area of Conservation (SAC) and Site of Special Scientific Interest Commissioned Report No. 286 (ROAME No. F06AC701) Contractor: Mercer, T., Howson, C. M., and Moore, J. J. Year of publication: 2007 Background Loch Sunart s intertidal zone has been included in the surrounding terrestrial Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), for its intertidal reef feature, due to; its utilisation by the otter population; for the nationally scarce seagrasses, Zostera marina and Zostera noltii and for the internationally rare free living sheltered-water morphological variant of the egg wrack, Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii (A.mac). The loch itself has been more recently designated as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) for the marine feature reefs, an Annex I habitat under the 1992 Habitats Directive. The chief reason for the selection of this site is because it is one of the best examples of a complex fjordic sea lochs in the UK, experiencing a wide range of exposure to wave action, with water movement complicated by six shallow sills. Loch Sunart contains a range of bedrock reef habitats and associated communities, a number of which are very diverse and include several rare species. There are also extensive areas of soft mud, some sublittoral seagrass beds and the most extensive beds of the gaping file shell Limaria hians recorded in Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) in association with the other country agencies have established a series of common standards for the monitoring of sites of nature conservation interest (Anon., 1998). The purpose of this monitoring is to determine whether the desired condition of the feature(s) of interest for which the site was designated is being achieved. This can enable judgements to be made about whether the management of the site is appropriate, or whether changes may be necessary. The purpose of this project was to design and initiate a hierarchical monitoring programme for the features of interest within the SSSI and SAC, subtidal and intertidal rocky reefs, Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii (A.mac) beds, and seagrass beds. There were also two secondary objectives of the field survey element and these were; to establish the current status of the northern hatchett shell, Thyasira gouldi (UK SAP species) and to establish the current status of key gaping file shell (Limaria hians) beds. The objectives were achieved using remote video, diver transects, intertidal transects, mapping methodologies, a limited grab survey and diver coring and quadrat studies.

4 Main findings and conclusions Reef survey The distribution of biotopes across the site was assessed by a combination of remote video and detailed transect surveys. The results showed that the vast majority of the site is in good condition with no significant change since littoral and sublittoral reef biotopes were recorded throughout the SAC as a whole, 34 of which were in the infralittoral and circalittoral. There was no evidence of a change in the biotope composition of the area as this was in broad agreement with the 2001 survey (Bates et al., 2004). Seven littoral transects and eight sublittoral transects were studied using Phase II methodology. The shores surveyed ranged from very sheltered to moderately exposed and were generally rock slopes with supralittoral lichen zones adjacent to the terrestrial habitats, Pelvetia canaliculata (PelB) zones and barnacle zones on the upper and upper-middleshore (Sem), Ascophyllum nodosum in the middleshore (AscVS) and Fucus serratus on the lowershore. Most of the transects studied east of Carna and in Loch Teacuis appeared to be exposed to variable salinity conditions. Laminaria digitata (Ldig) dominated the sublittoral fringe in the mouth of the loch and Laminaria saccharina (Lsac and LsacPsaVS) in the middle zones of the loch. Laminaria hyperborea forest (LhypR.Ft) dominated the infralittoral at one moderately exposed site in the entrance to the loch but was replaced by L. saccharina further into the loch, east of Carna. A wide variety of circalittoral biotopes were found, including several near the mouth that were very rich in species. Some biotopes contained species of nature conservation importance such as the northern seafan, Swiftia pallida (CarSwi.LgAs) and the uncommon featherstar, Leptometra celtica and (AntAsH.Lept) and some that are common in sea lochs such as Protanthea simplex (NeoPro). Sixteen species were recorded during the survey that were considered to be of nature conservation interest. Serpula vermicularis (Ser) reefs were discovered in inner Loch Teacuis.This is of considerable nature conservation interest as it is only the second location in Scotland where live examples of this growth-form of these polychaete worm colonies are known to exist. Ascophyllum nodosum ecad Mackaii (A.mac) and Zostera bed survey Ascophyllum nodosum ecad Mackaii (A.mac) beds were mapped at 6 locations. At Glenborrodale and Strontian quantitative abundance data were obtained for A.mac thalli, the associated fauna, flora, the infauna and the underlying sediment characteristics. One Zostera noltii bed was mapped in the Doirlinn Channel and quantitative abundance data were obtained for Z. noltii, the associated fauna, flora, the infauna and the underlying sediment characteristics. The status of Zostera noltii in the loch should be further investigated on the extensive shores. Three Zostera marina beds were mapped. The bed in Loch na Droma Buide requires further investigation as it was only discovered at the end of the survey. Thyasira gouldi and Limaria hians targeted surveys A targetted grab survey was undertaken to investigate the status of Thyasira gouldi in the mid/upper reaches of the loch, but no T. gouldi were found. The fifteen 0.1m 2 Van Veen grabs taken revealed a diverse infaunal community in places in the sediments of the loch. 259 taxa were recorded. The presence of the bivalve Thyasira gouldi in Loch Sunart must be in doubt given its absence from the grab samples taken in 2006.

5 The Limaria hians beds in the Laudale Narrows were investigated by diving. The constituents of the biotope (Lim) were recorded and the sediment properties of the beds were shown to be considerably modified by the bivalves presence. The associated infaunal community was analysed and described and it appeared to be both diverse and consistent within the biotope. Limaria hians byssus nests create a unique habitat with biogenic reef-like properties and a characteristic and diverse infaunal community. Recommendations 28 percent of the 155 drop-down video transects deployed recorded non-reef habitat over the 2001 Broadscale Survey (Bates et al., 2004) designated reef areas. It was not possible to measure any change in reef extent. This indicates that the Broadscale survey data may need more ground truthing surveys to be undertaken. Depth stratification should be employed in the sampling methodology used for drop-down video zones in the infralittoral and circalittoral, in order to obtain adequate infralittoral information from future video surveys. Even with the previously documented survey information regarding the intertidal and shallow subtidal, it proved difficult to make a judgement about biotope distribution and the condition of these features of the site on the basis of the seven/eight transects studied. It was felt that this level of information is not really adequate as a baseline for statements of biotope distribution. Information on human impacts within the loch should be routinely collated for use in targeted monitoring. For further information on this project contact: Laura Baxter, Scottish Natural Heritage, Great Glen House, Inverness, IV3 8NW Tel: For further information on the SNH Research & Technical Support Programme contact: Policy & Advice Directorate Support, SNH, Great Glen House, Leachkin Road, Inverness, IV3 8NW. Tel: or pads@snh.gov.uk

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7 Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Development of the monitoring programme Objectives for Sunart SAC and SSSI Common Standards Monitoring Review of previous data Human usage of Loch Sunart SAC and SSSI Draft Site Attribute Tables Secondary features of the site Methods Drop-down video survey Video Equipment Intertidal and subtidal reef transect surveys Transect selection Transect survey methods Quadrat recording Data handling Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii (A.mac) intertidal surveys Site selection Methodology Zostera noltii intertidal surveys Site selection Methodology Zostera marina subtidal surveys Site selection Methodology Thyasira gouldi subtidal grabbing survey Introduction Site selection Methodology Limaria hians subtidal survey Site selection Methodology Serpula vermicularis subtidal survey Site location Methodology Fieldwork safety and logistics Video survey Diving and intertidal survey Thyasira grab survey work Photography and video Data handling and analysis Video data analysis...27

8 Diving and intertidal surveys data handling Results of the reef feature video survey Drop-Down Video survey Assessment of the biotope composition and distribution using remote video Biotopes recorded Geographic distribution/spatial arrangement of reef biotopes Results of the reef feature diving and intertidal transect surveys Biotopes recorded Jetty at Laudale Narrows (L09 and S09) Sligneach Mor (L10 and S10) Oronsay (NE) (L11 and S11) Camas Salach (L12 and S12) Torran a Chonnaidh (L13 and S13) West of Waterfalls (L16 and S16) NE shore of Inner Loch Teacuis (L18 and S18) Torr Molach (S22) Results of the surveyed SSSI features and secondary objectives Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii survey Zostera noltii intertidal survey Zostera marina subtidal survey Thyasira gouldi subtidal grabbing survey Limaria hians subtidal diver coring and video survey Serpula vermicularis subtidal surveys July 2006 survey November 2006 survey Discussion of Reef features Reef extent Biotope composition and distribution Biotope composition and distribution - intertidal reefs Biotope composition and distribution - infralittoral reefs Biotope composition and distribution - circalittoral reefs Conservation interest of reef biotopes Species composition of biotopes and the presence and/or abundance of specified species Discussion of Non-reef SSSI features and additional surveyed features Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii surveys Zostera noltii intertidal surveys Zostera marina subtidal surveys Thyasira gouldi subtidal grabbing survey Limaria hians subtidal diver coring and video survey Serpula vermicularis subtidal survey... 94

9 9 Conclusions - SAC and SSSI features of Loch Sunart Conclusions - additional surveyed features of Loch sunart References 97 Appendix 1 - Remote video survey methods 99 Appendix 2 - Sampling methods used for transect work, and recording protocols for monitoring quadrats 105 Appendix Site relocation form Appendix Profile measurements along subtidal or intertidal transect Appendix Phase II habitat recording Appendix Phase II species recording along intertidal transects Appendix Phase II species recording along subtidal transect Appendix Quadrats in intertidal rock communities Appendix Quadrats in circalittoral rock communities Appendix Semi-quantitative abundance scales for Phase II recording Appendix 3 - Video and transect site locations and associated data 121 Appendix 4 - Biotope inventory 148 Appendix 5 - Local biotope descriptions 174 Appendix 6 - Site profile data and site relocation sheets 183 Loch Sunart SAC Intertidal site location sheet 184 Site: LR09 Laudale Narrows Jetty Loch Sunart SAC Subtidal site location sheet 187 Site: SR09 Laudale Narrows Jetty Loch Sunart SAC Intertidal site location sheet 191 Site: LR10 Sligneach Mor Loch Sunart SAC Subtidal site location sheet 195 Site: SR10 Signeach Mor Loch Sunart SAC Intertidal site location sheet 199 Site: LR11 Oronsay Loch Sunart SAC Subtidal site location sheet 203 Site: SR11 Oronsay Loch Sunart SAC Intertidal site location sheet 207 Site: LR12 Camas Salach Loch Sunart SAC Subtidal site location sheet 211 Site: SR12 Camas Salach Loch Sunart SAC Intertidal site location sheet 216 Site: LR13 Torran A Chonnaidh Loch Sunart SAC Subtidal site location sheet 220 Site: SR13 Torran A Chonnaidh Loch Sunart SAC Intertidal site location sheet 223 Site: LR16 W. of Waterfalls...223

10 Loch Sunart SAC Subtidal site location sheet 226 Site: SR16 W. of Waterfalls Loch Sunart SAC Intertidal site location sheet 229 Site: LR18 Loch Teacuis Loch Sunart SAC Subtidal site location sheet 232 Site: SR18 Loch Teacuis Loch Sunart SAC Subtidal site location sheet 235 Site: SR22 Torr Molach Appendix 7 - Photographs of intertidal quadrats 241 Appendix 8 - Species recorded from diving and intertidal work in Appendix 9 - Photograph and video logs 264 Appendix 10 - Log of specimens collected 293 Appendix 11 - Site Attribute Tables for Loch Sunart SAC & SSSI 296 Appendix 12 - SSSI non-reef surveyed features and secondary objectives supporting data 310 Appendix 12.1 Seagrass field data sheet (Based on WFD draft seagrass tool February 2006) Appendix 12.2 Thyasira gouldi population status investigation Appendix Grab site locations for the 2006 survey Appendix Particle size data for the macrobenthic grabs taken in the 2006 survey Appendix Macrobenthic species matrix for the Thyasira sp. grabbing survey July Appendix 12.3 Limaria hians study from the Laudale Narrows Appendix Particle size data for the diver cores taken from the Limaria hians bed Appendix Granulometric data for the macrobenthic grabs cumulative frequency curves Appendix Macrobenthic species matrix for the Limaria hians bed, diver coring survey Appendix 12.4 Serpula vermicularis transect - colony measurements

11 List of Tables Table 1 Generic attributes that should be used to define the condition of littoral rock, inshore sublittoral rock features and sub-features of littoral sediment flats in site condition monitoring Table 2 Sources of previous survey information for Loch Sunart SAC... 7 Table 3 Draft attributes and targets for littoral and sublittoral reef features, selected to initiate site condition monitoring in Loch Sunart 2006 SAC, with the proposed methods for measuring these Table 4 Draft attributes and targets selected to initiate site condition monitoring in Loch Sunart 2006 SSSI, with the proposed methods for measuring these Table 5 Proposed drop-down video sampling effort allocated to each zone within Loch Sunart based on known area of reef Table 6 Summary of intertidal and subtidal transect sites Table 7 Surveyed Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii bed locations and work undertaken during the 2006 fieldwork Table 8 Surveyed Zostera noltii bed location and work undertaken during the 2006 fieldwork Table 9 Zostera marina surveyed bed locations and work undertaken during the 2006 fieldwork Table 10 Summary of site characteristics for the 6 video survey zones sampled in Table 11 Biotopes identified from the drop-down video tapes in 2006 (ASML) and 2001 (Heriot Watt University). Biotopes follow Connor et al. (2004) Table 12 Biotopes recorded during the 2006 diving and intertidal survey Table 13 Areas of Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii mapped in Loch Sunart in Table 14 Mean percentage cover of algal species in the Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds in Glenborrodale Bay (L7) Table 15 Intertidal infaunal cores taken from the Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii and Zostera noltii beds in Loch Sunart Table 16 Sediment characteristics for the intertidal macrobenthic coring sites Table 17 Mean percentage cover of conspicuous species in the Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds in the Strontian and Head of the Loch region of Loch Sunart Table 18 Location and size of surveyed Zostera marina beds in Loch Sunart Table 19 Table 20 Location and abundance of Thyasira flexuosa found in grabs taken during the 2006 survey of Loch Sunart Basic community statistics and sediment characteristics for the macrobenthic sampling stations Table 21 Species contributing to 50% of the clustering of group A Table 22 Species contributing to 50% of the clustering of group B Table 23 Species contributing to 50% of the clustering of group C Table 24 Species contributing to 50% of the clustering of group D Table 25 Species contributing to 50% of the clustering of group E Table 26 Laudale Narrows Limaria hians study sites, Table 27 Laudale Narrows Limaria hians biotope (IMX.Lim) information Table 28 Basic community statistics and sediment characteristics for the Limaria nest core sampling stations Table 29 Species contributing to 80% of the clustering of group B Table 30 Species contributing to 80% of the clustering of group C Table 31 Serpula vermicularis colony biometrics Table 32 Intertidal reef biotopes recorded from the shore transects in Table 33 Infralittoral biotopes recorded in Table 34 Circalittoral biotopes recorded in Table 35 Species of conservation interest recorded during the 2006 survey... 88

12 List of Figures Figure 1 Location of Sunart Special Area of Conservation... 1 Figure 2 Location of the reef habitat and the drop-down video sampling zones within Loch Sunart Marine SAC Figure 3 Location of intertidal and subtidal transect sites sampled in Sunart in Figure 4 Grab sampling stations worked in 2006 and in 2001 in the vicinity of the Laudale Narrows Figure 5 Mapped locations of Serpula vermicularis reefs in Loch Teacuis Figure 6 Location of diver transects in Loch Teacuis in November Figure 7 Location of the 2006 video deployment sites in Loch Sunart Zones 1, 2 and Figure 8 Location of the 2006 video deployment sites in Loch Sunart Zone Figure 9 Location of the 2006 video deployment sites in Loch Sunart Zones 4 and Figure 10 Location of the survey samples in the entrance to Loch Sunart acquired by Heriot Watt University during the 2001 surveys Figure 11 Location of the survey samples in the central section of Loch Sunart acquired by Heriot Watt University during the 2001 surveys Figure 12 Location of the survey samples in the head of Loch Sunart acquired by Heriot Watt University during the 2001 surveys Figure 13 Major biotope groups recorded by remote video in 2006 (upper figure) and 2001 (lower figure) in Zones 1 and 2 of Loch Sunart Figure 14 Major biotope groups recorded by remote video in 2006 (upper figure) and 2001 (lower figure) in Zone 3 of Loch Sunart Figure 15 Major biotope groups recorded by remote video in 2006 (upper figure) and 2001 (lower figure)in Zone 4 of Loch Sunart Figure 16 Major biotope groups recorded by remote video in 2006 (upper figure) and 2001 (lower figure)in Zone 5 of Loch Sunart Figure 17 Major biotope groups recorded by remote video in 2006 in Zone 6 of Loch Sunart Figure 18 Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds mapped in Glenborrodale Bay (L7). 58 Figure 19 Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds mapped in Salen Bay (L17) Figure 20 Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds mapped in the Eilean Mor/Camaschoirk (L4/L3) area of Loch Sunart Figure 21 Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds mapped in the Strontian and Head of the Loch area in Loch Sunart (L5/L4) Figure 22 Zostera noltii beds mapped in the Eilean Mor (L4) area of Loch Sunart Figure 23 Grab site locations and Thyasira flexuosa presence in Loch Sunart in the vicinity of the Laudale Narrows (2001 & 2006) Figure 24 A Bray Curtis similarity dendrogram for the Thyasira sp. grab station macrobenthic invertebrate data Figure 25 Limaria bed diver coring and video survey locations Figure 26 A Bray Curtis similarity dendrogram for the Limaria hians core station macrobenthic invertebrate data Figure 27 Maximum size category of serpulid aggregations seen on each transect in Loch Teacuis in November The numbers next to each transect indicate the maximum depth at which the largest reef size category was found Figure 28 Projected range of individual serpulids in Loch Teacuis estimated from transect data recorded in November Figure 29 Projected range of small serpulid colonies (5-50cm 2 ) in Loch Teacuis estimated from transect data recorded in November

13 Figure 30 Projected range of medium (50-500cm 2 ) serpulid colonies in Loch Teacuis estimated from transect data recorded in November Figure 31 Projected range of large serpulid colonies (>500cm 2 ) in Loch Teacuis estimated from transect data recorded in November Figure 32 Projected range of all size categories of serpulid colonies in Loch Teacuis estimated from transect data recorded in November Figure reef/non-reef data superimposed over the 2001 reef resource map for the western half of Loch Sunart SAC Figure reef/non-reef data superimposed over the 2001 reef resource map for the eastern half of Loch Sunart SAC Figure 35 Biotope distribution records for the Loch Sunart surveys Figure 36 Biotope distribution records for the Loch Sunart surveys Figure 37 Species distribution records for the Loch Sunart surveys... 91

14 Data storage and display Data All of the data collected during this survey have been stored in the following formats: Excel spreadsheets; Marine Recorder; ArcView and MapInfo GIS; Original raw data sheets. These are kept by Scottish Natural Heritage. Other end products Animal voucher specimens - these are lodged with the Marine Invertebrate section of the National Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. Algal specimens - these are lodged with the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh. Digital underwater and surface photographs - these are held by Scottish Natural Heritage. 35 mm transparencies - a CD and the original transparencies are held by Scottish Natural Heritage. Hand-held video tapes: digital format. These are held by Scottish Natural Heritage. Drop-video tapes: digital format. These are held by Scottish Natural Heritage. All of the above are available for reference upon request to Scottish Natural Heritage.

15 1 INTRODUCTION Loch Sunart on the Scottish west coast is an elongate fjordic-type sea loch separating the Ardnamurchan and Morvern Peninsulas. Loch Sunart is long and narrow with a length of 31 km and a maximum width of about 3.5 km at its mouth, the remainder of the loch being between one and two km wide. Its maximum depth is 124 m below chart datum. Six shallow sills divide the loch into a series of steeply shelving basins, which complicate the movement of water within the loch. Loch Teacuis, a small, extremely sheltered sea loch entering the south side of Loch Sunart, is included within the SAC boundary. The site experiences a wide range of exposure to wave action along its length, from moderately exposed conditions at the mouth of the loch to extremely sheltered conditions at its eastern most end. The input of freshwater to the loch from the surrounding catchment produces a halocline with a more brackish surface layer 3-5 m in depth. In addition to a clear vertical zonation in community structure, there is also a strong horizontal gradient from the exposed mouth of the loch to the sheltered areas at its easterly end. Figure 1 Location of Sunart Special Area of Conservation Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) Reef habitats largely extend along the length of the loch around the edge, although they do occur through some central areas of the loch. Habitats vary from the vertical bedrock cliffs and steep boulder and sediment slopes at the loch s exposed westerly mouth, to the more sheltered areas at its closed easterly end. As a result of changes in exposure along the length of the loch, there is a strong horizontal gradient in species. There is also a clearly defined vertical zonation, a result of the loch s sizeable tidal range and basin division by shallow sills. 1

16 The more exposed westerly end supports a well-defined zonation of fucoids (channel Pelvetia canaliculata, spiral Fucus spiralis, and serrated wrack Fucus serratus), with the kelp Laminaria digitata dominating the sublittoral fringe. The more sheltered rocky shores along the loch support mid-shore communities of egg wrack Ascophyllum nodosum and the rare form of egg wrack Ascophyllum nodosum ecad. Mackaii, (A.mac). The less stable boulder and cobble areas include patches of bladder wrack Fucus vesiculosus and spiral wrack Fucus spiralis. Along the length of the loch, shallow bedrock and boulders down to m below chart datum support a kelp forest of Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina. The boulder shores also support a rich community of sponges, hydroids and sea squirts in the damp under-boulder spaces and crevices created by the substratum. The sublittoral rocky reef areas show a marked transition in community type along the length of the loch. Loch Sunart s outer basin, with its vertical and overhanging bedrock cliffs, very steep bedrock and boulder slopes, and sediment slopes, experiences considerable water movement. This has enabled the development of very rich marine communities with a large variety of filter-feeding organisms such as sea squirts and sponges. Many of the species found within this area, such as the elephant sponge Pachymatisma johnstonia and Suberites carnosus, are more typical of exposed areas of open coast. Soft corals found in these areas include dead-man's fingers Alcyonium digitatum and red sea fingers Alcyonium glomeratum, a species uncommon within sealochs. Other characterising fauna include cup corals Caryophyllia smithii, anthozoans Swiftia pallida (typical of exposed or tideswept conditions), anemones Parazoanthus anguicomus (white cluster anemone) and Protanthea simplex (sea loch anemone). Further eastwards, the narrows between the islands of Oronsay, Risga and Carna are subject to moderate tidal streams, and reef communities are characterised by filter feeding and erect organisms including hydroids, echinoderms, brittlestars, featherstars and solitary sea squirts. Rock faces support a fauna including Alcyonium digitatum, Caryophyllia smithii and calcareous tubeworms. Very sheltered, deep, silty bedrock areas support a sparse fauna characterised by the brachiopod Neocrania anomala and the keel worm Pomatoceros triqueter. Dense fields of the crinoid Leptometra celtica occur to the north-east of Carna and in Laga Bay. Biogenic structures created by the byssus of the flame shell Limaria hians in the tide-swept narrows to the north of Carna and Rigsa, and in the Laudale Narrows are the most extensive recorded in Scotland. There are also localised patches of Limaria hians between Carna and Salen. The rare calcareous tubeworm Placostegus tridentatus, which has been recorded from only three other Scottish sealochs, has been found in Loch Sunart, SE of Torr Molach, Salen. Annex I of the Habitats Directive (Jackson and McLeod, 2002; European Commission, 2003) defines Reef as including bedrock and boulder through to stabilised cobble beds, with cobble being anything greater than 64 mm in size. In the context of Loch Sunart this means that the stabilised cobble plains, which frequently support an epibenthic community of hydroids or algae, qualify as reef habitat. The JNCC national biotope classification, which uses a combination of physical and biological elements to derive a hierarchical coding, descriptor has evolved through a number of versions since its introduction in 1994 (Connor et al., 2004). It was intended as a tool to aid the management and conservation of marine habitats and has been used by the conservation agencies since its introduction to assign codes to biological survey records. However, the classification of marine habitats and communities is not an exact science, as gradients and mosaics are important features of the environment. This has led to some discrepancies between the biologically-based biotope classification and the requirements of the Habitats Directive where marine habitats are based on physical features. This is particularly apparent with mixed sediments where cobbles are a feature as the biotope classification includes these areas as sediment biotopes, whereas the presence of enough cobbles to support an epibenthic community enables these locations to be designated as reef habitat. As this type of habitat and 2

17 community is a feature of Loch Sunart, it is important that during any survey work the reef status of the habitat should be determined in addition to the biotope. Sunart has also been designated under Annex 2 of the Habitats Directive as a SAC for the Otter Lutra lutra population. The west coast of Scotland is a stronghold for otters. Sunart supports a relatively high density of the species and records show that the site has supported consistently strong populations. The incidence and distribution of otters in the site reflects the high quality of the coastal habitat. For example, the otters mainly forage in the extensive algal beds that occur throughout the shallow areas of the loch and which serve as a habitat for important prey species. High densities of otter holts have been recorded in many terrestrial areas bordering the edge of the loch and on the main islands, typically in areas of dense vegetation and rock boulder cover. There is also a large influx of freshwater from numerous streams and rivers around the site, which is essential to otters for washing. Site-based conservation is a cornerstone of the maintenance of biodiversity in the UK and a substantial proportion of SNH s resources are devoted to the selection, management and protection of statutory sites. Mechanisms are needed to assess how successful these activities have been in achieving nature conservation objectives both on individual sites and across the site series as a whole. For example, on any particular site it is important to evaluate whether management measures have achieved the desired conservation objectives, or whether new measures need to be put in place. At a broader level, assessment is required of the effectiveness of legislative and policy measures in contributing to biodiversity conservation. Condition monitoring can provide part of the information necessary to undertake these assessments (JNCC, 2003). The present work is intended to contribute to this assessment for Loch Sunart SAC/SSSI. 2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE MONITORING PROGRAMME 2.1 Objectives for Sunart SAC and SSSI The conservation objectives for a designated area define the desired condition of each of the features of interest for which that site has been established. Monitoring of the condition of these features is necessary to enable judgements to be made about whether they are being maintained in favourable condition. The purpose of the present study was to design and initiate a programme of baseline monitoring of the intertidal and subtidal features for which Loch Sunart has been designated as an SAC and SSSI. The principal objectives of the survey were to: Establish an appropriate baseline biological dataset that will facilitate the future condition assessment of the subtidal and intertidal reefs. Locate, map and establish an appropriate baseline biological dataset that will facilitate the future condition assessment of the A.mac beds. Locate, map and establish an appropriate baseline biological dataset, using the draft Water Framework Directive (WFD) assessment tool, which will facilitate the future condition assessment of the Zostera spp. beds. Gather and present sufficient data for SNH to form a judgement on the current condition of these qualifying features to inform their consideration of existing site management measures. Secondary objectives of the field survey element were to: Determine the status of the northern hatchett shell (Thyasira gouldi), a UK Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) species, within an area of Loch Sunart either side of the Laudale Narrows, where the animal was possibly found in a 2001 survey. Establish the current status of key gaping file shell (Limaria hians) beds within the Laudale Narrows, by drop-down video, diver video and coring, to further investigate 3

18 the wider marine biodiversity interests of this potential biogenic reef forming species and proposed UK BAP species. 2.2 Common Standards Monitoring Scottish Natural Heritage, together with the other country agencies, has established a series of common standards for the monitoring of SACs (JNCC, 2004a). For the purposes of monitoring, each feature is represented by a series of attributes, which are measurable indicators of the condition of the feature at the site. In order to promote a uniform approach to the monitoring of the condition of features, guidance has been drawn up on the general approach to be taken in condition monitoring (JNCC, 2004a) and for specific habitats, such as littoral and sublittoral rock. The Common Standards Monitoring Guidance (JNCC, 2004b) lists nine attributes of littoral and inshore sublittoral rock and sub-features of littoral sediments habitats and corresponding targets that could form the basis of site condition monitoring (Table 1) in Loch Sunart. Table 1 Generic attributes that should be used to define the condition of littoral rock, inshore sublittoral rock features and sub-features of littoral sediment flats in site condition monitoring. Feature attribute applies to Sublittoral reef Littoral reef Sublittoral reef Littoral reef Sublittoral reef Littoral reef Sublittoral reef Littoral reef Zostera sp. A.mac Sublittoral reef Littoral reef Zostera sp. A.mac Sublittoral reef Littoral reef Zostera sp. A.mac Sublittoral reef Littoral reef Zostera sp. A.mac Zostera sp. A.mac Zostera sp. A.mac Attribute Extent Biotope composition of the intertidal rock or inshore sublittoral rock Distribution of biotopes. Spatial arrangement of biotopes at specified locations Extent of sub-feature or representative/notable biotopes Presence of representative/notable biotopes Species composition of representative/notable biotopes Presence and/or abundance of specified species Sediment character: organic carbon content Sediment character: particle size distribution Target* No change in extent of intertidal rock or inshore sublittoral rock Maintenance of the variety of biotopes identified for the site, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical changes Maintain the distribution/spatial arrangement of biotopes, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical changes No change in the extent of the biotope(s) identified for the site, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical changes Maintain the presence of the specified biotope, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical changes No change in biotope quality due to change in species composition or loss of notable species, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical changes Maintain presence and/or abundance of specified species. Absence of the specified species (such as an undesirable/non-native species) No significant change in organic carbon content in the sediment of the sub-feature Maintain the distribution of particle size fractions within the sediment supporting the sub-feature *Targets exclude naturally induced changes (JNCC, 2004b); 4

19 2.3 Review of previous data Loch Sunart is a complex fjordic sea loch on the west coast of Scotland. The loch supports some of the best Scottish and UK examples of bedrock reef habitats and associated communities. The site is a Special Area of Conservation (SAC), selected on the basis of the quality of the reefs present and consequently it has been the target of several studies. A review of the studies that have been undertaken in Loch Sunart is summarised below. The major surveys of the area, listed in Table 2, were reviewed for the present work and biotopes were reassigned to categories in the current version (04.05) of the national classification (Connor et al., 2004). This information provided a baseline for the compilation of the draft Site Attribute Table. Mackinnon and Lumb (1988) carried out a diving survey in 1987 and described 13 major habitats. Their diving survey was carried out by volunteer divers and consequently the records were biased towards circalittoral environment where the diving is perceived to be more attractive. They did however highlight some basic patterns in the flora and fauna throughout the loch, in particular in relation to Psammechinus miliaris, Laminaria species and Limaria hians. A more detailed study of the loch for the MNCR was described by Davies (1990) with further work reported by Davies and Connor (1993). Both of these were incorporated into the overall analysis of data from the Scottish sealochs (Howson et al., 1994). These two surveys looked at littoral and sublittoral sites using standard MNCR shore and diving techniques, which involve detailed species recording, supplemented by suction sampling of the sublittoral sediments. Of the 63 sites surveyed by these two surveys, 27 included biotope information relevant to the present study. Davies (1990) found that in the exposed outer loch, the infralittoral zone comprised steep and vertical rock dominated by Laminaria hyperborea with a band of Laminaria saccharina deeper. There were diverse communities of foliose red algae in the lower infralittoral and upper circalittoral, perhaps as a consequence of the clear water and relatively silt free conditions. Davies (1990) considered the circalittoral communities to be reminiscent of the open coast. Loch na Droma Buidhe was more sheltered than this outer basin and had a thin covering of silt on the rock surfaces, but otherwise communities were more similar to those of outer Loch Sunart than the more sheltered inner loch. Steep and vertical bedrock between Oronsay and Carna, which is subject to strong tides but sheltered from wave action was dominated by Laminaria hyperborea with Laminaria saccharina abundant in the more sheltered areas. There were rich communities in the tide-swept conditions in the infralittoral and particularly the circalittoral but there were also impoverished areas with dense blankets of brittlestars. Similar brittlestar beds were also present in the very sheltered parts of the loch to the east of Carna where tides were weak. Here, the infralittoral zone was less steep, there was silt on the rock surfaces, Laminaria saccharina and Chorda filum were the dominant species and foliose algae were abundant in the lower infralittoral. In the circalittoral, boulders on sediment with species such as Munida rugosa, Hyas araneus, hydroids, tube-worms and solitary ascidians were widely distributed. No sites were surveyed in the inner loch or the Laudale Narrows. Loch Teacuis was found to be primarily sedimentary, with the proportion of mud increasing towards the inner loch. The outer basin was shallow and sandy with Pecten maximus and Aequipecten opercularis common. Silty boulders in the inner loch supported Laminaria saccharina and foliose algae with soft mud containing Virgularia mirabilis and Cerianthus lloydii deeper. 5

20 Davies and Connor (1993) sampled the Laudale Narrows where they found the infauna to be surprisingly species poor. No sublittoral sampling was undertaken in the inner loch. The sublittoral sampling on this survey was directed at supplementing pre-existing records rather than surveying new sites or new biotopes. The shore descriptions added a number of records of Laminaria digitata. Fuller (1995) mapped the mid-eulittoral biotopes present in the loch as part of a seaweed resource assessment. He found biotopes characteristic of the most exposed shores to be restricted to the outer part of the loch west of Rubha Aird Shlignich and the north-western tip of Oronsay. This feature was also recorded by Howson in the sublittoral (Howson, 1996). This same line separated the more exposed kelp biotopes from the sheltered ones. On the lochside tide-swept shores with Ascophyllum nodosum were common as far east as Resipole, around the Laudale Narrows and in the Loch Teacuis narrows. This contrasts with the sublittoral where comparable communities were found only in the narrows and around some of the headlands. However, the Resipole - Eilean mo Shlinneag area marks a change to more sheltered shores dominated by A. nodosum, and this corresponds roughly to the change in the infralittoral from Laminaria saccharina forests to L. saccharina/psammechinus miliaris forest identified by Howson (1996). Elsewhere in the loch, similar patterns were seen in the distribution of littoral and sublittoral biotopes, with sheltered biotopes in embayments and an increasing amount of sediment in the more sheltered bays. Also in 1995 the loch-wide survey of the shallow sublittoral biotopes, described in Howson (1996) agreed largely with the general findings of the MNCR surveys mentioned above. The more even spread of sites necessary for the mapping exercise supplied a considerable amount of additional detail in terms of both the distribution patterns of biotopes within the loch and the range of biotopes present. Of particular note was the distribution of the various kelp forest biotopes. The mapping detail enabled the distribution of these to be clarified such that their relationship to the environmental variables of wave exposure, strength of tidal streams and variation in salinity can be readily inferred from the distribution maps. Although earlier studies had identified the unusually high abundance of Limaria hians in the loch, they had perhaps not recognised the extent of the beds in shallow water. The 1995 Howson survey found these beds to cover a very wide area around the Laudale Narrows and a number of headlands in the loch system, often extending from beyond the maximum survey depth up into the sublittoral fringe. A number of changes were also apparent between the earlier MNCR surveys and the Howson (1996) survey. For example, in 1995, mats of filamentous algae on sediment were found to be common in the Oronsay-Carna area and the outer basin of Loch Teacuis, this biotope was apparently not recorded during the earlier surveys. It seems likely that the algal mats may have developed since the earlier surveys and it may be a feature of the conditions in these areas, that these algal mats develop in some years and not in others. The last major survey to have been carried out in Loch Sunart was the Broadscale survey of This 2001 survey was carried out by a research consortium, composed of teams from Heriot Watt University, St Andrews University and Scottish Natural Heritage. The report, (Bates et al., 2004) details the results of a comprehensive biotope mapping survey of the sublittoral habitats within the loch that was undertaken in July and August Rapid broad scale remote acoustic mapping techniques were utilised and groundtruth data were collected to enable the interpretation of the acoustically classed seafloor maps. The groundtruthing data were collected in the field using a range of sampling techniques including diver-based observations with video and still cameras (20 stations), video imagery collected by Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) (52 stations) and the sampling of sedimentary habitats using a grab (16 stations). This information was synthesised into a record of habitat information and displayed in a series of biotope distribution maps. The extent of the Limaria hians bed in the Laudale Narrows was mapped and quantified by quadrat measurements. Spot dives producing quadrat information of the density of Limaria hians nest material were made at 49 stations. 6

21 The report describes how the majority of the loch system is fringed by narrow reefs of silty, bedrock and boulders, with the infralittoral being dominated by biotopes of kelp, mainly Laminaria saccharina. The distribution of fringing circalittoral rocky biotopes is described as patchy over much of the loch. Of particular note was the occurrence of diverse animal communities, characterised by erect sponges, on steep rock at several sites in the outer and tideswept regions of Loch Sunart. The more sheltered sections of Loch Sunart include some excellent examples of the nationally uncommon SCR.NeoPro biotope. This biotope is dominated by sea anemones and brachiopods, with Neocrania anomala dominating the brachiopod fauna. Most of the seabed of Loch Sunart from the mouth to the head of the loch was found to be soft muddy sediments with well-developed seapen populations and megafaunal burrows but a species-poor infauna was also reported. Where Loch Sunart narrows from Oronsay to Carna the seabed is made up of mixed substrates, chiefly mud and muddy sand with many boulders, and in these current-enhanced areas brittle star beds predominated. Brittlestar beds are also found in the current-swept Laudale Narrows, where they covered a small proportion of the extensive Limaria hians beds found here. One extremely rarely recorded biotope was found in several locations. This biotope consists of fields of the crinoid, Leptometra celtica, generally attached to pebbles on a level muddy sea bed. Table 2 Sources of previous survey information for Loch Sunart SAC Year of survey Survey title Loch Sunart sublittoral survey. 10th - 11th October Sublittoral survey of Loch Sunart and Loch Teacuis. Littoral survey and sublittoral sampling in Loch Sunart. Survey of the shallow sublittoral biotopes in Loch Sunart. Loch Sunart and Loch Teacuis littoral biotope survey and seaweed resource assessment. Organisation Mackinnon, M.C. (MCS volunteer divers) NCC JNCC Christine Howson Heriot Watt University Survey type Diving Littoral and sublittoral surveys including infauna Littoral and sublittoral surveys including infauna Diving Shore mapping Reference Mackinnon, M.C. and Lumb, C.M Loch Sunart sublittoral survey. 10th - 11th October (Contractor: M.C. Mackinnon). Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No Davies, J Sublittoral survey of Loch Sunart and Loch Teacuis. Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No Davies, L.M. and Connor, D.W Littoral survey and sublittoral sampling in Loch Sunart. Joint Nature Conservation Review Report, No Howson, C. M Survey of the shallow sublittoral biotopes in Loch Sunart. Scottish Natural Heritage Research, Survey and monitoring report (67). Fuller, I Loch Sunart and Loch Teacuis littoral biotope survey and seaweed resource assessment. A report to Scottish Natural Heritage. 7

22 Year of survey 2001 Survey title Broad scale mapping of sublittoral habitats in Loch Sunart, Scotland. Organisation Heriot Watt and St Andrews Universities and SNH Survey type AGDS, grabbing, diving and ROV Reference Bates, C. R., Moore, C. G., Harries, D. B., Austin, W. and Lyndon, A.R Broad scale mapping of sublittoral habitats in Loch Sunart, Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 006 (ROAME No. F01AA401C). 2.4 Human usage of Loch Sunart SAC and SSSI Loch Sunart is a remote rural area with a number of small communities along the length of the loch. Fort William is the nearest large town, which lies outside the SAC to the east, about an hour s drive away. The area is popular with tourists and the population increases during the holiday season. A number of possible threats to the SAC arising from anthropogenic activities have been identified. The principal activities in the area relate to aquaculture, forestry, fishing and leisure. There are currently nine fish farms within the SAC, but a recent consolidation of farm leases, has reduced this number to three sites: Camas Glas and Invasion Bay and a new site at Glencripesdale. There is the potential for fish farm waste to cause a deterioration in the benthos through organic enrichment and sedimentation problems from faeces and food waste deposition, however liaison between developers and SEPA/SNH through the planning process has ensured that the recent fish farms consolidation means that cages are not directly over the SAC features of interest. Shellfish farms also have the potential to impact on benthos from build up of faeces and shell debris, although to a lesser extent than fish farms. At present there are a number of shellfish leases within Loch Sunart and Loch Teacuis, and some recent applications, which are still pending. It will be important to ensure that these are considered carefully with respect to sedimentation over reef areas, Limaria beds and other sensitive benthos. There are also concerns with regard to the build up of debris that accumulates when fish farm infrastructure is serviced and or replaced. Fish farm cage debris can be seen beached on the shores of the loch at several locations, where the relinquishement of fish farms is occuring. Timber extraction occurs at Glencripesdale where a barge and rock armour have been deployed to facilitate loading. This inevitably introduces large-boat activity into shallow water and with it the disturbance that goes with the propellor turbulance. Waste wood, primarily bark, from the handling operation, is also introduced into areas from which it should normally be absent. Static gear fishing, using creels for Nephrops norvegicus (Scampi) is of economic importance in the loch, but in general it is felt that the current level of this type of fishing has no more than a very minor effect on the reefs of the loch, as their target is the muddy MegMax biotope and not those making up the reef feature. Trawling and scallop dredging occur in the mouth of the loch, west of Carna and these have the potential to damage stable cobble based reef features, through their severe disturbance of the seabed. Other more minor fishing activities that occur include shellfish and bait collection on the shore, scallop collection by divers and occasional seaweed harvesting. None of these is thought to have any major detrimental effect at the present intensity although concerns have been held over the numbers of people occasionally collecting winkles in the vicinity of Strontian and so these activities should be kept under review. 8

23 The leisure industry is of increasing economic importance within the SAC. Seals and a number of cetacean species are a common sight, as are birds of prey and there are now regular local charter boats providing wildlife and scenic trips for tourists. Divers and sea anglers are also catered for from locations within and outside the loch. There are also beach launching sites in regular use at Glenborrodale, Salen, Camasinus, Resipole and Strontian. 2.5 Draft Site Attribute Tables The attributes from the Common Standards Guidance for littoral and sublittoral rock and for littoral sediment listed in Table 1 were used to develop draft Site Attribute Tables (SATs) for Loch Sunart SAC and SSSI (Table 3). This incorporated information extracted from previous surveys of the area (Table 2) and knowledge of human activities within the site to produce a draft monitoring programme for subsequent field evaluation. The draft SATs formed the basis of the 2006 survey design, with the intention that the prescriptions within the SATs could be tested by the fieldwork and subsequently refined to produce final SATs for Loch Sunart SAC and SSSI. The approach taken to the survey design was five-fold. A remote video survey was planned to investigate the distribution and variety of subtidal reef biotopes throughout the SAC. This was intended to measure the attributes Extent, Biotope composition and Distribution of biotopes listed in Table 3. The second phase of the project planned to use diving and intertidal survey techniques to establish a series of relocatable transects that reflected the biological and environmental diversity of the intertidal and shallow subtidal reef habitats of the SAC. This phase was designed to collect information on Biotope composition, Spatial arrangement of biotopes at specified locations and Species composition attributes. No specific work was planned towards measuring the final attribute in Table 3 Presence and/or abundance of specified species. This was considered incidental to the main survey and the species listed would be noted where present to inform the further development/refinement of this attribute. The third phase of the survey, mapped and sampled the Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii and Zostera spp. beds within the site, in order to address the Extent, Species composition and sediment character attributes of their SSSI designation. The fourth and fifth phases of this project investigated the secondary aims of the survey not included within the SATs. 9

24 Table 3 Draft attributes and targets for littoral and sublittoral reef features, selected to initiate site condition monitoring in Loch Sunart 2006 SAC, with the proposed methods for measuring these Attribute Target for Loch Sunart 2006 Proposed methods for Loch Sunart 2006 Extent of reef Biotope composition of the intertidal and subtidal rock Distribution of reef biotopes Spatial arrangement of biotopes at specified locations No change in extent of intertidal rock or subtidal rock. Assess/maintain the variety of intertidal and subtidal biotopes identified for the site, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical changes. Assess/maintain the broader geographic distribution of specified infralittoral and circalittoral biotopes. Assess/maintain the spatial arrangement of biotopes on a series of intertidal and subtidal transects, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical changes. Drop-down video survey to record distribution of reef/non-reef biotopes. Compare this with earlier work. Review activities and events with the potential to reduce extent of feature such as land reclamation and shoreline development. Drop-down video survey to record the variety of sublittoral reef biotopes present within the SAC. Establish intertidal and subtidal transects within the SAC to record the variety of reef biotopes present. Drop-down video survey in zoned sampling blocks to record the broader geographic distribution of specified infralittoral and circalittoral biotopes Establish a series of 6-8 transects across intertidal and subtidal reefs to identify and record the biotopes present and their spatial arrangement in the intertidal and shallow subtidal. Take video footage of each transect to provide a permanent visual record of the biotopes. Major biotopes to consider: Littoral: LR.FLR.Rkp.Cor.Cor, LR.FLR.Rkp.G, LR.FLR.Rkp.SwSed, LR.HLR.FT.AscT, LR.HLR.FT.FserT, LR.HLR.MusB.Sem, LR.LLR.F.Asc.FS, LR.LLR.F.Asc.X, LR.LLR.F.Pel, LR.LLR.F.Fspi, LR.LLR.F.Fves, LR.LLR.F.Fves.X, LR.LLR.FVS.Ascmac, LR.LLR.FVS.AscVS, LR.LLR.FVS.Fcer Infralittoral: SIR.Lsac.Ft, SIR.LhypLsac.Ft, MIR.XKScrR, MIR.LhypGz.Ft, MIR.Lhyp.T, MIR.Ldig.Ldig, IR.MIR.KT.XKT, IR.CorMetAlc, EIR.LhypR.Ft, EIR.Ala.Ldig. Circalittoral faunal turf: CR.MCR.EcCr.CarSp.Bri, CR.MCR.EcCr.AdigVt, CR.LCR.BrAs.NeoPro.FS, CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH, CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Bri, CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Ant, CR.HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs, MCR.Oph. Species composition of representative/n otable biotopes Presence and/or abundance of specified species No decline in intertidal and subtidal biotope quality on the monitoring transects due to change in species composition or loss of notable species, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical changes Maintain presence and abundance of colonies of the northern seafan Swiftia pallida Monitor changes in the presence and abundance of the anemone Amphianthus dohrnii on S. pallida Assess species composition and species diversity by means of Phase II style semi-quantitative surveys along a series of 6-8 fixed position intertidal and subtidal transects Undertake detailed quantitative community composition studies within biotopes of specified interest on the intertidal and subtidal transects using quadrat-sampling techniques Take video footage of each transect to illustrate the quality of the biotopes. Record the presence and semi-quantitative abundance of S. pallida on the video drops, monitoring transects and spot dives Record the presence or absence of A. dohrnii on the monitoring transects and spot dives Monitor changes in the presence (and abundance where applicable) of a small number of species known to be rare, unusual, at the edge of their biogeographical Record the presence and semi-quantitative abundance on, the video drops, monitoring transects and spot dives of selected species To include the following: Parazoanthus anguicomus, Alcyonium glomeratum, Neocrania 10

25 Attribute Target for Loch Sunart 2006 Proposed methods for Loch Sunart 2006 range or considered vulnerable to human activity anomala, Protanthea simplex Table 4 Draft attributes and targets selected to initiate site condition monitoring in Loch Sunart 2006 SSSI, with the proposed methods for measuring these Attribute Target for Loch Sunart 2006 Proposed methods for Loch Sunart 2006 Extent intertidal reef of Biotope composition of the intertidal reef Distribution of intertidal reef biotopes Spatial arrangement of intertidal reef biotopes at specified locations No change in extent of intertidal rock. Assess/maintain the variety of intertidal biotopes identified for the site, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical changes. Assess/maintain the broader geographic distribution of specified biotopes. Assess/maintain the spatial arrangement of biotopes on a series of intertidal transects, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical changes. Review activities and events with the potential to reduce extent of feature such as land reclamation and shoreline development. At six-year intervals assess the continued existence of intertidal reef biotopes recorded within the 6 zones of the loch. Establish a series of 6 9 transects across intertidal reefs to identify and record the biotopes present and their spatial arrangement. Take video footage of each transect to provide a permanent visual record of the biotopes. Major biotopes to consider: Littoral: LR.FLR.Rkp.Cor.Cor, LR.FLR.Rkp.G, LR.FLR.Rkp.SwSed, LR.HLR.FT.AscT, LR.HLR.FT.FserT, LR.HLR.MusB.Sem, LR.LLR.F.Asc.FS, LR.LLR.F.Asc.X, LR.LLR.F.Pel, LR.LLR.F.Fspi, LR.LLR.F.Fves, LR.LLR.F.Fves.X, LR.LLR.FVS.Ascmac, LR.LLR.FVS.AscVS, LR.LLR.FVS.Fcer, LS.LMp.LSgr.Znol Sublittoral: IMS.Zmar. Species composition of representative/ notable biotopes (intertidal reef) Presence and/or abundance of specified species (intertidal reef) Extent of eelgrass (Zostera) beds No decline in intertidal biotope quality on the reef monitoring transects due to change in species composition or loss of notable species, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical changes Monitor changes in the presence (and abundance where applicable) of a small number of species known to be rare, unusual, at the edge of their biogeographical range or considered vulnerable to human activity No change in extent of eelgrass beds allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. Assess species composition and species diversity by means of Phase II style semi-quantitative surveys along a series of 6-8 fixed position transects Undertake detailed quantitative community composition studies within biotopes of specified interest on the intertidal transects using quadratsampling techniques Take video footage of each transect to illustrate the quality of the biotopes. Record the presence and semi-quantitative abundance of the species found on the intertidal monitoring transects. At six-year intervals review activities and events with the potential to reduce extent of feature such as land reclamation and shoreline development. Aerial images of the loch (at low water) to be compared with baseline survey data every 12 years unless alerted to potential problem by area office or during site visit. Not planned for this survey. At six-year intervals establish outer boundaries of 11

26 Attribute Target for Loch Sunart 2006 Proposed methods for Loch Sunart 2006 Presence and/or abundance of Zostera spp. Maintain presence and/or abundance of Zostera spp. selected eelgrass beds by field visit with GPS positioning and track mapping facility. Record the presence and quantitative abundance of Zostera spp. in the selected, mapped beds Species composition Zostera spp. beds Sediment character: organic carbon content Sediment character: particle size distribution Extent of Egg wrack (Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii) beds Presence and/or abundance of Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii. Species composition Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds Sediment character: organic carbon content Sediment character: particle size distribution No decline in species composition or loss of notable species, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical changes No significant change in organic carbon content in the sediment of the sub-feature Maintain the distribution of particle size fractions within the sediment supporting the sub-feature No change in extent of egg wrack beds allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. Maintain presence and/or abundance of Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii. No decline in species composition or loss of notable species, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical changes No significant change in organic carbon content in the sediment of the sub-feature Maintain the distribution of particle size fractions within the sediment supporting the sub-feature Assess the species composition and species diversity in the mapped Zostera spp. beds using the WFD seagrass field data sheet and quadrat sampling techniques Take video footage of each transect to illustrate the quality of the biotopes. Sample the sediment within the Zostera spp. bed and analyse for Loss on ignition (Loi) at 6 yearly intervals. Sample the sediment within the Zostera spp. bed and analyse particle size distribution (PSA) at 6 yearly intervals. At six-year intervals review activities and events with the potential to reduce extent of feature such as land reclamation and shoreline development. Aerial images of the loch (at low water) to be compared with baseline survey data every 12 years unless alerted to potential problem by area office or during site visit. Not planned for this survey. At six-year intervals establish outer boundaries of selected Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds by field visit with GPS positioning and track mapping facility. Record the presence and quantitative abundance of Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii in the selected, mapped beds Assess the species composition and species diversity in the mapped Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds using the WFD seagrass field data sheet and quadrat sampling techniques Take video footage of each transect to illustrate the quality of the biotopes. Sample the sediment within the Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii bed and analyse for Loss on ignition (Loi) at 6 yearly intervals. Sample the sediment within the Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii bed and analyse particle size distribution (PSA) at 6 yearly intervals. 2.6 Secondary features of the site The fourth phase of this project was a diving survey that targeted the Limaria hians beds in the Laudale Narrows. These bivalves construct a nest that has biogenic reef-like properties; these were investigated. The fifth phase consisted of a grab survey to assess the status of Thyasira gouldi, a rare bivalve, thought to inhabit the sediments of the mid/upper loch s 12

27 benthos. This work was undertaken as part of the ongoing Species Action Plan for T. gouldi for which SNH is the Lead Partner. 3 METHODS The methods adopted for the work in Loch Sunart were discussed in detail with SNH and were planned where possible to build on those used during previous studies in condition monitoring of the other Scottish marine SACs. Summary outlines of the methods used are presented in this section and further details are provided in Appendices 1 and Drop-down video survey A remote video survey using two drop-down video systems was planned to investigate the distribution and variety of subtidal reef biotopes throughout the SAC. This was intended to measure the SAC attributes Extent, Biotope composition and Distribution of biotopes. Several earlier projects were consulted when designing the survey. A survey carried out around Flamborough had successfully used random sampling within a number of transects divided into depth bands (Howson et al., 2003). Moore and Bunker (2001) had proposed a scheme for determining the number of samples required when carrying out a drop-down video survey and this was tested by Howson et al. (2003). Lessons from both of these projects, from the inaugural SNH SCM of the Sound of Arisaig SAC (Moore et al., 2004) and from a similar survey of the Firth of Lorn SAC in 2005 (Howson et al., 2006) informed the design of the Loch Sunart study. The loch was divided into six zones on the basis of the current knowledge of the loch s kelp communities. This kelp biotope zoning was first suggested by Howson (1996) and was based on the results of an intensive survey of shallow infralittoral reef biotopes in Loch Sunart (Howson, 1996). These zones are shown in Figure 2 along with the expected distribution of reef within the loch, derived from an earlier broadscale survey (Bates et al., 2004). A series of random sampling positions was generated for the known area of reef within each zone in the loch prior to the survey, with an approximate maximum of 120 drops (Table 5), and extra points were generated in all the zones to ensure all depths and features were adequately represented. Earlier monitoring surveys of other SACs, such as Howson et al. (2006), divided the video sampling blocks into depth bands, but this was not considered practical for Loch Sunart where the reef habitat is largely confined to a narrow strip around the edge of the loch. In addition to the random drops, a number of extra sampling positions were selected to target specific features in the loch. With a total sampling effort of 120 video drops, the density of video drops was calculated at 6.9 drops km

28 Figure 2 Location of the reef habitat and the drop-down video sampling zones within Loch Sunart Marine SAC Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) Table 5 Proposed drop-down video sampling effort allocated to each zone within Loch Sunart based on known area of reef Zone Area of each Target number zone of drops/zone Total As required in Procedural Guideline 3-5 (Davies et al., 2001), video tows of 100 m length were attempted where possible at the pre-determined positions and generally the camera was allowed to drift along the seabed for between two and five minutes to achieve this. Stations were only passed over if deployment would have placed the vessel or crew in danger and in all cases the vessel s skipper assessed the safety of each station prior to deployment. If for any reason a station could not be sampled effectively, for example due to the strength of the tide or poor visibility at the seabed, the video sample was abandoned and the gear deployed at the next station in the random sequence. If the seabed substrata were 14

29 mixed, the tows were generally longer within the safe limits of the operating conditions. The operating procedure adopted during this survey is presented in Appendix 1. A zone was considered to be complete once there was a reasonable geographic coverage within the zone and no new biotopes were being recorded Video Equipment Two sets of drop-down video equipment were used for this survey, one supplied by SNH and a second by ASML, operating independently from two boats. The two systems were similar light-weight systems that could be hand-hauled and operated from a RIB. Both were based on Sony 3CCD digital video cameras with Mini DV format tapes. They are designed to drift above the seabed rather than drag along it in contrast to many other popular systems which utilise the sledge mode of operation. These systems were rejected as their use can cause damage to fragile species, such as the sea fan Swiftia pallida, seapens and featherstars and also run a much greater risk of snagging when filming sublittoral reef. The drop-down system owned by Scottish Natural Heritage uses a Sony DCR-TRV900 housed in an Amphibico Navigator 900 (VHNV0900) aluminum housing which can operate to 100 m depth and accepts a long-life battery. The equipment can be used with an optional 80 o wet lens. The ASML drop-down video system uses a Sony DRV 950 camera in an aluminium housing rated to 130m. The lights are powered by an independent surface 110v system (generator or vessel supplied) and so do not rely on battery power. Both systems can be controlled from the surface. The digital video footage can be recorded in the camera and simultaneously relayed to the surface via the umbilical where it is viewed and recorded on a Sony mini digital VCR. In both systems a surface control box provides remote control facilities for both the camera and the lights, and it is possible to toggle between the camera and recorder and to record on either enabling an instant back up to be obtained during the fieldwork. Contemporaneous notes are made whilst the video is deployed, so that the operators have an idea of the variety of biotopes that have been encountered as well as the depths and habitat type. 3.2 Intertidal and subtidal reef transect surveys Transect selection Relocatable survey transects were established at seven intertidal sites and eight subtidal sites (Appendix 3, Figure 3), chosen to be representative of the variety of biotopes present in the area and to include sites in each zone of the loch. The selection of sites was based on a variety of sources; the information gleaned from the review of previous reports of work carried out in Loch Sunart; earlier conservation agency data present in the Recorder database; information provided by divers familiar with the area and information provided by the SNH area officer Mark Steward. They were selected primarily on the basis of subtidal information as it was felt that the subtidal was more varied and contained more species and biotopes of particular conservation interest, than the intertidal reef present throughout much of the loch. 15

30 Figure 3 Location of intertidal and subtidal transect sites sampled in Sunart in 2006 Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) Seven of the sites selected had contiguous intertidal and subtidal transects (L and S- Sun0706 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 18) but one site, S-Sun (Torr Molach) had no corresponding intertidal transect, as this transect was surveyed during neap tides. Had a contiguous intertidal transect been attempted it would not have been comparable with the other sites, as the lower shore was not exposed and would therefore not have been surveyed. Basic site information is summarised in Table 6. The methods used to survey the transects are described in detail in Appendix 2 and are only summarised in this section. Table 6 Summary of intertidal and subtidal transect sites Site name Site type Comment Jetty at Laudale Narrows Sligneach Mor Steep very sheltered bedrock reef from the supralittoral through midshore limpet/barnacles to lower shore red algae and L. digitata. Silty L. saccarhina and brittlestars with abundant Limaria hians terraces below the kelp. Exposed bedrock on a small island at the mouth of the loch. Red algal lower shore running into L. hyperborea. Cliffs and boulder slopes with Swiftia pallida subtidally. Contiguous transects on steep sheltered bedrock shore adjacent to the road Contiguous transects on the most exposed small island at the mouth of the loch Survey type Transect Transect Depth/ height (m rcd) m m Full Site No. L- Sun S- Sun L- Sun S- Sun No. used in report L09 S09 L10 S10 16

31 Site name Site type Comment Oronsay (NE) Camas Salach Torran a Chonnaidh West of Waterfalls NE shore of Inner Loch Teacuis Torr Molach Very sheltered gently sloping bedrock with limpet barnacle domination running into L. hyperborea and a boulder slope subtidally. Very sheltered north-west facing bedrock and boulder shore. Ascophyllum nodosum running into L. saccarhina and a boulder slope subtidally. Very sheltered, steep northeast facing bedrock and boulder shore. Ascophyllum nodosum running into L. saccarhina and a boulder slope subtidally. Sheltered, very steep northerly facing bedrock shore. Lichens and limpet/barnacle biotopes running into L. hyperborea on cliffs and boulder slopes subtidally. Very sheltered initially steep and then gently sloping bedrock and boulder shore with limpet/ barnacle and then Ascophyllum nodosum biotopes running into L. saccharina on silty boulders with Serpula vermicularis reefs. Then onto a soft mud plain. Sheltered, very steep southerly facing bedrock shore. Lichens and limpet/barnacle biotopes running into a narrow Halidrys siliquosa and L. saccarhina band on cliffs and boulder slopes subtidally. Contiguous transects on steep sheltered bedrock shore Contiguous transects south of the Glencripesdale fish farm Contiguous transects adjacent to the Glencripesdale road and west of the Invasion Bay fish farm Contiguous transects east of Auliston Point at the mouth of the loch Contiguous transects, with a Serpula vermicularis reef-transect running perpendicular at 1.16m bcd (below chart datum) (Section 3.8) Subtidal transect only, adjacent to the road. Survey type Transect Transect Transect Transect Depth/ height (m rcd) Full Site No. L- Sun m S- Sun L- Sun m S- Sun L- Sun m S- Sun m Transect m Transect m L- Sun S- Sun L- Sun S- Sun S- Sun No. used in report L11 S11 L12 S12 L13 S13 L16 S16 L18 S18 S Transect survey methods At the start of the survey, a day was spent carrying out dives in the Laudale Narrows area. The purpose of this was in part to investigate possible sites for transects and in part to familiarise the survey team with the species present and enable species proformas to be developed for the inner loch area. The subsequent work on each site followed a similar pattern. Each transect was approximately 100 m long and 4 m wide and was surveyed using semiquantitative Phase II and quantitative quadrat recording techniques, with the aim of describing the biotopes along the transects and establishing their species complement and 17

32 the abundance of the constituent species. Subtidal transects extended to 30 m below sea level or 100 m distance, whichever was reached first. For an intertidal transect, a black climbing piton was hammered into a crack at the top of the shore as a permanent marker and a yellow road-paint mark was also applied. Both marks were photographed. A 100 m tape measure was attached to this and followed a constant bearing down the shore and into the subtidal, where the end was attached to a buoyed shot line. The transect bearing was approximately perpendicular to the shore. Where there was no intertidal region of a transect (S22), a buoyed shotline was dropped from the boat at a suitable depth and then a suitable transect end-position was determined by the reconnaissance divers prior to their Phase II survey. The position of all the markers was recorded by GPS and photographs were taken to aid in future relocation. All information relating to positioning of the transect line and markers was entered onto a transect relocation form in the field. The transect was split up into a series of zones which were defined in terms of differences in the composition of the biological community or by changes in substratum. Zone boundaries along the tape were recorded in terms of distance along the tape and vertical height relative to the station marker. In the intertidal, this height and additional measurements required to enable a profile to be drawn were determined using a 50 cm high cross staff. In the subtidal, the depth of water was measured at zone boundaries and at 5 m distances along the tape. A band 2 m either side of the tape was surveyed by two workers recording the habitat and the biota using the MNCR SACFOR scale of abundance, with collection of material for laboratory examination where in situ. identification was not possible. Abundance was assessed over the zone as a whole, unless stated otherwise. A digital video camera and a digital stills camera were used to make representative photographic recordings of the transect zones in both the intertidal and subtidal. Data collected in each zone along the transect were entered into the appropriate recording forms in the field (Appendix 2), and biotopes were subsequently allocated to each zone using the current habitat classification scheme (Connor et al., 2004) Quadrat recording One biotope on each transect was selected for quantitative quadrat recording to supplement the semi-quantitative phase II data. Generic intertidal and subtidal species proformas were drawn up following a species familiarisation dive and were printed onto waterproof paper for use in the field (Appendix 2). The percentage cover or count of each species within each quadrat was recorded on the appropriate proforma. The quadrats used in all cases were 0.25 m 2. In the intertidal, 10 quadrats were sampled and each one was photographed. In the subtidal, as many quadrats as possible were sampled within the time available. The quadrats were thrown at random by the divers, along a single depth contour in an area of uniform substratum Data handling Transect profiles were graphed using Excel, after the distances along the tape had been entered into the software package. A macro then converted these to true horizontal distances and depths below chart datum. The resulting graphs produced are a representation of the transect profile. Annotations summarising the biotopes present along the transects were then added and intertidal and subtidal heights along the transects are given in relation to chart datum. Tidal heights were calculated using the WXTide programme and were based on predictions for the village of Salen, which lies on the north shore midway along Loch Sunart. 18

33 Following the data analysis, a biotope inventory was compiled with a brief description of each biotope recorded and a representative photograph (Appendix 4). More detailed local biotope descriptions were compiled for each sublittoral biotope surveyed in which quadrat sampling had provided additional information (Appendix 5). 3.3 Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii (A.mac) intertidal surveys Site selection Potential sites were selected using the information gleaned from the review of previous work, the output from the Recorder database and the information provided by SNH Area Officer Mark Steward. Restricted field survey time allowed a limited number of sites to be visited, so only the largest known sites were selected. Beds of A.mac were surveyed in six locations. These locations are shown in table 7 below. Table 7 Surveyed Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii bed locations and work undertaken during the 2006 fieldwork Site Number and Name Centre of site Work undertaken 3. Camaschoirk NM Mapping 4. Eilean Mor NM Mapping 5. Head of the Loch NM Mapping/coring 6. Strontian NM Mapping/transects/coring 7. Glenborrodale Bay NM Mapping/abundance/coring 17. Salen NM Mapping Methodology The methodology required to assess the A. nodosum ecad mackaii was based on the Water Framework Directive (WFD) seagrass field data sheet, which the team were asked to trial during the 2006 fieldwork. This sheet is reproduced in full in Appendix 12. In each case the margins of the A. nodosum ecad mackaii bed were mapped during a shore walk of the boundary using hand-held GPS receivers and their inbuilt track mapping facility. Both the species composition and the abundance, of the LR.LLR.FVS.Ascmac biotope constituents were recorded using 0.25m 2 quadrats deployed on transects through the bed. Intermediate quality beds (those with a diffuse distribution pattern of A.mac), such as those at Head of the Loch and at Salen were simply mapped, photographed and described. Waypoints were recorded at photographic, video and sampling locations. The sediment type beneath the bed was also described and cored at three sites with a 0.01 m 2 core in order to look at the infauna in the sediments beneath the A.mac blanket. A sample of sediment was also taken. This sample was later processed for Particle Size Analysis (PSA) and Loss on Ignition (LoI), the former to help to characterise the particle size distribution and the latter to provide a measure of the organic content of the sediment. This sample consisted of a scrape of approximately 500 g of the top 50 mm of sediment that lay below the A.mac. The sample was bagged and labelled in the field and then frozen on return to the survey base. On return to base the sediment core was gently agitatated in seawater from loch to disaggregate the sediment and then the remaining residue was poured through a 1mm sieve. After gentle sieving the residue was transferred to an airtight bucket, fixed in 10% borax buffered formaldehyde solution in seawater and labelled on both the inside and outside of the bucket. No vital stain was added to the samples. 19

34 Following the fieldwork the subsequent laboratory extraction, identification (to the finest practicable resolution) and enumeration of the sampled fauna, was carried out by Dr Peter Garwood of Identichaet, a reknowned national expert in the field of marine macrobenthic infaunal identification. Still photography and videography were employed to capture a permanent visual record of all A. nodosum ecad mackaii beds sampled. 3.4 Zostera noltii intertidal surveys Site selection Potential sites were selected using the information gleaned from the review of previous work, the output from the Recorder database and the information provided by SNH Area Officer Mark Steward. Beds of Zostera noltii were surveyed for in the location where it was previously found in 1978 (Camaschoirk). The location of this site is presented in table 8 below. Table 8 Surveyed Zostera noltii bed location and work undertaken during the 2006 fieldwork Site Number and Name Centre of site Work undertaken L4. Eilean Mor (Doirlinn Channel) NM Mapping/coring Methodology The methodology required to assess the Zostera noltii was based on the Water Framework Directive (WFD) seagrass field data sheet. This sheet is reproduced in full in Appendix 12. At Eilean Mor the margins of the small beds of the Zostera noltii were mapped during a shore walk of the boundaries using hand-held GPS receivers and their inbuilt track mapping facility. Both the species composition and the abundance, of the LS.LMp.LSgr.Znol biotope constituents were recorded using 0.25 m 2 quadrats thrown at random through the beds. Waypoints were recorded at photographic, video and sampling locations. No other Z. noltii beds were surveyed in the SAC in The sediment type beneath the bed was also described and cored with a 0.01 m 2 core in order to look at the infauna in the sediments beneath the Zostera noltii bed. A sample of sediment was also taken. This sample was later processed for Particle Size Analysis (PSA) and Loss on Ignition (LoI), the former to help to characterise the particle size distribution and the latter to provide a measure of the organic content of the sediment. This sample consisted of a scrape of approximately 500 g of the top 50 mm of sediment. The sample was bagged and labelled in the field and then frozen on return to the survey base. Following the survey it was despatched to The Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Sciences at the University of Hull for the analyses. The infaunal core was processed as in section 3.3 above and later analysed by Dr P. Garwood of Identichaet. Still photography and videography were employed to capture a permanent visual record of the Zostera noltii bed in situ. 20

35 3.5 Zostera marina subtidal surveys Site selection Potential sites were selected using the information gleaned from the review of previous work, the output from the Recorder database and the information provided by SNH Area Officer Mark Steward. Beds of Zostera marina were surveyed for in three known locations, with an additional previously unrecorded bed surveyed in Loch na Droma Buide. The locations of these samples are presented in table 9 below. Table 9 Zostera marina surveyed bed locations and work undertaken during the 2006 fieldwork Site Number and Name L1. Camas nan Geall L2. Rubha Camp an Righ S17. Salen Harbour S23 Loch na Droma Buide Centre of site NM NM NM NM Work undertaken Snorkelling and viewing bucket. Mapped and photographed Mapped and Photographed in the rockpool Snorkelling and viewing bucket. No Zostera marina found Viewing bucket Zostera marina found. Mapped and Photographed Methodology The methodology required to assess the Zostera marina was based on the Water Framework Directive (WFD) seagrass field data sheet. This sheet is reproduced in full in Appendix 12. At Camas nan Geall a small diffuse Z. marina bed was located in the shallow sublittoral and was mapped by a combination of snorkelling and using viewing buckets over the side of the RIB. Waypoints were taken with GPS receivers and photographs were taken by the snorkellers. No cores or sediment samples were taken at this bed due to the diffuse nature of the bed. Similarly at Rubha Camp an Righ the Z. marina record was of a small patch located in a lowershore rock pool. Again this bed was diffuse and was merely photographed and located by waypoints. At Loch na Droma Buide the bed was much larger (880 m 2 ) In Salen Harbour no bed was found in 2006, even after teams had made several exhaustive searches of the area by snorkelling and observations using the viewing bucket. The diffuse bed reported in Howson (1996), appears to have died off completely leaving no trace. 3.6 Thyasira gouldi subtidal grabbing survey Introduction An outstanding action within the 1999 Species Action Plan for Thyasira gouldi was for SNH to determine the status (continued presence) of the species within Loch Sunart. T. gouldi has historically been identified from quantitative samples of fauna taken from Loch Sunart (as summarised in Blacknell and Ansell, 1975) but exact details of locations sampled and methodologies used are not readily available and SNH do not believe that any extant material remains. Infaunal sampling carried out in 2001 as part of the SNH broadscale 21

36 mapping programme recorded T. gouldi/t.flexuosa at two sites in the mid/upper loch (a reflection of the difficulties in identification for the non-expert). A limited programme of infaunal sampling (15x0.1 m 2 Van Veen grab samples) was consequently requested by SNH in order to establish the status of T. gouldi in Loch Sunart Site selection In 2001 Thyasira spp was found in the samples from sites 26 and 28. These sites were located either side of the Laudale Narrows towards the head of the loch in water ranging from 15 m to 57 m deep. Consequently 15 stations were selected at random in water of the appropriate depths, within the same general area as the successful 2001 grabs. The selected stations are shown on Figure 4 below. Figure 4 Grab sampling stations worked in 2006 and in 2001 in the vicinity of the Laudale Narrows. Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) Methodology During two sampling sessions, the 13 th July and the morning of the 15 th July, 15 x 0.1 m 2 Van Veen grab samples were collected using the MV Laurenca an MCA coded survey vessel from Laga Bay. The positions of each grab retained were recorded by GPS and each full grab was processed on board during the operation. Only full grab samples were retained and no replicates were obtained. A subsample was taken from each grab for sediment grain size distribution analyses and organic matter content determination. These data were later obtained by a combination of wet and dry sieving for particles larger than 63 μm and by 22

37 electronic particle counting for material smaller than 63 μm. determination was calculated by loss on ignition at 450 C. The organic matter The grabs were emptied onto a wash box. In the wash box the sediment was gently agitated with seawater from the deck hose to disaggregate the sediment and then the remaining residue was poured through a 1 mm sieve. After gentle sieving the residue was transferred to an airtight bucket, fixed in 10% borax buffered formaldehyde solution in seawater and labelled on both the inside and outside of the bucket. No vital stain was added to the samples. Following the fieldwork the subsequent laboratory extraction, identification (to the finest practicable resolution) and enumeration of the sampled fauna, was carried out by Dr Peter Garwood of Identichaet, a reknowned international expert in the field of marine invertebrate taxonomy and macrobenthic infaunal identification. During this process all specimens of Thyasira spp. were extracted by Dr Garwood and subsequently sent to Dr Ian Kileen and Dr Graham Oliver for independent review and identification to species. Both these individuals being internationally recognised experts capable of reporting on the provenance of the Thyasira spp. specimens. A voucher reference collection of all the taxa encountered in the retained grab sample s residues was assembled during the analysis of the material by Dr Garwood, this is lodged with the Marine Invertebrate section of the National Museum of Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh. 3.7 Limaria hians subtidal survey Site selection The gaping file shell Limaria hians occurs in areas of enhanced tidal streams along the margins and sill areas of Loch Sunart and at depths varying from the shallow sublittoral into the circalittoral. The bivalves occur in beds/nests, of densities varying from complete coverage of the substratum to scattered individuals. Where densities are high, the nests of byssus threads coalesce and form a carpet over the substrate. The gaping file shell s beds found in the Laudale Narrows area were requested for study during the 2006 fieldwork. These beds were previously mapped in Beds of L. hians provide stable substrata in otherwise sedimentary habitats and support a diverse epifauna and infauna. Hall-Spencer and Moore (2001) concluded that L. hians reefs should be given the same conservation status as other biogenic reefs. The IMX.Lim biotope (Limaria hians beds in tide-swept sublittoral muddy mixed sediment) is nationally scarce, biologically diverse and of considerable conservation interest within Loch Sunart Methodology Sampling to investigate the properties of this Limaria hians biotope within the key Laudale Narrows area was incorporated into the 2006 SCM sampling programme. Specific attributes to measure are not given within the draft SATs (which only encompass qualifying SAC and SSSI features). Four sites were dived in the Laudale Narrows area on the 15 th and 18 th of July. At each of these sites divers collected two cores for macrobenthic analysis and an accompanying PSA sample with each core. Video and digital photography were also undertaken at each site. Limaria hians nest coverage information and biotope community composition information was also collected. This was achieved using the methodology from Bates et al., Abundance was assessed by a diver using a 0.25 m 2 quadrat with a grid of cross strings at 23

38 10 cm intervals, by recording the number of string intersections (from the total of 16) that lay immediately above L. hians nest material. Ten replicate random quadrats were thrown in the vicinity of the core sampling and the divers recorded the percentage cover of the conspicuous taxa growing or living in the biotope. The four sites were chosen so that they lay within the four abundance zones present within the narrows area as outlined in Bates et al., Serpula vermicularis subtidal survey Site location Following the drop-down video survey of Loch Teacuis on the 4 th July, during which Serpula vermicularis reefs were discovered in the shallow sublittoral, further visits were made to Loch Teacuis on the 5 th and 12 th during which the shallow sublittoral was mapped for the presence of these phenomena. The resulting map shows the recorded distribution of Serpula vermicularis in Loch Teacuis and is presented in figure 5 below. Figure 5 Mapped locations of Serpula vermicularis reefs in Loch Teacuis Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) Methodology Following the initial drop-down video of the Serpula vermicularis reef the subsequent mapping was carried out by obtaining GPS fixes on the boundaries of the biotope (SS.SBR.PoR.Ser) from observations made over the side of the RIB with viewing buckets. Snorkellers also checked for deeper colonies, beyond the visability achievable with the buckets. 24

39 At the Serpula transect location shown in figure 5 above, which is also the site of the Loch Teacuis intertidal and subtidal transects, a 50 m transect was deployed parallel to the shore at a depth of 1.3 m bcd (below chart datum), this depth band being the depth of peak Serpula vermicularis density. Along this transect all Serpula vermicularis colonies encountered within 1 m to the seaward/deeper side of the line, were measured. Measurements of each Serpula vermicularis colony s height and circumference (cm) were carefully made by a pair of divers as they moved along the transect. A further period of fieldwork took place from November 21 st to November 24 th 2006 with the aim of determining the presence, depth, distribution and size classes of the Serpula vermicularis aggregations in Loch Teacuis. The methodology followed that used to map S.vermicularis reefs in Loch Creran (Moore et al., 2006). Transects were planned around the periphery of the inner basin 200 m apart from each other with wider spacing towards the head of the loch where no evidence of aggregations was seen with the viewing buckets. The start positions for the transects were entered into the boat GPS. Nineteen transects were surveyed by divers, GS1 to GS20 (GS12 was omitted due to the misplacement of GS11), three additional transects GS25, 26 and 39 were added in the areas which overlapped with three mussel farm lease areas at the periphery of the loch. The transect locations are shown on figure 6. Figure 6 Location of diver transects in Loch Teacuis in November 2006 Divers descended at the shallow end of the transect and swam on a fixed bearing into deeper water. The start of the transect was recorded on the boat GPS if it differed from the planned start position. Divers carried slates marked with the size categories defined by Moore et al., 1998, below; Individuals or non-reef forming worms < 5 cm 2 (= 2.2 cm x 2.2 cm) Small reefs = 5 50 cm 2 (= 7.1 cm x 7.1 cm) Medium reefs = cm 2 (= 22.4 cm x 22.4 cm) Large reefs > 500 cm 2 25

40 Observations of reef occurrence were made within the band of visibility (~2 m either side of the diver). When S.vermicularis aggregations were seen the depth and size class were recorded using the dimensions marked out on the slate. Any other observations were also recorded (such as changes in substrate). The end of the transect was initially determined by reaching a depth of 15 m, or a dive duration of 30 minutes, however in most areas 15 m was not achievable within a realistic distance of the shore and once the substrate gave way to soft mud with a very gradual gradient, the divers swam for a few more minutes beyond the last serpulid aggregation before ending the transect. When the end of the transect was reached four pulls were given on the buoy line. This indicated to the surface vessel the location of the transect end and allowed a GPS position to be established. 3.9 Fieldwork safety and logistics Video survey The video survey was carried out during the first week (02/07/06 to 06/07/06) of the threeweek field survey and mobilised each day from the beach at Camusinas. Two MCA - coded RIBs owned by SNH were used for the work, Aquilla (5.0m) and Aphrodite (6.5 m). The survey teams consisted of marine biologists from both ASML and SNH and the work was shared out between the craft Diving and intertidal survey The diving and intertidal fieldwork was carried out by a team of seven divers over a 12 day period in weeks two and three of the survey (08/07/06 to 20/07/06). The local charter boat Peregrine, based in Lochaline, was used as a diving platform for four days, Laurenca from Laga Bay for two days and the SNH 5 m RIB Aquilla for the remainder of the trip. The Laudale Narrows site was also worked as a shore dive site. All of the diving was carried out in accordance with the Approved Code of Practice for scientific diving projects (Health and Safety Commission, 1998). The divers were all qualified according to the relevant 1997 HSE regulations and used air with standard SCUBA equipment. The survey covered a period of both neap and spring tides with most of the intertidal work carried out over the biggest spring tides. Diving was planned for slack water, based on information gleaned from the tide tables and the hard boat skippers. During the survey only site S15 proved to be unworkable due to tidal conditions as work had over run the period of slack water. This site was however in the Narrows at Laudale and exposed to strong tidal currents. On all dives one of each diving pair carried a Surface Marker Buoy (SMB) and the other diver had a delayed SMB for use in case of separation. The survey team was based in self-catering accommodation at Camusinas, an adequate bungalow on the beach with access to moorings and launching facilities. Diving air was obtained on-board Peregrine and latterly through the use of a portable compressor hired from Edinburgh Diving Centre. Use of the beach and moorings at Camusinas was negotiated with the residents of the community by Andy Jackson (the Skipper of Laurenca) from Laga Bay and could not be taken for granted in the future. The RIBs were both moored on spare residents moorings located off Camusinas Bay Thyasira grab survey work The Laurenca was loaded each day from the fish farm s pontoon, near its berth in Laga Bay. The work was carried out according to the risk assessment that accompanied the tender for this contract, which is reproduced in Appendix 12. The crew of Tom Mercer and Mark 26

41 Steward wore life jackets, hard hats and safety Wellingtons at all times whilst handling the grab. Laurenca was not an ideal vessel for this survey work as it did not have a powered deck winch and davit. However a safe retrieval of the grab was achieved by means of a twostage lift, using the anchor winch to haul the grab to the surface and a deck davit to lift the grab inboard. Any future grab work in the loch should attempt to find an alternative vessel in order to reduce the amount of man-handling of the grab and its contents required by this process Photography and video The transects were videoed with a hand-held digital video and lights (Sony DCR-TRV900 in an Amphibico Navigator 900 housing). Digital still photographs of a representative range of species and habitats were taken both underwater and on the shore on various cameras, a Nikon Coolpix 5000, a coolpix 5600 and a Sony DSC-707. These were housed for underwater work. Some underwater 35 mm photographs were also taken with a housed Nikon F50 with a 24 mm lens Data handling and analysis Video data analysis An initial assessment of the biotopes found on each video drop, based on the species visible and the seabed type, was made during the course of the fieldwork. Following the field survey, the video tapes were reviewed more thoroughly and biotopes assigned to each sample. Approximately 20% of the samples were then reviewed by a second worker to ensure accuracy and consistency of biotope identification. The sites selected for review included examples of each biotope identified and a number of sites where there was a query over the classification. The results and comments from both workers were taken into account to make a final decision on biotope allocation. Table 10 presents summary site information with respect to the video work undertaken in July In addition to this work, videotapes from a broad scale survey of Loch Sunart, carried out in 2001 by Heriot Watt University (Bates et al., 2004) were reviewed and biotopes were assigned to the results according to the current national classification (Connor et al., 2004). The results of that extensive survey, which included ROV flights, grab samples and diver records, are compared with those from this 2006 survey Diving and intertidal surveys data handling Collected specimens Following the fieldwork, all the specimens collected were identified and added to the species data sets as Present unless there was additional abundance information available. All the Phase II and quadrat data were entered into Excel spreadsheets and Marine Recorder. Biotopes were assigned to each zone according to the current national marine biotope classification (Connor et al., 2004). Descriptions of each site were compiled from all the available data and Site Relocation Sheets were constructed (Appendix 6). Transect profiles The profile information was entered into Excel as height/depth and distance along the tape. The true horizontal distance was calculated as well as the depth/shore height relative to chart datum and the profiles were then graphed. Additional information such as biotope codes was then added to the plots. 27

42 Biotope descriptions The results from the Phase II records and the quadrat analyses enabled the individual biotopes to be distinguished and National Biotope Codes to be assigned (Connor et al., 2004). Brief biotope descriptions for the biotope targeted by the quadrat exercise were then written and these are presented in Appendix 5. The lists of characterising species were compiled from the results of analyses of the quadrat data using the SIMPER routine in the PRIMER 5 statistical package combined with the Phase II observations. It was felt that this exercise was only merited for the sublittoral biotopes where quadrats had provided additional information to supplement the Phase II descriptions. The intertidal biotopes have a much lower diversity of species and the existing national descriptions proved to be adequate. The quadrat data are intended primarily to provide a quantitative data set for future comparative work and no further analysis was deemed pertinent at this stage. 4 RESULTS OF THE REEF FEATURE VIDEO SURVEY 4.1 Drop-Down Video survey Successful drop down video recordings were made at 155 sites in the six sampling zones within the loch. These are listed in Appendix 3 and illustrated in Figures 7, 8 and 9 with a summary in Table 10. Table 10 Summary of site characteristics for the 6 video survey zones sampled in 2006 Survey area Zone 1 Loch Sunart Entrance Zone 2 Oronsay, Risga and Carna Zone 3 Risga/Carna to Rubha Aird Earnaich/Resipole Zone 4 Rubha Aird Earnaich/Resipole to Laudale Narrows Zone 5 Inner basin of Loch Sunart Area characteristics Exposed and moderately exposed west-facing entrance, opening into the north end of the Sound of Mull. Rocks of Sligneach Mòr and Sligneach Beag lie in this area. Area is 4.5 km across at its widest point. Maximum depth of zone 113 m. Moderately exposed to sheltered area lying between the Rubha Aird Shlignich/Oronsay and Carna/Risga. The southern end opens into the western entrance to Loch Teacuis whilst there is a series of sheltered bays on the northern side. There are moderate tidal streams through the channels between islands. Maximum depth of zone 84 m. Sheltered western arm of the loch, which includes the sheltered Salen Bay, and is approximately 9 km long and 1.5 km wide,. Slight to moderate tidal streams around the headlands and through the channels at Carna and the eastern entrance to Loch Teacuis. Maximum depth of zone 124 m. Very sheltered eastern arm of the loch, with more gradually sloping sides than Zones 1 3, and includes two sills, one at Garbh Eilean and the second west of the Laudale Narrows. Tidal streams were moderate to strong through the narrows but negligible elsewhere. Salinity possibly variable in the surface layers. Maximum depth of zone 76 m. Extremely sheltered inner basin with variable salinity in the surface layers. Includes the eastern part of the Laudale Narrows, east of the shallow sill. Tidal streams were moderate to strong through the narrows but negligible elsewhere. Maximum depth of zone 91 m. Depth range No. of survey drops Site notation 4 38m m m m ; X05; X06 (No drop 2.12 or 20) a, 50b, 51; X03; X04; barge (No drop 3.10, 11, 22, 23, 40) ; X02; X07; X08; X ; X10 28

43 Survey area Zone 6 Loch Teacuis Area characteristics Extremely sheltered sealoch divided into three basins by a series of 3 shallow sills. Moderate to strong tidal streams across the sills but negligible tides elsewhere. Maximum depth of zone 31 m. Depth range No. of survey drops Site notation (No drop 6.09) A brief description of each biotope recorded in 2006, a list of the sites from which it was recorded and an illustrative photograph of each are included in Appendix 4. The 34 biotopes or biotope complexes identified from the video tapes within the SAC in 2006 are also listed in Table 11 along with those found in The 2006 list comprises 14 categories to Sub- Biotope level, 19 identified to Biotope level, and five to biotope complex level, of the National Biotope Classification (Connor et al., 2004). This exhibits the diversity of both habitats and species within the SAC. In addition, the high drift rate of the equipment and the subsequent poor video definition at some sites resulted in a number of drops being recorded only at the coarser Biotope Complex level in the classification. Sediments require infaunal analysis to differentiate to biotope level, but no infaunal work was required by this contract and so the seven sediment entities were only logged to biotope complex level. A generalised description of each survey area is given in Section Figures 10 to 12 show the sampling locations of the 2001 survey carried out by Heriot Watt University within the SAC (Bates et al., 2004). These figures highlight the differences between the aims of the two surveys. The Heriot Watt University survey was designed to assess the broad range, quantity and geographic distribution of the biological resources within the SAC whilst the 2006 ASML survey, which was targeted at the reefs, was charged with establishing a repeatable, hierarchical sampling programme to enable an assessment of the quality of the full range of reef resources to take place into the future. The biotopes recorded on the 2001 tapes are also included in Table 11. Figure 7 Location of the 2006 video deployment sites in Loch Sunart Zones 1, 2 and 6 Zone 2 Zone 1 Zone 3 Loch Teacuis Zone 6 Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 29

44 Figure 8 Location of the 2006 video deployment sites in Loch Sunart Zone 3 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 3 Loch Teacuis Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) Figure 9 Location of the 2006 video deployment sites in Loch Sunart Zones 4 and 5 Zone 4 Zone 5 Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 30

45 Figure 10 Location of the survey samples in the entrance to Loch Sunart acquired by Heriot Watt University during the 2001 surveys Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 1 Loch Teacuis Zone 6 Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) Figure 11 Location of the survey samples in the central section of Loch Sunart acquired by Heriot Watt University during the 2001 surveys Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 3 Loch Teacuis Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 31

46 Figure 12 Location of the survey samples in the head of Loch Sunart acquired by Heriot Watt University during the 2001 surveys Zone 4 Zone 5 Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 32

47 Table 11 Biotopes identified from the drop-down video tapes in 2006 (ASML) and 2001 (Heriot Watt University). Biotopes follow Connor et al. (2004) Key to table colours Reef biotopes Non-reef biotopes High energy infralittoral rock High energy circalittoral rock Sublittoral mud Moderate energy infralittoral rock Moderate energy circalittoral rock Sublittoral mixed substrata Low energy infralittoral rock Low energy circalittoral rock Sublittoral macrophytes on sediment Notes: Sublittoral biogenic reef on sediment * Denotes a non-reef biotope generally recorded as a reef habitat in the video survey due to the cobble size, the stability of the substratum or the degree of epibenthic colonisation. ** Biogenic reef Colours and symbols used below correspond with Maps 12 to 16. Biotopes with no symbol were secondary and not displayed on the maps 33

48 4.2 Assessment of the biotope composition and distribution using remote video Biotopes recorded Of the 34 biotopes or biotope complexes recorded in 2006, 27 were categorised as occurring on reef. This compares with a total of 37 biotopes or complexes recorded by the 2001 broadscale survey, 23 of which were on reef (data reworked from Bates et al., 2004) (Table 11). There were 16 reef biotopes common to both surveys. The two surveys together recorded 34 reef biotopes from the SAC, with 79% of these recorded by the 2006 survey and 68% by the 2001 work. The list of reef biotopes recorded is dominated by those of the low and moderate energy infra- and circalittoral, with many characterised by the presence of large amounts of silt and sediment with broken boulders, cobbles and shell on the surface. Higher energy biotopes are confined to the entrance area and to the various narrows. One of the main differences between the biotopes recorded in 2006 and 2001 was the subdivision of the LsacR biotope in 2006 into four sub-biotopes, which proved more difficult with the 2001 videos. Drop-down video as a technique can be weak at differentiating these sheltered kelp biotopes for a number of reasons: it can be difficult to separate the different kelp species on a moving video, a dense kelp canopy can hide the characteristics of the underlying substratum and, where the substratum is visible, it is not always possible to distinguish the nature of the sediment. Shallow infralittoral or sublittoral fringe biotopes generally may also have been under-sampled by both surveys, as, even when operating from a RIB, safety concerns often prevent the vessel from venturing into very shallow water. Maerl was recorded by the 2006 survey but not by the 2001 video drops, although its presence in the area was known. Perhaps the major finding of the 2006 video survey was the discovery of previously unrecorded reefs of Serpulid worms Serpula vermicularis amongst Laminaria saccharina in Loch Teacuis Geographic distribution/spatial arrangement of reef biotopes A detailed description of the composition and arrangement of the biotopes and biotope complexes in Loch Sunart has been given in Bates et al. (2004) and is not repeated here. A brief summary of the major features is given below with any notable differences between the 2001 and 2006 surveys discussed (Figures 13-17). Zone 1 Loch Sunart entrance This is the most exposed section of Loch Sunart (Figure 13), opening onto the Sound of Mull and, though only moderately exposed to wave action it is subject to some effects of the tidal streams running through the Sound. This area has steep rocky sides, dropping to a depth of about 30 m, with a sediment covered floor reaching a maximum depth of 113 m. The reef fringe has Laminaria forests in shallow water to a depth of approximately 20 m, with Laminaria hyperborea the dominant species (HIR.Ala.Ldig, MIR.Lhyp, LIR.LhypLsac). Below the kelp forest there are boulder slopes and then boulders and cobbles on sediment with communities dominated by ascidians and feather stars (LCR.BrAs.AntAsH, LCR.BrAs.AmenCio). Cliffs or steep bedrock slopes are found along the southern shore and around the islands of Sligneach Mòr and Sligneach Beag. These have rich communities with a diverse assemblage of hydroids, sponges, ascidians and the seafan Swiftia pallida (HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs). The central sediment floor of this basin was largely dominated by burrowed mud communities (SMu.CFiMu.SpnMeg) with more mixed sediments with cobbles 34

49 (SMu.CSaMu.VirOphPmax) merging into the reef biotopes around the edges (SMu.CSaMu.VirOphPmax.HAs) Figure 13 Major biotope groups recorded by remote video in 2006 (upper figure) and 2001 (lower figure) in Zones 1 and 2 of Loch Sunart Zone 2 Zone 1 Major biotope groups recorded Video drops (2006) and ROV (2001) Zone 2 BrAs CFiMu CMx CSaMu EcCr IMx K KFaR KR KSwSS KVS Lag Mrl PoR XFa IFiMu IMuSa Zone 1 Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) There were no major differences observed between the biotopes recorded by the two surveys. The 2001 survey classified more kelp forest drops as Laminaria hyperborea forest (MIR.Lhyp) than the present survey, which recorded mixed kelp forest more frequently (LIR.LhypLsac). It is possible that this is an artefact of the recording methods used as the 2001 survey recorded more drops in very shallow water in this zone, and L. hyperborea 35

50 forest is often found in a shallower zone than the mixed forest in the moderately exposed entrances to sea lochs. Zone 2 This section of Loch Sunart between Oronsay and Carna (Figure 13) is more complex than the outer basin, with a number of islands and embayments creating both tide-swept rocky channels and sheltered areas of sediment. As with the outer basin, the steep rocky sides of the loch fall to a sediment floor at about 30 m, with a maximum depth in the centre of the area of about 80 m. The various embayments are shallow and sediment filled. The shallow rock is dominated by Laminaria forests, with either mixed forests of Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina (LIR.LhypLsac.Ft) or forests dominated by L. saccharina alone (LIR.Lsac.Ft) reaching approximately m. Exceptions are the channels around Risga where the enhanced tidal streams encourage the growth of L. hyperborea (MIR.Lhyp.Ft). Deeper rock below the kelp forest grades into boulders and then cobble on sediment with ascidian and feather star communities similar to the loch entrance (LCR.BrAs.AntAsH, LCR.BrAs.AmenCio). Sediments around the rock-sediment boundary are generally sand or mixed muddy sand with seapens (CsaMu.VirOphPmax) whilst the deep sediments in the centre of the basin are muddy north of Oronsay (SMu.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun) but become increasingly coarse eastwards towards Risga. There are large amounts of surface cobble in the channel between Risga and Carna supporting brittlestar beds (SMX.CMx, SMX.CMx.OphMx). The shallow embayments are sediment filled with little rock although there are substantial amounts of cobble and shell on the sediments. These are dominated by Laminaria saccharina with red algae and Chorda filum generally present (SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Mu, SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Sa, SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho). There were no major differences observed between the results from 2001 and Zone 3 Zone 3 comprises the very sheltered elongate western arm of the central section of the loch and the slightly tide-swept area to the north of Carna and Risga (Figures 13 and 14). As elsewhere, steep rock, boulders and cobble drops onto mixed sediment and then mud, with a maximum depth in this zone of 124 m to the east of Carna. Much of the central floor of this arm is close to 100 m. Laminaria saccharina was the dominant kelp species throughout Zone 3, reaching a maximum depth of approximately m. It forms forests in shallow water which are often heavily grazed (LIR.K.Lsac, LIR.K.Lsac.Gz) and, where the slope of the seabed is more gradual, it is mixed with Chorda filum (SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho). The circalittoral zone as elsewhere was dominated by ascidians, feather stars and hydroids, occasionally with abundant brittlestars (LCR.BrAs.AntAsH, LCR.BrAs.AmenCio, LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Bri). The sealoch biotope characterised by the brachiopod Neocrania anomala and the anemone Protanthea simplex was found on the deeper rock in this zone (LCR.BrAs.NeoPro). Sediments in the main arm of the loch were typically mixed muddy sediments with quantities of superficial cobble around the loch edges (SMX.CMx) and soft burrowed mud in the deeper centre (SMu.CFiMu.SpnMeg). The shallow embayments supported L. saccharina and C. filum on sediment with cobbles and shells (SMP.KSwSS.LsacR.Sa, SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho). 36

51 The channel between Risga and Carna is an exception to this pattern as the stronger tides here have produced higher energy biotopes with bedrock reefs in the centre of the channel supporting seafans, axinellid sponges and a diverse assemblage of hydroids and ascidians (HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs) similar to the biotopes on the more wave-exposed Sligneach Mòr and Beag. Mobile cobbles in this area support sponges, bryozoans and hydroids (HCR.XFa.SpNemAdia). A particular feature of the Risga-Carna channel was beds of the flame shell Limaria hians binding cobble and pebble in the sediment (SMX.IMx.Lim). These also occurred on a few of the headlands in this zone but it was difficult to distinguish the flame shell beds for certain from the video in a number of places. Brittle star beds occurred on headlands and may have been associated with flame shell reefs (SMX.CMx.OphMx). There were no major differences between the 2001 and 2006 data although no examples of BrAs.NeoPro, which was frequent in 2001, were found on the video drops in However this is almost certainly an artefact of the sampling rather than an absence or change. 37

52 Figure 14 Major biotope groups recorded by remote video in 2006 (upper figure) and 2001 (lower figure) in Zone 3 of Loch Sunart Zone 3 Zone 3 Major biotope groups recorded Video drops (2006) and ROV (2001) BrAs CFiMu CMx CSaMu EcCr IMx K KFaR KR KSwSS KVS Lag Mrl PoR XFa IFiMu IMuSa Zone 3 Zone 3 Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 38

53 Zone 4 The eastern arm of the central section of Loch Sunart is very sheltered and shallows gradually towards the two sills at Garbh Eilean and Rubha an Daimh to Eilean Mòr (Figure 15). The main basin reaches a maximum depth of 78 m in the north-west of this zone, with a second basin of 40 m between the sills whilst the shallowest part of the broad sill at Eilean Mòr is 2 to 6 m deep. The loch sides in this zone are less steep than further west in the loch, with boulder slopes reaching to about 20 m but with larger areas of mixed sediment, boulders and cobble around the loch sides than in other zones. Shallow rock and boulders were dominated by Laminaria saccharina, often heavily grazed or with large numbers of the urchin Psammechinus miliaris. In the sediment areas there were foliose algae and Chorda filum on cobbles and shell mixed in with the Laminaria (LIR.K.Lsac.Gz, LIR.KVS.LsacPsaVS, SMP.KSwSS.LsacR, SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho). The circalittoral boulders in this zone were relatively barren when compared to the outer zones, with large areas of bare rock and coralline crusts, and communities with ascidians and feather stars most conspicuous (LCR.BrAs.AntAsH, LCR.BrAs.AmenCio, LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Bri). Of particular note was large numbers of the deep water feather star Leptometra celtica on boulders and cobbles in the deeper parts of the basin. This has provisionally been called LCR.BrAs.AntAsH.Lept. The sealoch biotope with brachiopods Neocrania anomala and anemones Protanthea simplex was also found on the deeper rock in this zone (LCR.BrAs.NeoPro). The tidal stream increases towards the narrows over the sill at Eilean Mòr and in this area the L. saccharina forest was replaced by a mixed kelp forest (MIR.K.LhypLsac). The sill is one of the major features of the loch with an extensive bed of the flame shell Limaria hians (SMX.IMx.Lim) and maerl Phymatolithon calcareum (SMp.Mrl.Pcal). The 2006 survey confirmed the findings of the 2001 work, with very little difference between the two sets of data. However, maerl was recorded from the larger sill in 2006; this does not show up on the videotapes for 2001 although it was known to be present in the area. 39

54 Figure 15 Major biotope groups recorded by remote video in 2006 (upper figure) and 2001 (lower figure)in Zone 4 of Loch Sunart Zone 4 Zone 5 Major biotope groups recorded Video drops (2006) and ROV (2001) BrAs CFiMu CMx CSaMu EcCr IMx K KFaR KR KSwSS KVS Lag Mrl PoR XFa IFiMu IMuSa Zone 4 Zone 5 Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 40

55 Zone 5 Zone 5 is an extremely sheltered, deep, steep sided basin at the head of Loch Sunart (Figure 16) with a maximum depth of 90 m. Boulders and bedrock in shallow water gave way to mixed sediment and cobble at about 10 m, although in places there were rock and boulder outcrops in deeper water. The deeper sediments were soft burrowed mud. Laminaria saccharina was the dominant kelp, and generally occurred down to about 5 m depth mixed with Chorda filum and large numbers of Psammechinus miliaris (SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho, SMP.KSwSS.LsacR.Mu). In one very sheltered embayment there was submerged Fucus serratus mixed with C. filum and L. saccharina (LIR.Lag.FChoG). Below the kelp, the hard substrata predominantly supported brachiopods, the anemone Protanthea simplex and large numbers of the parchment worm Chaetopterus variopedatus (LCR.BrAs.NeoPro). There were large numbers of brittlestars on coarse sediment towards the narrows (SMX.CMx.OphMx), the sea pen Virgularia mirabilis on mixed muddy inshore sediment (SMu.CSaMu.VirOphPmax) and burrowing communities on the deeper mud (SMu.CFiMu.MegMax). No major differences were noted between the 2001 and 2006 survey data. 41

56 Figure 16 Major biotope groups recorded by remote video in 2006 (upper figure) and 2001 (lower figure)in Zone 5 of Loch Sunart Zone 5 Major biotope groups recorded Video drops (2006) and ROV (2001) BrAs CFiMu CMx CSaMu EcCr IMx K KFaR KR KSwSS KVS Lag Mrl PoR XFa IFiMu IMuSa Zone 5 Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 42

57 Zone 6 Loch Teacuis is a small, shallow and extremely sheltered sealoch with a series of shallow sills and deeper basins (Figure 17). It reaches a maximum depth of 31 m in the inner basin and has gradually sloping, muddy sides with little hard substratum. Many of the shores are boulder, bedrock and cobble but this only extends to 1 or 2 m depth in the sublittoral. The exception is the narrows which have boulder floors. Kelp forests in the narrows were dominated by Laminaria saccharina with Laminaria hyperborea in the fastest flowing areas (LIR.K.Lsac.Ft, LIR.K.LhypLsac.Ft). Around the sides of the loch basins, Chorda filum was mixed with the L. saccharina on the mixed muddy substratum (SMP.KSwSS.LsacCho). The main finding of the 2006 survey was reefs of the serpulid worm Serpula vermicularis amongst the kelp along the north-eastern shore of the inner basin (SBR.PoR.Ser). This extremely rare and fragile biotope was only previously known to exist in Scotland in Loch Creran. Records also exist from Loch Sween though the reefs are no longer in existence at this location. The only other places in the world where these Serpulid aggregations are known is in two very small areas in Northern Ireland and one in Italy (Moore et al., 1998). The south-west corner of the main basin consisted of soft mud with little visible life (SMU.CFiMu). As this survey was targeted at reefs, no other drops were made in the deeper water of the loch. Loch Teacuis was not included in the 2001 remote video survey. Figure 17 Major biotope groups recorded by remote video in 2006 in Zone 6 of Loch Sunart Zone 3 Major biotope groups recorded Video drops (2006) and ROV (2001) Loch Teacuis BrAs CFiMu CMx CSaMu EcCr IMx K KFaR KR KSwSS KVS Lag Mrl PoR XFa IFiMu IMuSa Zone 6 Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 43

58 5 RESULTS OF THE REEF FEATURE DIVING AND INTERTIDAL TRANSECT SURVEYS 5.1 Biotopes recorded A brief description of each biotope recorded, a list of the sites from which it was recorded and an illustrative photograph of most biotopes are included in Appendix 4, with a summary list given in Table 12. Lists of the biotopes present on each transect site, shore and seabed profile drawings and the information needed to relocate transects are included in Appendix 6. Photographs of the intertidal quadrats are included in Appendix 7 and the species recorded from the Phase II survey work and the quadrats are listed in Appendix 8. Local biotope descriptions are given in Appendix 5 for those sublittoral biotopes where detailed quadrat information was collected. Photograph and video logs are included in Appendix 9 whilst Appendix 10 contains a log of the specimens collected. A general description of each site is given in Sections 5.2 to 5.9 and Figure 3 shows the transect locations. Table 12 Biotopes recorded during the 2006 diving and intertidal survey Numbers following the site code (Figure 3) refer to the zone on the transect * shows biotopes also recorded by remote video (Table 11) Key to table colours Reef biotopes High energy littoral rock High energy infralittoral rock High energy circalittoral rock Moderate energy littoral rock Moderate energy infralittoral rock Moderate energy circalittoral rock Low energy littoral rock Low energy infralittoral rock Low energy circalittoral rock Feature of littoral rock Feature of infralittoral rock Feature of circalittoral rock Non-reef biotopes Sublittoral biogenic reefs on sediment Sublittoral cohesive mud Sublittoral mixed sediment Biotope Abbreviated code Sites and stations LR.FLR.Lic.YG YG L09.1; L10.1; L11.1; L12.1; L13.1; L16.1; L18.1 LR.FLR.Lic.Ver Ver L09.2 LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.B Ver.B L11.3; L16.3b LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver Ver.Ver L09.3; L10.2; L10.6; L11.2b; L12.2; L16.2; L18.2 LR.FLR.Rkp.Cor Cor L10.4a; L10.8a LR.FLR.Rkp.FK FK L11.5a LR.HLR.MusB.Sem Sem L09.5; L10.4b; L11.4; L13.3 LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.FvesR Sem.FvesR L16.5 LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.LitX Sem.LitX L12.6 LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.Sem Sem.Sem L10.9a; L12.5; L16.4 LR.HLR.MusB.Cht.Lpyg Cht.Lpyg L16.3a LR.MLR.BF.Fser.R Fser.R L10.9b; L11.5b LR.MLR.BF.FspiB FspiB L10.4c; L10.7 LR.MLR.BF.FvesB FvesB L10.8b LR.MLR.BF.PelB PelB L10.3; L10.5; L11.2a LR.LLR.FVS.AscVS AscVS L09.4; L12.7; L13.4; L18.5 LR.LLR.FVS.FserVS FserVS L09.6; L12.8; L13.5 LR.LLR.FVS.FspiVS FspiVS L12.4; L18.4b LR.LLR.FVS.FvesVS FvesVS L18.4a LR.LLR.FVS.PelVS PelVS L12.3; L13.2; L18.3 IR.HIR.KFaR.FoR FoR S10.13; S11.9; S12.10; S13.8 IR.HIR.KFaR.LhypR.Ft LhypR.Ft S16.7 IR.MIR.KR.Ldig Ldig S10.11 IR.MIR.KR.Ldig.Ldig Ldig.dig L10.10; L11.6; S16.6 IR.MIR.KR.XFoR XFoR S16.8a; S

59 Biotope Abbreviated code Sites and stations IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac.Ft LhypLsac.Ft S10.12; S11.8 IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ft Lsac.Ft S12.9; S13.7 IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ldig Lsac.Ldig S11.7 IR.LIR.KVS KVS* S22.1 IR.LIR.KVS.LsacPsaVS LsacPsaVS S09.7; S13.6; S18.6b; S22.2 CR.HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs SwiLgAs S10.14 CR.MCR.EcCr.CarSwi.LgAs CarSwi.LgAs S16.11 CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Ant AmenCio.Ant S16.10 CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Bri AmenCio.Bri S09.9b CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH AntAsH S11.10; S13.9; S16.8b; S22.3; CR.LCR.BrAs.NeoPro NeoPro S11.10; S12.11; S22.4. CR.FCR.FouFa.Aasp Aasp S09.9a SS.SBR.PoR.Ser Ser S18.6a; S18.7 SS.SMU.IFiMu.PhiVir PhiVir S18.8 SS.SMX.IMx.Lim Lim S Jetty at Laudale Narrows (L09 and S09) Lying slightly to the west of the ruined fish farm jetty on the south side of the Laudale Narrows near the head of the loch, this is a steeply sloping bedrock shore which drains and dries rapidly as the tide falls and it is consequently of low diversity. The site was deemed to be suitable for a continuous intertidal/subtidal transect. The transect starts from a rusty steel stake embedded in the shore at approximately 6.5 m acd (above chart datum) within 3-4 m of the road that runs to Glencripesdale along the south shore of the loch. The transect runs down across a grey and yellow lichen zone (YG). The brown foliose lichen Anaptyschia fusca was also present and small Armeria maritima plants grow in the few crevices that run through the schist rock. Between 5.3 and 3.7 m acd the Black Verrucaria spp lichens dominate (Ver), though sparse barnacles and small periwinkles (Littorina saxatilis agg. and L. littorea) and red encrusting alga Hildenbrandia sp. were also abundant on the steep rock face. Between m acd a near-horizontal step in the bedrock was colonised by a narrow band of Ascophyllum nodosum (AscVS), with Patella sp., L. littorea, Verrucaria spp. and Hildenbrandia sp. all present beneath, on the rock surface. The more steeply sloping bedrock in the lower mid-eulittoral ( m acd) was colonised by mussels, limpets and barnacles (MusB.Sem), with occasional Actinia equina, Nucella lapillus and Fucus vesiculosus present in moist crevices. The final intertidal zone in the lower eulittoral ( m acd) was another step of vertical bedrock with Fucus serratus dominating the sward. An understorey of foliose red algae and Laminaria sacharina sporelings was present and Psammechinus miliaris, coralline crusts and sponges with occasional limpets and barnacle patches dominated the faunal component. Subtidally, the transect runs through a narrow infralittoral zone with boulders, cobbles, pebbles and shell gravel dominated by silty, cape-form Laminaria saccharina with abundant Ophiothrix fragilis ( m acd). Between +0.7 m acd and chart datum there were fewer O. fragilis and the kelp was clean. Cobbles and boulders were covered with Lithothamnion glaciale and Psammechinus miliaris was common. There were also a few Halidrys siliquosa plants in very shallow water and low densities of the file shell Limaria hians were present. 45

60 Below the kelp ( m) a steep slope of muddy sand and shell gravel with terraces of cobble, pebble and shell consolidated by Limaria hians galleries dominated the substratum. Ophiothrix fragilis was abundant with Ophiocomina nigra common on the faces of the ledges and Ophiopholis aculeata on the level surfaces from about 11 m bcd. Psammechinus miliaris was abundant with Munida rugosa common. Coralline crusts, particularly Lithothamnion glaciale, were also abundant. A typical view of this IMx.Lim biotope is shown in plate 1. Plate 1. Just to the east of the transect, the piles and timbers of the ruined fish farm jetty were found in the shallow sublittoral. These timbers were covered by interesting fouling communities, the main one being considerable growths of Ascidiella aspersa and A. scabra on the sides of the timbers (FouFa.AaspCR), whilst the undersides between the pilings and the seabed were covered by Halichondria bowerbanki and scyphistomae of Aurelia aurita. 5.3 Sligneach Mor (L10 and S10) This transect was chosen to represent the most wave exposed reef habitat in the Loch Sunart SAC, being situated in the mouth of the sealoch system and being totally exposed to the westerly winds. The selected transect runs down the north-eastern side of the small islet of Sligneach Mor in the vicinity of the popular local diving site that centres around a pinnacle just to the northeast of the reef. The slightly more exposed western side was ruled out as an alternative as the shallow kelp forest-covered reef was too extensive and would have proved difficult to work, also failing to obtain sufficient depth within the 100 m length requirement. The selected site was suitable for a continuous transect, running from the lichen zone to 27 m bcd, well into the circalittoral. The top of the transect is marked with yellow road paint as shown on the relocation sheet (Appendix 6). An extensive area of supralittoral bedrock at 6.4 m acd, with many cracks and crevices, the origin of the transect was colonised by Xanthoria parietina (60% cover) and black Verrucaria spp.. Smaller amounts of grey and orange lichens, Lecanora atra, Caloplaca marina and C. thallincola were also present and a few Melaraphe neritoides and L. saxatilis agg. (YG) could be found in the crevices. From 5.0 m acd a narrow band of steeply sloping upper littoral fringe bedrock with almost complete cover of black Verrucaria spp. encrusted the rock surface. Numerous Littorina saxatilis and some Melaraphe neritoides were found in cracks and crevices and a few Chthamalus montagui were present at the bottom edge of the zone (Ver.Ver). From 4.4 m acd a narrow band of diffuse Pelvetia canaliculata grew on the steep littoral fringe bedrock rockface (PelB). There was an almost complete cover of black Verrucaria spp. with numerous barnacles, mostly Semibalanus balanoides, but many Chthamalus montagui in top half of zone. L. saxatilis agg., Melaraphe neritoides and Patella vulgata were found in the cracks and crevices of the basalt. At 4.0 m acd there was a saddle in the profile and this upper eulittoral bedrock area encompassed the floor of a broad gully in the middle of the transect; with numerous shallow pools and wet areas. The floor of the gully was colonised by more than 80% cover of Fucus spiralis and occasional plants of Ascophyllum nodosum (FspiB). The raised areas with 46

61 abundant Semibalanus balanoides and frequent Patella vulgata (MusB.Sem) were scattered across the floor of this area in a mosaic, interspersed with the pools and wet areas which contained various green and red algae including Cladophora sp., Codium sp., Asperococcus sp., Gelidium pusillum, Ceramium nodulosum and encrusting coralline algae (Rkp.Cor). This area contained numerous Actinia equina, Gibbula umbilicalis, Littorina littorea and L. obtusata. Climbing out of the hollow there was a moderately extensive zone of lower littoral fringe bedrock extending across the top of an outer ridge. This zone was similar to the previous PelB zone, but with at least 80% cover of Pelvetia canaliculata and with more abundant Chthamalus montagui (3.8m). Several more shallow pools and wet areas were found here with Actinia equina, Cladophora rupestris and Enteromorpha spp. present. The top of this outer ridge rose high enough to host another Ver.Ver zone (4.8m), where a small raised area of supralittoral/upper littoral fringe bedrock was colonised by black Verrucaria spp. and patchy Caloplaca spp. and grey lichens. Descending this outer ridge of upper mid-eulittoral bedrock ( m) there was a band of patchy Fucus spiralis, with abundant Semibalanus balanoides and common Patella vulgata (FspiB). Hollows and damp areas contained Actinia equina, Chondrus crispus, Ceramium nodulosum and Enteromorpha spp.. Numerous Nucella lapillus, Gibbula umbilicalis and occasional Littorina littorea and L. obtusata were also present. Patches of the green Verrucaria sp lichen were also frequent. From m a sloping step of mid-eulittoral bedrock with 50% cover of Fucus vesiculosus, abundant Semibalanus balanoides and Patella vulgata was surveyed (FvesB). Here the transect ran through a patch of Palmaria palmata and encrusting coralline algae that existed in a run-off gully from the shore above. Ectocarpaceae, Dumontia contorta, Osmundea pinnatifida and Chondrus crispus were also found in this area (Rkp.Cor). Other damp areas and small rockpools were present in the vicinity with small amounts of Hymeniacidon perleve, Actinia equina and foliose red algae being recorded. The Fucoid stipes and laminae were also home to the epiphytic Dynamena pumilla, Alcyonidium hirsutum and Flustrellidra hispida. Nucella lapillus was also common in the crevices in the bedrock. From m the transect runs over steeply sloping lower eulittoral bedrock with at least 60% cover of Fucus serratus and a patchy but often abundant understorey of red algae particularly Mastocarpus stellatus and lesser amounts of Chondrus crispus, Lomentaria articulata and Membranoptera alata (Fser.R). This biotope contained at least 80% cover of encrusting coralline algae on the underlying rock. A large variety of other fauna and flora were present in the small pools and crevices and Elachista sp., Plate 2. Dynamena pumilla, Flustrellidra hispida and other bryozoa were frequent on Fucus spp. thalli. Below the FserR biotope was a dense zone of Laminaria digitata ( m). This sublittoral fringe zone had almost 100% cover of L. digitata and a patchy but abundant understorey of red algae species including Chondrus crispus, Cryptopleura ramosa, Phycodrys rubens and Dilsea carnosa (Ldig.Ldig. See lowest biotope: plate 2). On the rock surface there was approximately 25% cover of encrusting coralline algae and frequent 47

62 Halichondria panicea with some small patches of Myxilla incrustans. Frequent Balanus crenatus barnacles also encrusted the reef beneath the kelp. The L. digitata continued down to 0.6 m bcd along the top of the sublittoral portion of the transect and below this there was a gentle slope of silty bedrock encrusted with coralline algae and dense cover of Laminaria hyperborea ( m bcd). Laminaria saccharina was also common and there were small patches of sand and shelly gravel present (LhypLsac.Ft). Occasional Anemonia viridis were attached to the kelp fronds and many fronds were heavily encrusted with bryozoans and Obelia geniculata. Stipes were colonised by red algae including Phycodrys rubens and Cryptopleura ramosa and other red algae including Odonthalia dentata and Callophyllis laciniata were common on the rock surface. Below the mixed forest ( m bcd) the transect followed steep and near vertical bedrock with numerous cracks and crevices. A deep gully measuring about 1 m wide with vertical sides was traversed and at the base of gully was a slope of boulders on muddy shell gravel. Rock surfaces were encrusted with coralline algae and Pomatoceros sp. and occasional Alcyonium digitatum were present near the top of the cliff at about 11 m. Red algae were frequent on the cobbles in the gully and the species of interest includes Schmitzia hiscockiana. There were occasional Laminaria saccharina plants at the top of this zone (FoR). The final biotope on this transect was found on a steep slope of muddy sand and shell gravel with cobbles and angular boulders ( m bcd). The 60 o slope was colonised by Alcyonium digitatum, Swiftia pallida and large branching colonies of Halichondria bowerbankia, which were all common and conspicuous. Axinella infundibuliformis and Phakellia ventilabrum were frequent. The boulders were covered with a silty hydroid turf, which was dominated by Diphasia pinaster, Polyplumaria frutescens, Aglaophenia tubulifera and Sertularia argentea (SwiLgAs). Several specimens of Alcyonium glomeratum were seen on the transect in this lower biotope and the seapen Virgularia mirabilis was present in the sediment surrounding the boulders at the bottom of this zone. 5.4 Oronsay (NE) (L11 and S11) The Oronsay transect is situated on the north-east coast of the island on quartzite bedrock which runs smoothly down to sea level at an angle of about 30 o. The top of the transect is backed by heather, bracken and birch scrub, with a small tree near the origin which is marked with yellow road paint. The site was deemed to be suitable for a continuous intertidal/subtidal transect and was selected as it is in the vicinity of a previous fish farm site. The supralittoral bedrock is generally smooth with shallow ridges and crevices running down the shore. The transect crosses a small sheltered gully in the lichen zone ( m acd) with Xanthoria parietina, Verrucaria maura and mixed grey lichens common and with occasional Caloplaca marina also present (YG). From 4.9 m 4.25 m acd the transect passes though the littoral fringe with a black lichen zone of Verrucaria spp. at superabundant levels (Ver.Ver). The steep bedrock has shallow crevices containing specimens of Chthamalus montagui and Littorina saxatilus with patches of Pelvetia canaliculata common in places (PelB) and occasional solitary Patella sp. From m acd the upper eulittoral is steeply sloped with Patella vulgata and abundant Semibalanus balanoides Plate 3 48

63 (Ver.B). Both black and green species of Verrucaria were recorded on the rock surface and Mytilus edulis were seen in low numbers in the crevices at this height on the shore. Occasional Chthamalus montagui were recorded amongst the S. balanoides. From m acd the mid-eulittoral sloped steeply through a biotope of abundant Patella vulgata and Semibalanus balanoides (Sem). With Littorina littorea, Actinia equina and Mytilus edulis all recorded in the shallow crevices. From m acd the lower eulittoral shore was more gently sloping with hummocks of bedrock and patchy fucoids (Fser.R) including abundant Ascophyllum nodosum; tufts of Fucus vesiculosus and Fucus serratus, with frequent Patella spp. and Semibalanus balanoides on some of the raised and steeper bedrock areas. There were also areas of red algal turf present in the damp crevices. Just to the south-east of the transect line a large rockpool containing fucoids and sporeling kelp was observed (Rkp.FK) (Plate 3). From m acd the sublittoral fringe bedrock was covered with dense growths of Laminaria digitata and a variety of understorey foliose red algae species such as Cryptopleura ramosa and Osmundea pinnatifida (Ldig.Ldig). Also present were sponge crusts such as Halichondria panicea and colonial ascidians (Botryllus schlosseri) and encrusting Pomatoceros sp. polychaetes. In the shallow sublittoral ( m bcd) Laminaria saccharina grew amongst the L. digitata (Lsac.Ldig) in a mixed shallow kelp forest, with L. saccharina dominating in the deeper depths. Again a rich understorey of red algae and encrusting fauna were present on the rock surface, dominated by the algae Brongniartella byssoides, Desmarestia aculeata and Delesseria sanguinea. Coralline crusts were also present in high abundances on the rock surface. Below the mixed kelp sublittoral fringe, a variable slope of bedrock, boulders and sediment patches was present. This slope was almost entirely covered by a kelp forest of Laminaria hyperborea ( bcd) (LhypLsac.Ft). From 1.7 to 7 m bcd the forest was dense and then kelp park continued down to 9.2 m bcd. Anemonia viridis was occasional on the kelp fronds with hydroids and bryozoans and mixed red algae dominated by Dasya hutchinsiae grew on the on the rock surface below the kelp canopy. The rock surfaces were encrusted with coralline algae and both the kelp plants and the red algae were also covered with hydroids and bryozoans in particular Electra pilosa and Obelia spp were dominant. From m bcd there was a steep bedrock reef with vertical faces and ledges which were covered in sand/shell gravel. Between the bedrock outcrops there were large patches of boulders and these, with the rock faces, were colonised by a foliose red algal turf (FoR). This biotope was dominated by Delesseria sanguinea and Bonnemaisonia asparagoides with very dense algal cover (>80-90%). Dominant fauna included Antedon bifida, Electra pilosa, Halopteris catharina and Kirchenpaueria pinnata, much of it growing over or attaching to the algal thallias shown in Plate 4. Plate 4 Below 17 m bcd to the transect depth limit of 30 m bcd a steep slope of large, angular boulders on muddy sand and shell gravel supported a biotope dominated by a silty hydroid 49

64 turf with Sertularia argentea, Abietinaria abietina and Halopteris catharina the most conspicuous species. Caryophyllia smithii was also common on the rock surface (AntAsH) and Antedon bifida, Antedon petasus, Alcyonium digitatum and Leptometra celtica were also present. Munida rugosa was frequent under the boulders. On the sides of boulders at the bottom of the transect Neocrania anomala were frequent with Caryophyllia smithii and encrusting polychaetes (Pomatoceros sp. and Protula tubularia) and large barnacles (NeoPro). 5.5 Camas Salach (L12 and S12) The Camas Salach transect lies between the Glencripesdale fish farm and the shore (Figure 3) and runs down across quartzite bedrock from the top of the outcropping reef, passing over boulders and cobble from the midshore down (Plate 5.). The transect continues below the eulittoral into the sublittoral and down over a steep boulder and cobble slope. The origin of the transect is at the terrestrial/maritime boundary, where the vegetation ends and the lichens begin and it is marked with yellow road paint. Initially the transect traverses steep broken bedrock ( m acd) in the supralittoral zone with the lichens Xanthoria parietina, Lecanora atra, Ramalina siliquosa and other grey lichens as well as Thrift and grasses (YG) all present. Plate 5. Then it passes across a narrow zone (6.2 6m) of bedrock in upper littoral fringe with super-abundant Verrucaria maura and Littorina saxatilis (Ver.Ver) and then through a zone (6 5.5 m acd) of fractured bedrock in lower littoral fringe colonised by Pelvetia canaliculata, Verrucaria sp., limpets and barnacles and Littorina saxatilis (PelVS). Below the Pelvetia zone the transect descends over moderately sloping, fractured bedrock in the upper eulittoral ( m acd) with occasional Fucus spiralis, common Littorina saxatilis and Patella vulgata, frequent Semibalanus balanoides and occasional Elminius modestus and Pelvetia canaliculata (FspiVS). This slope continues and steepens slightly down through the limpet barnacle zone (Sem.Sem) ( m acd). This zone of steep, fractured bedrock in the mid-eulittoral was colonised by Patella vulgata (common), Semibalanus balanoides (abundant, common spat), Gibbula umbilicalis and Actinia equina (frequent) and Nucella lapillus and Littorina littorea (occasional). Below this zone the bedrock disappears from the surface of the shore and the remainder of the littoral transect runs over angular cobbles and boulders. From m acd the shore was colonised by unstable boulders and cobbles in the mid-eulittoral. This biotope had a relatively sparse fauna of frequent Patella vulgata and Semibalanus balanoides, common Littorina saxatilis and occasional amphipods under the cobbles and boulders (Sem.LitX). Between 3.0 m and 1.5 m acd a zone of dense Ascophyllum nodosum and mixed fucoids was present on the mid-eulittoral boulders and cobbles (AscVS), with the epiphyte Polysiphonia lanosa common on the A. nodosum. The fucoids were also frequently encrusted with hydroids, bryozoans and ascidians (Dynamena pumila, Flustrellidra hispida and Alcyonidium hirsutum in particular) with sponges, Porcellana platycheles and encrusting coralline algae present in the crevices beneath the fucoid cover. Littorina littorea and L. obtusata were also frequently encountered in amongst the algae in this biotope. 50

65 Below the Ascophyllum nodosum zone ( m acd) on the lower eulittoral boulders and cobbles abundant Fucus serratus and frequent Fucus vesiculosus colonised the substratum, with periwinkles (Littorina littorea) and coralline algae, frequently encountered beneath the canopy (FserVS). Again Porcellana platycheles was present under the boulders and spirorbids and Dynamema pumila encrusted the thalli of the fucoids. Below the mixed fucoid zone an extensive Laminaria saccharina zone dominated the transect from 1.3 m acd 7.7 m bcd (Lsac.Ft). This upper infralittoral kelp forest biotope grew on a slope of large and small angular boulders with patches of cobbles, pebbles, shell gravel and even muddy-sand in places. Encrusting coralline algae grew on the rocks with Aglaozonia sp. and Dasya hutchinsiae. The rock surface was well grazed by occasional urchins and the conspicuous faunal species included Ascidia mentula, Antedon petasus and juvenile Asterias rubens. From m bcd, below the kelp zone, a foliose red algal turf growing on the surface of the cobbles and boulders was present (FoR). The boulders were embedded in muddy sand and shell gravel. This biotope was dominated by Dasya hutchinsiae and Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, which grew over the encrusting coralline algae. Conspicuous faunal species included Antedon petasus, A. mentula, Chaetopterus variopedatus, Pagurus spp. and Protanthea simplex (Plate 6), with sparse Neocrania anomala and Protula tubularia. Occasionally beneath the surface on the slope substratum chambers occupied by Limaria hians could be identified by their openings. Plate 6. The last zone identified on the Camas Salach transect ( m bcd) was a steep slope of scattered small angular boulders, cobbles, pebbles and shell gravel with a moderate covering of silt on the rock surface. This circalittoral biotope contained a typical sealoch faunal community of sparse encrusting coralline algae to 20 m bcd. Conspicuous species included; Protanthea simplex, Neocrania anomala and Munida rugosa (NeoPro), whilst the sediment surrounding the scattered boulders contained Cerianthus lloydii, Pecten maximus and Aequipecten opercularis with occasional Limaria hians in the shallower section. 5.6 Torran a Chonnaidh (L13 and S13) This transect was selected for its proximity to the Invasion Bay fish farm and thus it met the criteria requested by the local SNH officer. It is of a similar nature to the Camas Salach transect, in that, the transect runs from the terrestrial/maritime interface down across a quartzite outcrop of bedrock, though the situation is even more sheltered than at Camas Salach, being not far west of the Laudale Narrows. The transect is continuous from the littoral into the sublittoral, passing down a moderately steep, angled boulder and cobble slope and onto a more gently sloping mixed sediment and cobble plain in the circalittoral. The origin of the transect is at 5.2 m acd and is situated in the lichen zone on fissured supralittoral bedrock and marked by yellow road paint. Species present in this initial zone (YG) down to 4.9 m acd include Xanthoria parietina, Caloplaca thallincola, Verrucaria maura type, Lecanora atra, Ochrelechia parella, other grey lichens, Lichina confinis, Ramalina siliquosa and Armeria maritima. 51

66 Below the yellow and grey lichens, the steep igneous, creviced bedrock supports a zone of Pelvetia canaliculata (PelVS) ( m acd). Other conspicuous species include verrucaria maura type, V. mucosa type. L. confinis, Littorina saxatilis, Patella vulgata and acarina (red mites). Below the Pelvetia zone a limpet barnacle biotope of Semibalanus balanoides and Patella vulgata on steep smooth igneous bedrock with crevices, ran from m acd. Other species present include Mytilus edulis, Chthamalus montagui, Littorina neglecta and Chondrus crispus (Sem). A small pool in the zone was encusted with spirorbidae and was colonised by Cladophora sp and Cystoclonium sp as well as littorinids. At the bottom of this biotope, the bedrock slope became marginally less steep and an Ascophyllum nodosum sward dominated the community (80% cover) ( m acd) in the form of AscVS with a patchy turf of Catanella caespitosa and Gelidium pusillum beneath. Several boulders were also present on the bedrock surface, which were similarly covered in A. nodosum. Epiphytes were common on the Ascophyllum and included Dynamene pumilla, Elastichia sp., Flustrellidra hispida, Polysiphonia lanosa, Ectocarpus sp. and Enteromorpha spp. and on the rock surface Psammechinus miliaris, Pomatoceros sp. and Halichondria panicea were also present where moisture was retained in the rock crevices and beneath the boulders. Below the Ascophyllum zone a zone of Fucus serratus with occasional F. vesiculosus on large boulders (FserVS) ( m acd). Encrusting coralline and red algae covered the rock surface, whilst Psammechinus miliaris, Littorina littorea and Gibula cineraria were the common fauna with Ophiocomina nigra present in low numbers. Moving into the infralittoral fringe (0.9 m acd 0.6 m bcd), a barren zone of grazed rock and boulders embedded in muddy shell gravel and sand was encountered. This zone was dominated by the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis, the urchin Psammechinus miliaris and only sparse Laminaria saccharina (LsacPsaVS). From 0.6 m 9.3 m bcd the boulders, cobbles and shell gravel continued on a slope of approximately 30 o, but with a dense Laminaria saccharina forest and abundant Ophiothrix fragilis and Psammechinus miliaris (Lsac.Ft). Frequent foliose algae included large Nitophyllum punctatum plants, Desmarestia viridis and Dasya hutchinsiae and several small foliose species as well such as Rhodophyllis werneri. Antedon petasus and Antedon bifida were both present on the rock surface and occasionally on the kelp plants. Serpula vermicularis was also frequent on the rock surface, in its solitary form. Beyond the kelp ( m bcd) lay a red algal zone on the slope of boulders, cobbles and shell gravel (FoR). The boulders and cobbles were covered in red algae and hydroids. Antedon petasus and Antedon bifida were both frequent, and Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidiella scabra and Ascidia virginea were all present. Most abundant red algae included Compsothamnion thuyoides, Pterothamnion plumula, Aglaothamnion byssoides and Dasya hutchinsiae, whilst the hydroid fauna was Plate 7. represented by Sertularia argentea Sertularella polyzonias, Halopteris catharina and Halecium halecinum, amongst others. 52

67 The final zone of the transect (12 m 17.5 m bcd) was a gentle muddy gravel/sand slope with shell debris and cobbles pockmarking the surface. These items of hard substratum allowed growth of hydroids such as Rhizocaulus verticillatus, Halopteris catharina and Sertularella polyzonias, to rise above the surface of the sediment with ascidians also numerous (Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidiella scabra and Ascidia mentula) (AntAsH). In the sediment and on its surface there was a rich fauna including Arctica islandica, Thyone fusus, Thyonidium drummondi, Thyone rosovita, Amphiura chiajei/filiformis and Aequipecten opercularis. Of particular interest in this zone were the high densities of the echiuran Amalosoma eddystonense seen and recognised by its green, retractable proboscis feeding in the surficial sediments (Plate 7). 5.7 West of Waterfalls (L16 and S16) A steep stepped basalt/spilite bedrock shore on the south coast of the mouth of the Loch and moderately exposed to wave action. The origin situated on the top of a pinnacle of rock in the lichen zone and marked with yellow road paint at a height of 6.1 acd. This transect was selected so that both the littoral and sublittoral sections could run contiguously The initial supralittoral lichen zone on the transect ran from m acd and although well creviced, the biotope contained no conspicuous crevice fauna. There was abundant cover of black Verrucaria sp. lichen and lesser amounts of Xanthoria parietina and grey lichens on the rock s surface (YG). The upper littoral fringe ( m acd) is formed from very steeply stepped bedrock with many crevices and cracks (Plate 8). The rock face appears black due to the complete coverage of Verrucaria sp. (Ver.Ver). Occasional smuts of Lichina confinis were also present on the Verrucaria. There were also large numbers of Littorina saxatilis in the crevices, with fewer Melaraphe neritoides and a few very well hidden limpets. Plate 8 In the mid to upper eulittoral ( m) very steeply stepped bedrock with crevices and occasional small rockpools were surveyed on the transect. There was again an almost complete cover of Verrucaria sp. and abundant Chthamalus montagui with frequent Littorina saxatilis agg. in the crevices and on the rock surface (Ver.B). Semibalanus balanoides was also present in the barnacle fauna and Patella vulgata was common near bottom of zone. Occasional patches of Lichina pygmaea were seen dotted around this zone (Cht.Lpyg). Between m bcd in the mid eulittoral patches of green Verrucaria sp lichen appeared amongst the Semibalanus balanoides and very high densities of barnacle spat, that colonised the rock surface. Littorina neglecta were common in the empty barnacle carapaces. Abundant Patella vulgata and Actinia equina (common) were found in this zone of the transect, the latter preferring the crevices and encrusting coralline algae also occupied these moist environments (Sem.Sem). From m acd, in the lower eulittoral, a sparse band of foliose algae was surveyed. Species present included Palmaria palmata, Chondrus crispus Cladophora rupestris and Polysiphonia stricta (Sem.FvesR). Growths were more numerous at the bottom of the zone 53

68 in the large moist cracks present. The rest of the fauna were as the zone above, although there were more large Semibalanus balanoides individuals at this height on the shore The lowest eulittoral/infralittoral fringe biotope seen on this shore ( m acd) consisted of a dense growth of Laminaria digitata (Ldig.Ldig). This zone was partially recorded by divers and partially by shore surveyors. The dense Laminaria digitata stand also contained Fucus serratus (the latter not forming a distinct zone on its own) and an understorey of foliose red algae, which included Chondrus crispus, Cryptopleura ramosa, Membranoptera alata and Polysiphonia fucoides. Encrusting coralline algae covered the rock surface beneath the macroalgae and this was also encrusted by a spirorbidae species of polychaete. Numerous encrusting/sedentary faunal species were also recorded beneath the kelp, such as Botrylloides leachii, Balanus crenatus, Alcyonidium hirsutum, Crisiidae, Dendrodoa grossularia, Dynamena pumila, Halichondria panicea, Leucosolenia complicata and Sagartia elegans. The upper most biotope on the sublittoral transect surveyed by divers ran from 0.3 acd 7.6 m bcd and consisted of kelp forest with a rich understorey of foliose red algae on the rock surface and on the stipes of the kelp (LhypR.Ft). Common species included Phycodrys rubens, Cryptopleura ramosa, Composothamnion thyuoides, Meredithia microphylla and Odonthalia dentata. Encrusting coralline algae and encrusting red algae covered the reef surface and dominant faunal species included Alcyonium digitatum, Echinus esculentus and Ascidia mentula on the rock and Obelia geniculata and patches of Scrupocellaria reptans on kelp fronds. Below the kelp forest ( m bcd) there was a bedrock wall, which for the most part ran nearly vertical, but with some underhanging sections and some areas more upward facing. The surface was lightly silted and there were patchy assemblages of hydroids, particularly Sertularella polyzonias, Diphasia rosacea and Obelia dichotoma (AntAsH) (Plate 9). Alcyonium digitatum was abundant in the upper part of the wall on the east side of the transect (and dominated the zone further east). Sizeable patches of Parazoanthus anguicomus were surveyed Plate 9 on east side of transect. Ascidia mentula was abundant in overhanging areas and dense red foliose algae (incl. Delesseria sanguinea, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides and Plocamium cartillaginum) on upward facing surfaces (XFoR). Encrusting coralline and red algae covered any exposed rock surfaces. At the foot of the cliff in the lower infralittoral, a steep slope of small to medium sized silty boulders ( m bcd) were covered with abundant foliose red algae (XfoR), particularly Delesseria sanguinea, Phycodrys rubens, Plocamium cartilagineum, Kallymenia reniformis, Nitophyllum punctatum, Rhodophyllis werneri, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides and Compsothamnion thyuoides. Several large hydroid species, including Nemertesia ramosa and Abietinaria abietina were also recorded. Encrusting red and coralline algae covered any remaining rock surfaces. Below the red algal zone ( m bcd) in the upper circalittoral the steep slope of small to medium sized silty boulders continued. This biotope was dominated by hydroids, particularly Nemertesia ramosa, Bougainvillea ramosa, Halopteris catharina, Lafoea dumosa, Abietinaria abietina and Obelia dichotoma. Alcyonium digitatum was frequent and encrusting bryozoa common on the sides of boulders. Encrusting coralline algae was also 54

69 present on the rock surfaces and solitary and colonial, large ascidians frequently adhered to the sides and faces of the boulders (AmenCio.Ant). The lowest biotope surveyed on this transect was present on a steep circalittoral slope of medium to large silty boulders embedded in silty shell gravel and sand (18.4 to 26.3 m bcd). Boulders were infrequent at bottom of the zone. Frequent hydroids, particularly Nemertesia ramosa and Bougainvillea ramosa occupied the tops of the boulders and a silty low turf of hydroids the sides of some boulders. Diazona violacea was frequent and Clavelina lepadiformis occasional. Caryophyllia smithii Plate 10 encrusted the faces of the boulders with numerous bryozoan colonies. The erect bryozoan species Omalosecosa ramulosa and Porella compressa were frequently recorded (CarSwi.LgAs)(Plate 10). 5.8 NE shore of Inner Loch Teacuis (L18 and S18) This transect was selected to run through the Serpula vermicularis biogenic reef biotope discovered during the drop-down video survey of inner Loch Teacuis earlier in the 2006 survey period. The transect runs across quartzite bedrock, from the supralittoral lichen zone through the littoral zone and on into the shallow sublittoral zone. The origin of this transect lies on the top of an outcrop of bedrock on the north-east coast of inner Loch Teacuis ( m acd). The biotope was composed of yellow and grey lichens on the top and sides of a steeply sloping, cracked and fissured, rocky outcrop surrounded by Festuca rubra grass and backed by small willow trees. Species recorded included, Xanthoria parietina, Lecanora atra, Anaptyscia fusca and Ramalina siliquosa and these dominate the zone (YG). Numerous other grey lichens encrust the rock surface. Below the yellow and grey lichen zone, on the steeply sloping bedrock a band of Verrucaria maura type lichen covers the near vertical, smooth rock face for almost 1 m in places ( m acd). A few small patches of Calloplaca thallincola and other grey lichens are present in the zone, including Lichina confinis (Ver.Ver). A dense band of Pelvetia canaliculata dominates the next biotope from m acd and both common colours of Verrucria spp. lichens were present beneath the Pelvetia with Lichina confinis, Hildenbrandia rubra and Littorina saxatilis agg. also present, as were small Ligia oceanica individuals, Anurida maritima and amphipoda indet (PelVS). Below the Pelvetia zone ( m acd) a band of mixed Fucus spiralis and F. vesiculosus, showing signs of hybridisation, colonised the much fractured and fissured but generally smooth bedrock reef (FspiVS). Gelidium pusillum formed small 'felty' patches beneath the plants in places and Littorina obtusata dominated the faunal component of this biotope. The transect then passes over an extensive, gently sloping reef of boulders (all sizes) cobbles and pebbles covered with Ascophyllum nodosum and a scattering of other fucoids (AscVS) ( m acd). Polysiphonia lanosa, Chondrus crispus, and encrusting coralline algae were also present in the biotope and L. obtusata and Patella vulgata dominated the faunal component although neither were very abundant. Several sponge species, 55

70 Halichondria panicea and Hymenicidon perleve occurred beneath the Ascophyllum canopy in damp crevices and spirorbid worms also adhered to the rock surface. In the lower part of the zone, Fucus serratus occured as an understorey. Below the Ascophyllum zone (0.5 acd 3.5 m bcd) the reef was composed of boulders and cobbles with mud in the interstices. Growing on the rocks was a dense canopy of Laminaria saccharina, with occasional patches of Chorda filum in the shallows (LsacPsaVS). In the lower section of this zone colonies of Serpula vermicularis of various sizes were present under the kelp and these continued down into the zone below. The Serpula vermicularis supported a variety of other species including Chlamys varia, terebellids, Palaemon serratus, hermit crabs, Galathea sp, and epiphytic algae (PoR.Ser). Just below the Laminaria saccharina zone ( m bcd) a gentle slope of mud with cobbles, pebbles and shell debris was colonised by a discreet band of Serpula vermicularis colonies, each forming individual biogenic reeflets (PoR.Ser). Between the scattered small colonies of Serpula vermicularis there were occasional specimens of Laminaria saccharina and Virgularia mirabilis. Cerianthus lloydii was also rare and there were numerous hermit crabs and swimming crabs (Liocarcinus depurator) foraging on the surface of the substratum. Below the band of Serpula vermicularis, the seabed of muddy gravel fell away gently to a depth of 5.3 m bcd at the100 m limit of the transect Plate 11 With distance the mud component increased and the substrate became softer and on the surface Philine aperta and their egg sacs were common and occasional seapens Virgularia mirabilis were noted. The burrowing holothurians Leptopentacta elongata were also present in the surficial layer of the sediment (PhiVir). 5.9 Torr Molach (S22) This transect was selected to give greater coverage on the north shore of the loch and to include a site with a south-easterly aspect. The site was also potentially the home of a rare tubed polychaete, Placostegus tridentatus that had been recorded in the vicinity in the past. This transect was only surveyed in the sublittoral as the neap tides prevented the shore from being surveyed effectively. The transect line was secured to a piton in the mid shore and the highest zone surveyed ran from 0 m (chart datum) down to 0.5 m bcd. Here the reef was composed of bedrock quartzite ledges and steps with scattered Halidrys siliquosa plants and occasional Laminaria saccharina (KVS). The rock surfaces were covered with encrusting brown and coralline algal crusts. Anemonia viridis and Psammechinus miliaris were occasionally recorded on the reef and the kelp plants and Pomatoceros sp. was also present at low densities. Below this ( m bcd) a kelp forest of L. saccharina covered the reef surface of bedrock steps and boulders with gravel patches composed mostly of Mytilus edulis shells (LsacPsaVS). In places the gravel was occupied by Limaria hians, which had made nests within the shell debris and Ophiocomina nigra were common on the kelp and seabed. The reef surface itself was colonised by frequent solitary ascidians, foliose red algae, hydroids 56

71 and bryozoans, with species such as Ascidia mentula, Hypoglossum hypoglossoides, Desmarestia viridis, Dasya hutchinsiae, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Pododesmus patelliformis and Parasmittina trispinosa all recorded From m bcd the transect ran down a steep slope of muddy shell gravel, cobbles, boulders and occasional outcrops of bedrock. The recorded biota consisted of sparse filamentous and foliose algae, frequent ascidians particularly Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidia mentula and Polycarpa pomaria along with the echinoderms Psammechinus miliaris and occasional Antedon petasus (AntAsH). Patches of hydroids and sparse Neocrania anomala were present on the rock surface and in the shallower part of the zone there was a lot of organic drift debris caught on the seabed. Below m bcd the steep slope of muddy sand and shell gravel with boulders, cobbles and outcrops of bedrock continued, with the bedrock outcropping more frequently in the deeper section of the zone. Solitary ascidians were common, with Ascidiella aspersa, Polycarpa pomaria, Corella parallelogramma and Ascidiella scabra all recorded and in places the bedrock was covered with Neocrania anomala and Pododesmus patelliformis. There were scattered patches of hydroids on the tops of the rocks, in particular Halopteris catharina, Nemertesia antennina and Sertularella polyzonias were noted and Protanthea simplex was also common (NeoPro). 6 RESULTS OF THE SURVEYED SSSI FEATURES AND SECONDARY OBJECTIVES 6.1 Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii survey The A.mac beds were mapped by the teams of marine biologists from ASML and SNH as described (Section 3.3.2). The output from the mapping exercise is shown below in table 13 and on figures 18 to 21. Table 13 Areas of Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii mapped in Loch Sunart in 2006 Site Number and Name Total area of biotope mapped m 2 L3. Camaschoirk 2156 L4. Eilean Mor 1355 L5. Head of the Loch L6. Strontian L7. Glenborrodale Bay 5319 L17. Salen 6168 Total area

72 Figure 18 Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds mapped in Glenborrodale Bay (L7). Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) Three patches of A.mac were mapped in Glenborrodale Bay (L7) on 6 th July 2006 and in addition 69 quadrats were thrown within the three areas shown on figure 18. The results of the quadrat exercise are presented in Appendix 12 and a summary is shown below in Table 14. The results of the macrobenthic analysis performed on the intertidal infaunal core residues obtained are also presented in tables 15 and 16 (all five sites) and the analysis of the sediment samples for particle size/loss on ignition is summarised here and presented in full in Appendix 12. Table 14 Mean percentage cover of algal species in the Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds in Glenborrodale Bay (L7). Glenborrodale bay Mean percentage cover species North bed West bed East bed Overall mean A.mac Bare ground A. nodosum Enteromorpha Polysiphonia lanosa Fucus spiralis F. ceranoides F. vesiculosus

73 Fauna noted within these small beds of the ecotype included Semibalanus balanoides on cobbles and boulders and Littorina obtusata and gammarid amphipods amongst the A.mac thalli. Table 15 Intertidal infaunal cores taken from the Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii and Zostera noltii beds in Loch Sunart Species Target biotope MCS Code Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii Glenborrodale (L7) Strontian upper bed (L6) Strontian Lower bed (L6) Head of the Loch (L5) Zostera noltii Eilean Mor (L4) NEMATODA HD Hediste diversicolor P Hediste Juv. P Malacoceros fuliginosus P Pygospio elegans P Tubificoides benedii P Tubificoides pseudogaster P Enchytraeidae P Gammarus salinus S Gammarus finmarchicus S Echinogammarus marinus S Corophium volutator S Jaera albifrons S Carcinus maenas S Littorina saxatilis W Number of individuals Number of Taxa Table 16 Sediment characteristics for the intertidal macrobenthic coring sites Descriptive sediment Strontian Strontian Head of Glenborrodale parameters Upper bed Lower bed Loch Eilean Mor Kurtosis Skewness Standard deviation Volume weighted mean (phi) Kurtosis Skewness Standard deviation Mean grain size (phi) Median grain size (phi) Constituent sediment fractions Gravel (%) Sand (%) Silt/Clay (%) Organic content (LOI) % Description Poorly sorted gravel Poorly sorted coarse sand Poorly sorted medium sand Poorly sorted coarse sand Poorly sorted medium sand 59

74 The Glenborrodale A.mac beds (L7) were dominated by the mackaii ecotype, on average being measured at a cover of 38%. Mixed fucoids and their epiphytes were also commonly recorded, including F. ceranoides in areas influenced by freshwater run-off. The infauna was dominated by tubificid oligochaetes in a low diversity poorly sorted intertidal, sandy gravel that is influenced by freshwater run-off (Tables15 and 16). Figure 19 Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds mapped in Salen Bay (L17). Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) The A.mac in Salen Bay (L17) was mapped by SNH marine biologists on the 17 th July 2006, but no quadrats were thrown. Figure 19 above indicates the location of the beds, which were relatively small and discreet. The density of the ecotype within these patches ranged between 30 90% cover and they were generally located over a muddy cobble/gravel substratum. Of most interest were the patches of the free-living unattached Fucus serratus adjacent to the boulder wall in the north-east corner of the bay. This phenomenon being first reported in Howson, The biotic community associated with the A.mac whilst very similar to the other sites, differed with the presence mussels, which were numerous, recording up to 5% cover in places. 60

75 Figure 20 Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds mapped in the Eilean Mor/Camaschoirk (L4/L3) area of Loch Sunart Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) The A.mac in the Eilean Mor/Camaschoirk (L4/L3) area was mapped on the 5 th July 2006 (figure 20) but no quadrats were thrown. These small patches were generally dense, ranging from 50 95% cover in the Dorlinn Channel and % cover in Camaschoirk Bay. Mixed fucoids were also noted, including Ascophyllum nodosum and its epiphyte Polysiphonia lanosa. The sediment was coarse in both locations, being formed from a poorly-sorted sandy gravel. Littorina obtusata, L. littorea and gammaridean amphipods dominated the visible fauna, which also included the occasional beadlet anemone. 61

76 Figure 21 Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds mapped in the Strontian and Head of the Loch area in Loch Sunart (L5/L4). Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) The A.mac beds in the Strontian and Head of the Loch area (L6/L5) were mapped on the 6 th July 2006 (figure 21). The Strontian bed was subjected to a quadrat exercise at two points in the bed as a colour difference was noted between the top and the bottom and consequently the bed was mapped in two halves. The data collected by the quadrat exercise is summarised in table 17 below. An infaunal core and sediment sample were also taken from the quadratting site in each half of the bed. Table 17 Mean percentage cover of conspicuous species in the Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii beds in the Strontian and Head of the Loch region of Loch Sunart Strontian Mean percentage cover Mean density (m -2 ) species Upper zone Lower zone species Upper zone Lower zone A.mac Littorina obtusata Bare ground 7 0 L. saxatilis A. nodosum 0 0 L. littorea 5 6 Enteromorpha sp. 0 0 Gammaridean amphipods Polysiphonia lanosa 0 0 Carcinus maenas 7 0 Fucus spiralis 0 0 F. ceranoides 0 0 F. vesiculosus

77 The A.mac beds were very large (20,000 m 2 ) and pure in Strontian Bay (L6), with only Fucus vesiculosus also present in the algal sward at a very low percentage cover. Small periwinkle species and gammaridean amphipods dominated the fauna of this bed, which lay over a poorly sorted coarse and medium sand. Both infaunal cores taken from the bed proved to be similar to the Glenborrodale core, with a low density, low diversity invertebrate community, not dominated by Plate 12 any particular species, but undoubtably influenced by freshwater run-off, given the species of gammaridean amphipods present. The Head of the Loch (L5) A.mac bed complex was similarly very large (33,000 m 2 ) but also more broken than the Strontian beds and contained much greater percentage covers of Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum. The A.mac density itself varied from <10% - 70% cover in the scattered beds. Mussels were present in the epifaunal community, which were found on the poorly sorted coarse sand substratum. The infaunal core again contained a low diversity depauperate community dominated by oligochaetes and brackish water gammarids (Echinogammarus marinus). 6.2 Zostera noltii intertidal survey A Zostera noltii bed was surveyed in the Eilean Mor area (L4) on the 5 th July. The bed was small (8x22m) and grew on a poorly sorted medium sand (Table 16). The maximum cover was between 10-20%, with a mean shoot density of approximately 1100 shoots m -2, though this figure varied between 0m -2 and 4000 m -2, indicating how patchy the Zostera was within the bed. Both Littorina littorea and L. saxatilis were noted in the epifaunal bed community, whilst Fucus spiralis and Pelvetia canaliculata were the most common algal species present. Plate 13 The infaunal core taken shows a macrobenthic community dominated by oligochaetes, in particular enchytraeids and Tubificoides pseudogaster agg (Table 15). Once again this littoral infaunal community was of low diversity and density. Figure 22 shows the location of the Zostera bed surveyed in the vicinity of the Doirlinn Channel, between Eilean Mor and the mainland, in total 257 m 2 of Zostera bed was mapped. 63

78 Figure 22 Zostera noltii beds mapped in the Eilean Mor (L4) area of Loch Sunart Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 6.3 Zostera marina subtidal survey Of the four locations that were investigated (Table 9), only three sites yielded Z. marina. These three surveyed beds of Z. marina were found to be small and of low quality. Table 18 Location and size of surveyed Zostera marina beds in Loch Sunart. Site Number and Name Centre of site Size of bed L1. Camas nan Geall NM x 20m = 500 m 2 L2. Rubha Camp an Righ NM x 10m = 50 m 2 S23 Loch na Droma Buidhe NM (max) x 95m = 885 m 2 Plate 14. Camas nan Geall Plate 15. Rubha Camp an Righ 64

79 Plate 14 shows the Z. marina bed found in Camas Nan Geall. The depth of this bed was approximately 0.5 m bcd. No quantitative work was carried out on this bed. Algal species associated with the Zostera bed included Chorda filum, Ulva sp. and fine filamentous green algae. At Rubha Camp an Righ (Plates 15 and 16) the bed was located at approximately 3.2 m acd in a shallow pool amongst the mid-shore fucoid biotopes. Associated macroalgae included, Himanthalia elongata, Laminaria saccharina and filamentous red and brown algae. Plate 16. Rubha Camp an Righ In Loch na Droma Buide the bed was found in several metres of water and although diffuse in places, it was colonised by Chorda filum and numerous other filamentous algae. This bed was only found on the last day of the survey as demobilisation was taking place. Therefore no quantitative work was possible. 6.4 Thyasira gouldi subtidal grabbing survey Figure 4 shows the locations of the 15 grab sites selected as part of the investigation into the status of Thyasira gouldi in Loch Sunart. The samples were obtained and processed as described in section 3.6. All the Thyasira sp. found in the grabs were extracted as part of the macrobenthic analysis carried out by Identichaet and the specimens of Thyasira sp. were then circulated to the international experts indicated in section 3.6, Dr Ian Kileen and Dr Graham Oliver. On analysis of these specimens their conclusion was that the species recorded in Loch Sunart was in fact Thyasira flexuosa, the common species of this genus and not Thyasira gouldi. The locations and abundance of the Thyasira flexuosa extracted from the Van Veen grabs taken in Loch Sunart in 2006 are presented in Table 19. Plate 17 Plate 18 65

80 Table 19 Location and abundance of Thyasira flexuosa found in grabs taken during the 2006 survey of Loch Sunart. Grab site Date Easting Northing No. Individuals extracted 4 13/07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ As part of the investigation, the macrobenthos i.e. the fauna retained on a 1 mm meshed sieve, was extracted from the 15 Van Veen grabs, identified and counted. The grab station location information, particle size analysis, loss on ignition data and species matrix raw data from this grabbing exercise is presented in Appendix 12.2 and a summary of the community data, with a selection of the routine community analyses is provided below. Figure 23 illustrates the location information presented in Table 19 and also shows the locations of the samples taken in 2001 where Thyasira sp. was previously found, and when Thyasira gouldi s presence was suspected in the loch. Figure 23 Grab site locations and Thyasira flexuosa presence in Loch Sunart in the vicinity of the Laudale Narrows (2001 & 2006). Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 66

81 Table 20 Basic community statistics and sediment characteristics for the macrobenthic sampling stations Station No. of No. of Margalef's Pielou's Shannon Simpson s Sediment Loss on Number Taxa Individuals Richness Evenness Diversity Dominance type ignition (S) (N) (d) (J') (H'(loge)) (1-Lambda') (%) Silt Coarse sand Fine sand V. coarse sand Silt Coarse sand Silt Silt Coarse sand Silt Silt Fine sand V. fine sand Fine sand V. coarse sand 1.32 Figure 24 A Bray Curtis similarity dendrogram for the Thyasira sp. grab station macrobenthic invertebrate data Bray Curtis Similarity % Survey stations A B C D E Figure 24 shows the sampling stations that cluster together due to their degree of similarity following a cluster-analysis on the Bray Curtis similarity data. Table 20 presents a very varied picture of the seabed sediments in the vicinity of the target area. The physical sediments ranged from fine silts through to very coarse sands and the associated infaunal macrobenthos ranged from highly diverse communities like station 15, with 103 taxa recorded from the one grab, through to sparse, sterile communities like station 67

82 1, with only 11 taxa recorded. Generally similar communities grouped together, like with like, according to particle size (table 20), in their clusters A, B, C, D and E. Table 21 Species contributing to 50% of the clustering of group A Species Average abundance Average similarity (%) Percentage contribution to overall similarity Cumulative percentage Nephtys incisa Scutopus ventrolineatus Polycirrus plumosus The group A grab samples were the most depauperate and were the least similar of all the communities sampled, having <20% in common with any of the other samples. Both were dominated by the large errant polychaete Nephtys incisa. Table 22 Species contributing to 50% of the clustering of group B Species Average abundance Average similarity (%) Percentage contribution to overall similarity Cumulative percentage Mediomastus fragilis Minuspio cirrifera Lumbrineris gracilis Mysella bidentata Notomastus latericeus Aricidea cerrutii Mya truncata Mytilus edulis Pariambus typicus Scalibregma inflatum Aonides paucibranchiata Prionospio fallax Pholoe inornata The two Group B samples were both obtained from coarse sediment communities and both contained the large bivalves Mytilus edulis and Mya truncata. Most of the remaining dominant taxa were small sedentary polychaetes. 68

83 Table 23 Species contributing to 50% of the clustering of group C Species Average abundance Average similarity (%) Percentage contribution to overall similarity Cumulative percentage Chaetozone sp. D Lumbrineris gracilis Spiophanes kroyeri Aricidea cerrutii Minuspio cirrifera Leptochitona asellus Perrierella audouiniana Jasmineira caudata Praxillella affinis Galathowenia oculata Owenia fusiformis Caulleriella zetlandica The two Group C samples were again both from very coarse sediments and included the chitons Leptochitona asellus in the community. These were presumably, when live, present attached to the cobbles and pebbles found in the sediment. Tube dwelling polychaetes such as Galathowenia oculata, Owenia fusiformis, Spiophanes kroyeri, Minuspio cirrifera and Praxillella affinis were numerous amongst the remaining dominants. Table 24 Species contributing to 50% of the clustering of group D Species Average abundance Average similarity (%) Percentage contribution to overall similarity Cumulative percentage Magelona minuta Nephtys incisa Amphiura filiformis Notomastus latericeus Prionospio fallax Pholoe inornata Spiophanes kroyeri Scalibregma inflatum This group of grabs were all taken from areas of fine silt where the community was dominated by polychaetes 69

84 Table 25 Species contributing to 50% of the clustering of group E Species Percentage Average Average contribution Cumulative similarity abundance to overall percentage (%) similarity Amphiura filiformis Magelona minuta Pholoe inornata Notomastus latericeus Minuspio cirrifera Prionospio fallax Chaetozone setosa Pseudopolydora cf. paucibranchiata Thyasira flexuosa Nephtys hombergii These group-e grabs were taken from areas of slightly coarser material than group D. These fine sands were dominated by the burrowing brittlestar Amphiura filiformis. Apart from this difference the communities were very similar to group D, being populated mainly by small polychaetes. In total 259 taxa were recorded in the 15 grabs, a figure which compares very favourably with approximately 240 recorded in the 28 grabs taken in Limaria hians subtidal diver coring and video survey Figure 25 shows the locations of the five study sites on the Limaria hians bed, in the Laudale Narrows area. Four sites were chosen as locations from which to obtain diver cores. These sites were initially targeted to four of the Limaria hians-bed density zones, from Bates et al., The sites worked are presented in Table 26 below. Table 26 Laudale Narrows Limaria hians study sites, Site Eastings Northings Limaria hians nest coverage (Bates et al., 2004) Cores Video / Photography Quadrats Phase II S % Cores /PSA Video 7 Yes S % Cores /PSA Video 10 Yes S % Cores /PSA 10 Yes S % Cores /PSA Photography 10 Yes S % Photography & Video 10 Yes The quadrat and habitat data are presented in Appendix and Table 27 presents summary biotope information derived from the Phase II, coring and quadrat work carried out. 70

85 Figure 25 Limaria bed diver coring and video survey locations Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) Table 27 Laudale Narrows Limaria hians biotope (IMX.Lim) information. Site Biotope description 'Stepped' seabed of dense Limaria nests with small patches of silty shell gravel surrounding it. A forest of Laminaria hyperborea and L. saccharina (cape form) growing on top of the nests. The S14 nests themselves, comprised dead and living algal material bound tightly together, forming a spongy substratum upon which other foliose algae and kelp plants were attached. The seabed was covered (almost 100%) with Limaria nests, forming a continuous carpet of bound cobbles, pebbles and shells with occasional small patches of muddy sand. A number of Limaria were visible at the entrance to nests. Ophiothrix fragilis S15 was superabundant over the nests with Ophiocomina nigra common. There were scattered Alcyonium digitatum colonies and large Urticina eques. A patchy hydroid turf of Eudendrium spp. was present. A level seabed with Limaria hians nests occupying about 70% of the seabed, which itself was formed from hard packed cobbles, pebbles, gravel and sand. Foliose red algal turf (Delesseria S19 sanguinea dominant) occupied about 40% and Laminaria saccharina plants also grew over the top of the nests. Old Laminaria laminae were cemented to the seabed by the byssus of Mean nest coverage (%) Sediment type Depth (m) (bcd) 67 Gravel Gravel / Coarse sand Gravel

86 Site Biotope description the Limaria hians. A level seabed with Limaria hians nests occupying about 50% of the seabed beneath Laminaria saccharina and L. hyperborea plants. The seabed was formed from hard packed cobbles, S20 pebbles, gravel and sand. Foliose and encrusting red algal turf covered the nest material. The 50% bare substrate was colonised by large bivalve fauna; Arctica, Mya, Ensis and Dosinia were all noted, as well as the anemone Cerianthus lloydii. A very steep slope with a mixture of mixed muddy gravel, bedrock outcrops, cobbles and pebbles. It was dominated by Limaria hians, with about 50% cover of nest material. Ophiothrix fragilis was superabundant over the Limaria with Ophiocomina nigra S21 occasional. The bedrock had Ascidiella aspersa, Corella parallelogramma and other ascidians with some Neocrania anomala and Pododesmus patelliformis. There was a solitary Palinurus elephas at about 10m. Mean nest Sediment coverage type (%) 13 Gravel / Coarse sand Depth (m) (bcd) Table 27 above describes the biotope studied during this exercise. The Limaria hians nest material was generally formed from gravel, pebbles and cobbles, bound in a matrix of byssus (Plate 19), but in the infralittoral (<10 m) where algal species were present growing on the nest material, then algal fronds and organic detritus were also incorporated into their nest constructions. This imparted a spongy characteristic to the seabed. Apart from site S14, the other four sites studied, fell into the same nest density categories as outlined in Bates et al., Site S14 was situated very close to the islet of Glas Eilean and it is quite possible that the data used by Bates et al. (2004) in drawing up the category boundaries of Limaria nest percentage cover, was inaccurate close to the islet. The particle size analysis, loss on ignition data and species matrix raw data from the diver coring exercise is presented in Appendix 12.3 and a summary of the community data, with a selection of the routine community analyses is provided below. Plate 19 72

87 Table 28 Basic community statistics and sediment characteristics for the Limaria nest core sampling stations Station No. of No. of Margalef's Pielou's Shannon Simpson s Sediment Loss on Number Taxa Individuals Richness Evenness Diversity Dominance type ignition and core (S) (N) (d) (J') (H'(loge)) (1-Lambda') (%) S14a Gravel 1.52 S14b Gravel 1.55 S15a Gravel 3.08 S15b Coarse sand 2.50 S19a Gravel 1.58 S19b Gravel 1.02 S20a V. Coarse sand 2.09 S20b Coarse sand 1.34 Table 28 presents a picture of a rich infaunal assemblage of invertebrates with levels of diversity and abundance in a 0.01 m 2 core reaching those shown by many of the 0.1 m 2 grabs taken from the same zone of the loch during the Thyasira gouldi study (Table 20). This is all the more unusual given that the substrate is so coarse, a feature frequently producing low diversity, sparse infaunal communities. Figure 26 A Bray Curtis similarity dendrogram for the Limaria hians core station macrobenthic invertebrate data Bray Curtis Similarity % b 15a 15b 20a 19a 14a 14b 19b A B Cores C The dendrogram in Figure 26 presents a picture of high similarity between seven out of the eight cores. Core 20b, the eighth core, (group A), can be disregarded within the analysis to some degree, as this core was taken from one of the large sand patches that was present in the vicinity of station S20 and not from the Limaria nest material. This sand was of passing interest to the divers during the survey, as it contained numerous large and obvious bivalves, 73

88 such as Arctica islandica, Mya truncata, Ensis sp. and Dosinia lupinus, but this community was not part of this targeted study. Table 29 Species contributing to 80% of the clustering of group B Species Average Percentage Average Cumulative similarity contribution to abundance percentage (%) overall similarity Pholoe synopthalmica Sphaerosyllis hystrix Kefersteinia cirrata Polycirrus norvegicus Nereimyra punctifera Sipuncula juv. indet Onoba semicostata Asclerocheilus indet Aonides oxycephala Pholoe inornata Ophiothrix fragilis The remaining seven cores possessed an overall similarity >50% and only the group B cluster cores were separated off from the other five cores by the Bray Curtis similarity analysis and only then, at a level of over 50% similarity (Table 29). The results show that these group B cores from site S20 were taken at a depth of 26 m bcd, well into the circalittoral and away from the influence of the algal communities that dominated the physical appearance of the nest material at the other three stations, which were all <8 m bcd. A high abundance of Ophiothrix fragilis within the group B cores is one of the primary differences noted at this site. These were also noted as abundant in the biotope descriptions given in Table 27. Table 30 Species contributing to 80% of the clustering of group C Species Average abundance Average similarity (%) Percentage contribution to overall similarity Cumulative percentage Pholoe synopthalmica Polycirrus norvegicus Mysella bidentata Onoba semicostata Ostracoda Pholoe inornata Alvania punctifera Sphaerosyllis tetralix Amphipholis squamata Glycera lapidum Mediomastus fragilis Sipuncula juv. indet Notomastus latericeus Harmothoe indet Notomastus sp. E

89 Species Average abundance Average similarity (%) Percentage contribution to overall similarity Cumulative percentage Nemertea indet Aonides oxycephala Limaria hians The group C core community (Table 30) was very similar to the group B core community, varying only in a few species, such as the lack of the two small errant polychaetes, Kefersteinia cirrata and Nereimyra punctifera and the presence of the small molluscs Mysella bidentata and Alvania punctifera. In total 114 taxa were recorded from the seven Limaria nest cores and the core community as a whole, was found to be diverse and appears relatively constant across the seabed at Laudale Narrows in Loch Sunart. The core community is also probably discreet to the nest material; a proposal backed up by the presence of the very different community sampled in the Group A core (20b), which came from the sand patch with no Limaria hians nests in the vicinity. 6.6 Serpula vermicularis subtidal surveys July 2006 survey Serpula vermicularis reefs were discovered in Loch Teacuis during the drop-down video survey. These reeflets are a very rare phenomenon of which live examples in Scotland are known only from Loch Creran on the Firth of Lorn. As a result of this discovery, time was made to survey a transect along the depth band where the Serpula reeflets were found. This was carried out during the survey of the Loch Teacuis intertidal and subtidal transects and the 50 m Serpula transect was deployed at right angles to the subtidal transect at m bcd. Along this transect all Serpula vermicularis colonies encountered were measured (height and circumference). These results are summarised in Table 31 below and the full data set is presented in Appendix 12.4 Table 31 Serpula vermicularis colony biometrics Maximum height (cm) above Maximum circumference (cm) the seabed Mean (n=57) cm cm Std deviation ± 8.98 ±

90 Plates below show examples of the Serpula vermicularis colonies with attendant epifauna. Plate 20 Plate 21 Plate 22 Plate 23 Thirty-six conspicuous species were recorded from the biotope and the reeflets undoubtably contained more taxa living within the cryptic environment of the worm colony November 2006 survey Serpulid aggregations (small, medium and large) were found from 0 to 13.4 m below chart datum. Individual serpulids were recorded into the intertidal to 0.6 m above chart datum. The aggregations were found to be distributed all around the periphery of the basin apart from towards the head of the loch where only individuals were recorded (Figure 27). More transects had large aggregations on them around the north-eastern edge of the basin. The transect locations are shown in Figure 6, Section

91 Figure 27 Maximum size category of serpulid aggregations seen on each transect in Loch Teacuis in November The numbers next to each transect indicate the maximum depth at which the largest reef size category was found. Altogether 91% of transects contained individuals or non-reef forming worms, whilst 77% contained small reefs, 68% contained medium reefs and 55% of transects contained large reefs. The four transects towards the head of the loch GS9,10,12 and 13 had no small, medium or large reefs, whilst GS11 was the only transect with no Serpula vermicularis recorded at all. Figures 28 through to 31 show the minimum and maximum depths at which each size category was found along the transects using the contours on the chart. These have been extrapolated to show polygons of likely occurrence. Figure 32 combines figures to give an overall indication of projected coverage. The end points of transects GS10 and GS1 were not recorded due to problems with satellite acquisition. Therefore the data is less accurately represented on the map. 77

92 Figure 28 Projected range of individual serpulids in Loch Teacuis estimated from transect data recorded in November 2006 Figure 29 Projected range of small serpulid colonies (5-50cm 2 ) in Loch Teacuis estimated from transect data recorded in November

93 Figure 30 Projected range of medium (50-500cm 2 ) serpulid colonies in Loch Teacuis estimated from transect data recorded in November 2006 Figure 31 Projected range of large serpulid colonies (>500cm 2 ) in Loch Teacuis estimated from transect data recorded in November

94 Figure 32 Projected range of all size categories of serpulid colonies in Loch Teacuis estimated from transect data recorded in November DISCUSSION OF REEF FEATURES Monitoring of the condition of the intertidal and subtidal reef habitats within Loch Sunart SAC considered five distinct attributes representing a hierarchy of biological resolution. In this section the results of the 2006 work are considered in light of the original study objectives: To establish an appropriate baseline biological dataset that will facilitate the future assessment on the favourable condition status of the reefs within Loch Sunart SAC. To gather sufficient data for SNH to form a judgement on the current condition of the reefs to inform their consideration of existing site management measures. Proposals for refinements to the Loch Sunart SCM programme are outlined. These refinements are distilled and summarised within revised Site Attribute Tables (Appendix 11). 7.1 Reef extent In an attempt to determine whether there had been any loss of subtidal qualifying Annex I habitat (c.f. draft SAT - Table 3) since 2001, during the drop-down video survey the presence or absence of reef was recorded at each site and this information was compared with the broadscale survey reef polygons produced in 2001 (figures 33 and 34). This exercise is to some extent academic as there is no reason to suspect loss of reef habitat unless some damaging operations have occurred within the SAC. It is therefore reasonable to assume that any changes in extent are less likely than changes in reef quality, which are measured through finer resolution biotope and species level attributes, and therefore the considerable expense of detailed repeat surveys of reef extent within the SAC should not remain a priority. 80

95 Figure reef/non-reef data superimposed over the 2001 reef resource map for the western half of Loch Sunart SAC Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) Figure reef/non-reef data superimposed over the 2001 reef resource map for the eastern half of Loch Sunart SAC Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 81

96 This does however shift reliance onto a continual review of activities occurring within the SAC, to maintain an understanding of the status of the wider site. Whilst SNH will continue to undertake more detailed in situ. sampling at the biotope and species levels to enable changes in reef quality to be detected, such work is extremely expensive and undertaken at such a fine resolution, with sites surveyed acting as a proxies of an extensive area. This runs the risk that any observed changes, which may only be localised in nature, produce false negatives. Site activity information is therefore critical to effective site management. SNH is aware of the range of human activities taking place within the SAC but there may be insufficient current information available on the intensity of some activities and their geographic distribution; this applies in particular to fishing practices. The fringing silty cobble and boulder slopes of Loch Sunart s reef resource would be highly susceptible to damage should scallop dredging, for example, take place over such habitats. It is therefore essential that detailed information on fisheries activities within the site is combined with an appreciation of the distribution of the qualifying habitat resource and this currently represents a fundamental information gap, which will possibly limit the effectiveness of any management aims in the future. In general there is good agreement between the 2006 reef/non reef results and the 2001 survey map, but the patchy nature of the silty boulder slope, particularly around the sides of the loch is highlighted by the significant number (28%) of non-reef records, (43 out of a total of 155) from within the reef areas (Appendix 3.2). Some shortcomings of the 2001 broadscale survey, reef resource map (Figures 33 and 34) as a management tool have been exposed in a reworking, by ASML, of the original ground-truthing videos (Appendix 3.3), with particular focus on the biotopes present on the original tapes. A failure to record locations for each biotope encountered or even an end location for each video transect frequently leads to a mismatch between the recorded biotope and the locational data for the record e.g. infralittoral biotopes recorded in circalittoral depths and visa versa, depending on the distance and direction of the original video transect. However information from random remote video samples taken on future monitoring exercises will, over time, fill in any uncertainties existing within the reef/non-reef map, enabling revision where appropriate. An improving knowledge base will continue to underpin site management decisions in these areas. Hence site users should see a reduction in the reliance on precautionary-principle based decisions in the future. Recommendations for future monitoring of reef extent The categorisation of remote video point samples into reef/non-reef classes should be applied to all future data collected. This would require limited additional work during the video review and over time would build up a very detailed point sample assessment of the distribution of qualifying habitat within the monitoring zones. Detailed information should be collected concerning the intensity and geographic location of fishing, fish farming and other activities in the SAC. When combined with an appreciation of the distribution of the qualifying habitat resource, this information can be used to target monitoring more effectively and will underpin future site management decisions. 7.2 Biotope composition and distribution The 2006 video survey identified 26 reef biotopes from 155 video drops, using the stratified zonal method described in section 3, where sampling effort was proportional to the known reef area in each zone. In comparison, the 2001 survey (Bates et al., 2004) recorded 23 reef biotopes from 51 ROV flights. The approach adopted in 2006 therefore relies on the 82

97 reef area having been accurately mapped in 2001, which is probably an acceptable assumption. A question for SNH to consider from these results, must be whether the adopted sampling methodology, which recorded 76% of known reef biotopes (26 of the documented 34), is an acceptable level of return for this amount of monitoring effort. The one obvious weakness with the adopted methodology is that there was no depth stratification to the sampling programme and in zone 5 where the number of random samples was relatively low (seven), it is possible that too few samples were taken to reflect the full range of reef biotopes. Overall the results indicate that there had been no change in the biotope complement between 2001 and 2006 and the figures appear to vindicate the use of the adopted approach as a tool to determine the biotope complement of the area. This 2006 survey has established an appropriate biological baseline dataset, which achieves the goal of the monitoring prescriptions outlined in the draft SAT, to assess the status of the attributes encompassing reef biotope composition and distribution. An important feature of Loch Sunart, contributing to its selection as an SAC, is the high diversity of biotopes that are found within the loch as a whole. The present survey has confirmed the maintenance of this diversity with biological records encompassing biotopes common in scottish sealochs such as Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock (AscVS) or Yellow and grey lichens on supralittoral rock (YG), through to the the species rich circalittoral communities with seafans (SwiLgAs, CarSwi) at the mouth of the loch and the sheltered circalittoral sealoch community of brachiopods (NeoPro) (figure 35) which are more common within the loch. Figures illustrate the distribution of the major biotope groups within the SAC Biotope composition and distribution - intertidal reefs Many of the major littoral biotopes or variants thereof that were listed in the draft SAT were recorded during the 2006 Phase II surveys (Table 12). The list of biotopes recorded on the transects, shown in tables 12 and 32 cover the full range of wave exposure from the mouth through to the inner loch where many of the biotopes are subject to conditions of variable salinity. Table 32 Intertidal reef biotopes recorded from the shore transects in 2006 Intertidal biotopes No. of No. of Intertidal biotopes records records LR.FLR.Lic.YG 7 LR.HLR.MusB.Cht.Lpyg 1 LR.FLR.Lic.Ver 1 LR.MLR.BF.Fser.R 2 LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.B 2 LR.MLR.BF.FspiB 2 LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver 7 LR.MLR.BF.FvesB 1 LR.FLR.Rkp.Cor 2 LR.MLR.BF.PelB 3 LR.FLR.Rkp.FK 1 LR.LLR.FVS.AscVS 4 LR.HLR.MusB.Sem 4 LR.LLR.FVS.FserVS 3 LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.FvesR 1 LR.LLR.FVS.FspiVS 2 LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.LitX 1 LR.LLR.FVS.FvesVS 1 LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.Sem 3 LR.LLR.FVS.PelVS 3 The shores ranged from gently sloping reef with boulders and cobbles at Camas Salach (L12) and NE Loch Teacuis (L18), to steeply sloping bedrock at NE Oronsay (L11) and Laudale Narrows (L9). The gently sloping shores were characteristically covered in algae in 83

98 the middle shore, usually the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus and the steeper, drier shores were dominated by limpet/barnacle assemblages. All sites included a very healthy lichen zone at the top of the shore and at the more exposed sites Laminaria digitata was frequently recorded in the sublittoral fringe, whilst species such as Psammechinus miliaris were recorded on the lower shore in the inner loch, where variable salinity was a factor Biotope composition and distribution - infralittoral reefs Table 33 below presents the number of times that an infralittoral biotope was recorded during the 2006 video and diving surveys. These include biotopes recorded as a secondary biotope within the zone of a dominant primary biotope. In general the remote video work, using the stratified zoned approach, when combined with the inshore diving work, produced results that appear to adequately reflect the biotope composition of the shallow subtidal reefs. The survey results have built on the existing knowledge obtained by the previous remote sampling surveys in the area. This survey has also documented the distribution of shallow sublittoral reef biotopes across the site, but with perhaps more of an emphasis on the circalittoral than within the infralittoral zone. Most of the major infralittoral biotopes of interest listed in the draft SAT (Table 3) were recorded during the survey in 2006, as many of the shallow infralittoral biotopes that were missed by the video work, were picked up by the diving work. Table 33 Infralittoral biotopes recorded in 2006 Infralittoral biotopes No. of video No. of diving/intertidal records records IR.HIR.KFaR.FoR 2 4 IR.HIR.KFaR.Lhyp.Ft 2 IR.HIR.KFaR.LhypR.Ft 1 IR.MIR.KR.Ldig 1 IR.MIR.KR.Ldig.Ldig 3 IR.MIR.KR.XFoR 2 IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac.Ft 11 2 IR.LIR.K.Lsac (.Ft/Pk/Gz) 12 2 IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ldig 1 IR.LIR.KVS 1 IR.LIR.KVS.LsacPsaVS 4 4 *SS.SMP.KSwSS.LsacR.Gv 6 *SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Sa 9 *SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Mu 2 *SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho 12 IR.LIR.Lag.FChoG 1 ***SS.SMp.Mrl.Pcal 1 ***SS.SMX.IMx.Lim 10 1 **SS.SBR.PoR.Ser 2 2 * Denotes a non-reef biotope generally recorded as a reef habitat in the video survey due to the cobble size, the stability of the substratum or the degree of epibenthic colonisation. ** Biogenic reef *** Non-reef habitat but are considered of biodiversity interest and do create a more stable substratum Drop-down video or ROV records from the shallow infralittoral are often scant in any survey due to the obvious safety issues raised by deploying video equipment in shallow water from a boat, hence the absence of remote video recorded Laminaria digitata (Ldig) biotopes. 84

99 Appendix 3.2 presents the results of the whole video survey on a zone by zone basis and surprisingly the outer zones 1 and 2 were shown to possess many examples of Laminaria saccharina biotopes, blurring the previous assertion that there is a clear zonation pattern in Loch Sunart, with L. saccharina dominating the infralittoral in the inner loch and L. hyperborea dominating the outer loch. The latter appears to still hold true (figure 36), but L. saccharina is also frequently present in the mouth of the loch Appendix 3.2 also confirms the continued existence of the locations of the main Limaria hians beds, around the Laudale Narrows and north of Carna where there are accelerated tidal streams. However both diving and remote video also confirm the presence of Limaria hians at many locations along the fringes of the loch (e.g at S12 and S22). The LsacPsaVS (Laminaria saccharina and Psammechinus miliaris on variable salinity grazed infralittoral rock) biotope, which is indicative of variable salinity conditions was also widespread and was recorded east of Camusinus, on the main loch and in the head of Loch Teacuis, where these conditions are to be expected. The discovery of the Serpula vermicularis biotope (Ser) within inner Loch Teacuis adds to the importance of the SAC, as this growth form of the polychaete worm has until now only been known to exist in Scotland in Loch Creran. Plates show a little of the nature of the biogenic reef properties of the Serpula vermicularis reefs, with faunal species such as Chlamys varia, Galathea intermedia and Pagurus prideaux all using the structures in the photographs Biotope composition and distribution - circalittoral reefs The circalittoral biotopes recorded are listed in Table 11 and it can be seen that the majority of the biotopes listed in the draft SAT (Table 3) were recorded in The distribution of the most frequently recorded circalittoral biotope groups are summarised in Figures Table 34 Circalittoral biotopes recorded in 2006 No. of No. of Diving Diving Circalittoral video Circalittoral video records records records records CR.HCR.XFa.SpNemAdia 2 Mixed sediment (possible reef habitat) CR.HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs 4 1 SS.SMX.CMx.ClloMx 2 SS.SMx.CMx.ClloMx.N CR.MCR.EcCr.CarSp.Bri 1 em 1 CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio 10 SS.SMX.CMx.OphMx 15 CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Ant 3 1 SS.SMu.CSaMu.VirOph Pmax.HAs 2 CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Bri 2 1 CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH 20 4 CR.LCR.BrAs.NeoPro 3 3 CR.FCR.FouFa.AaspCR 1 CR.MCR.EcCr.CarSwiLgAs 1 85

100 The biotopes of the circalittoral zone in Loch Sunart were found to follow the patterns noted in In the mouth of the loch below the kelp forests there are boulder slopes and then boulders and cobbles run into sediment with communities dominated by ascidians and feather stars (LCR.BrAs.AntAsH, LCR.BrAs.AmenCio) (figure 35). Where cliffs or steep bedrock slopes were found, there are diverse communities of hydroids, sponges, ascidians and the seafan Swiftia pallida (HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs). Further into the loch, the reef-fringing sediments of muddy coarse sands with a scattering of cobbles are home to seapens (CsaMu.VirOphPmax), whilst the deeper sediments in the central basins are muddy and are burrowed by mega fauna (SMu.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun). In the channels and on the sills the surface cobbles and coarse sediments support extensive brittlestar beds (SMX.CMx, SMX.CMx.OphMx). Of interest in zone 4, the 2001 ROV videos show the deep circalittoral boulders and cobbles to be colonised by large numbers of the rarely recorded, deep-water feather star Leptometra celtica (LCR.BrAs.AntAsH.Lept). The sealoch biotope with brachiopods Neocrania anomala and anemones Protanthea simplex was also found on both surveys on the deep rock outcrops in these inner zones (LCR.BrAs.NeoPro). The mixed sediment communities (CMx) are not strictly classified as reef in the JNCC guidelines unless there is a high proportion of cobble. However, OphMx which is very common in the loch was included in the draft SAT and most examples of this biotope within the site probably qualify as reef habitat due to their stability and subsequent colonisation. The video survey recorded several examples of muddy sand with cobble and shell debris supporting communities of hydroids, ascidians and amemones (ClloMx.Nem), which may also qualify as reef habitat. If the video survey were repeated in the future using the same stratified zonal approach, a better match could be expected with the 2006 results than was found between the 2006 and 2001 data, providing the survey is carried out with drop-down video equipment and not ROV. The use of the two different techniques may have resulted in a slightly different depth focus between these two surveys, and the absence of accurate position fixing for each biotope recorded degrades the data obtained by ROV. Sampling the inshore subtidal by diving on eight transects has collected detailed information on the composition of the biotopes present at those locations, but it has only provided limited information on the distribution of these biotopes across the site and it would be very difficult to make a judgement about the condition of the shallow sublittoral of the whole site on the basis of only eight transects. This will become more apparent when asked to consider the impact of human activities on the site in general and on certain locations in particular. Not only is the detailed information on the inshore sublittoral habitats restricted to eight point locations but the level and locations of human activity are poorly known. Cobble communities, which make up much of the reef resource, would be particularly vulnerable to any type of disturbing activity such as dredging or trawling. 86

101 Recommendations for future monitoring of biotope composition and distribution Much more detailed information is required concerning the intensity and location of human activities within the site. The stratified zonal video surveys should be repeated in future years, sampling the same areas of reef at randomised locations. Depth stratification should also be employed when allocating sampling effort to the reef areas, as much of the reef is fringing and also steeply sloping. Video drops should then be allocated proportionally to infralittoral and circalittoral zones once the contours are inserted and respective reef areas calculated. The list of biotopes found in each zone in 2006 should be used as the baseline; once these have been recorded in similar proportions to the 2006 survey, no more video drops should be required. This may enable a reduction in the number of samples in some zones. The intertidal and diver transect surveys should be repeated at the same locations as in Conservation interest of reef biotopes Several of the biotopes recorded from the area are of considerable conservation interest. Of particular note are the rich communities of hydroids, ascidians and anthozoans that are found in the mouth of the loch and are highly characteristic of the area. These include the northern seafan Swiftia pallida (SwiLgAs, CarSwi.LgAs). The feather star Leptometra celtica was also noted in good numbers on some of the deeper sites on the 2001 videos and in the sheltered conditions in shallow water (AntAsH.Lept). Such high densities of L. celtica have been rarely recorded in inshore waters elsewhere. Finally the discovery of the Serpula vermicularis biotope (PoR.Ser) is of great nature conservation interest as this is only the second site nationally where there are known to be live colonies of this growth form of this polychaete. 7.3 Species composition of biotopes and the presence and/or abundance of specified species The monitoring prescriptions outlined in the draft SAT that measure the attributes and the associated targets dealing with the species composition of biotopes and the presence and abundance of specified species, have to some extent established an appropriate biological baseline dataset. The Phase II survey provided a general description and species list for each biotope enabling a fairly coarse assessment of the species composition and an assessment of the presence or absence of important species. The collection of data from quadrats provided a quantitative baseline for future comparisons and gathered more detailed species records from the selected biotopes, increasing the quality of the data. The continued presence in the area of a number of species of conservation interest was confirmed by the survey. These are listed in Table 35 with the survey distributions of some shown in Figure 37. Figure 35 and 36 show both biotopes whose distribution are of interest and biotopes containing some of the species of interest. As diving was only carried out at eight sites on the present survey, the true distribution of these species is unknown but is likely to be more widespread than the figures suggest. 87

102 Table 35 Species of conservation interest recorded during the 2006 survey Species Lytocarpia myriophyllum Alcyonium glomeratum Swiftia pallida Parazoanthus anguicomus Leptometra celtica Amalosoma eddystonense Serpula vermicularis Palinurus elephas Limaria hians Trapania pallida Terebratulina retusa Neocrania anomala Ophiura affinis Psolus phantapus Dasya hutchinsisae Schmitzia hiscockiana Group/Common name Hydroid Red dead men s fingers Northern sea fan White anemone Feather star Echiuran worm Tube worm Crayfish Flame shell Nudibranch Brachiopod Brachiopod cluster Northern brittle star Sea cucumber Red alga Red alga Comment Tall feather-like hydroid, only infrequently recorded. Not recorded during the present survey but visible on tapes from Southern species approaching its northern limit in this area Northern species at its southern limit in this area. Common on steep rock in the entrance area and around Risga Pinnacle. Northern distribution; approaching its southern limit in this area Deep-water species with relatively few inshore records in shallow water on the open coast but often common in the sea lochs. Particularly abundant in Loch Sunart Recorded from scattered locations around the west coast of the British Isles but particularly in sealochs. Common in the sandy sediments in Loch Sunart A common species as individual worms but rarely found growing in large colonies. Elsewhere in Scotland, currently known only from Loch Creran as live colonies in this growth form. Species with a western distribution that was historically far more common on the west coast of Scotland than at present. Fished commercially. One individual seen at the head of the loch Loch Sunart holds some of the most extensive beds of this species known from the west of Scotland. Other historical sites have been damaged by dredging A scarce species with records from scattered locations on the west coast of the British Isles including a prior record from Loch Sunart Common on sheltered rock in the sea lochs but rarely in shallow water elsewhere Common on sheltered rock in the sea lochs but rarely in shallow water elsewhere Present in deep water all round the British Isles. In shallow water it has a northern distribution and is abundant in some Scottish sea lochs. A northern species approaching its southern limits on the west of Scotland. Not uncommon in the sea lochs but may be seasonal in occurrence. An alga more commonly recorded in the southwest of the British Isles with few Scottish records. A rare alga present at scattered locations, usually as isolated specimens, around the west coast of the British Isles. Found on Sligneach Mòr in

103 Figure 35 Biotope distribution records for the Loch Sunart surveys Zone 3 AntAsH biotope records Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 1 Zone 6 Zone 3 Loch Teacuis Zone 5 Data source ASML 2006 video Heriot Watt 2001 ASML 2006 diving Zone 3 NeoPro biotope records Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 5 Loch Teacuis Zone 6 Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 89

104 Figure 36 Biotope distribution records for the Loch Sunart surveys Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 3 Zone 4 Data source ASML 2006 video Heriot Watt 2001 ASML 2006 Zone 5 diving Zone 1 Loch Teacuis Zone 6 Lhyp.Ft biotope records Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 5 Loch Teacuis Zone 6 LhypLsac biotope records Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 5 Loch Teacuis Zone 6 Lsac.Ft biotope records Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 5 Loch Teacuis Zone 6 LsacPsaVS biotope records Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 90

105 Figure 37 Species distribution records for the Loch Sunart surveys Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 3 Zone 4 Data source ASML 2006 video Heriot Watt 2001 ASML 2006 Zone 5diving Zone 1 Loch Teacuis Zone 6 Swiftia pallida records Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 3 Zone 5 Zone 1 Loch Teacuis Zone 6 Serpula vermicularis records Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 5 Loch Teacuis Zone 6 Limaria hians records Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 4 Zone 1 Zone 3 Zone 5 Loch Teacuis Zone 6 Leptometra celtica records Based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of the Controller of HMSO Crown copyright (2007) Licence no ) 91

106 Species are considered to be of conservation interest for a number of reasons including the following: Rarely found either nationally or locally; Restricted to a particular type of habitat such as fiordic sealochs or tide-swept cobbles; Restricted to a particular geographic location such as Scotland or the west of Scotland; At the northern or southern limits of their geographic distribution; Populations thought to be under threat from activities other than fishing. The presence of species at the limit of their distribution or restricted to a particular area can be a useful indicator of the effects of climate change if their broader geographic range alters. This requires records from sites over a wide geographic area, in this case the west of the British Isles. Rare species and species restricted to a particular habitat are at risk if their habitat is endangered in any way, for example by activities such as dredging. The northern seafan Swiftia pallida is a species, which is particularly well represented in the area and its continued presence at a similar level of abundance to the present should give some indication of the health of the community in the mouth of the loch. S. pallida presence (and that of Amphianthus dohrnii, a commensal anemone) and condition can be recorded as part of future Phase II survey, or counts of colonies can be made as a separate exercise which could be carried out by non-specialist surveyors. Several of the other species of interest were found on the transects during the course of the 2006 survey but there is a lack of documented information from a wider spread of locations in the SAC. Without this information it is not possible to give a true picture of the distribution of these species in the area. This could be addressed by a series of spot dives which could be carried out as a separate exercise to the main monitoring programme and, with a list of target species to search for, could be carried out by non-specialist divers. Recommendations for future monitoring of species composition of biotopes and the presence and abundance of specified species It is recommended that both the Phase II and the quadrat surveys be repeated and that quadrat sampling be kept as a high priority, with at least 10 quadrats sampled on each subtidal transect. Both the Phase II work and quadrat sampling require the use of skilled surveyors. Loch Sunart contains several species that are known to be rare, unusual, at the edge of their biogeographical range, considered vulnerable to human activity or particularly well represented in the area. The continued presence of these species in the site should be monitored. The wider distribution of species of interest within the site should be established by a series of spot dives/videos, which could be carried out as a separate exercise to the main monitoring programme. The abundance of the northern seafan Swiftia pallida should be recorded as part of the Phase II element of future SCM visits. 92

107 8 DISCUSSION OF NON-REEF SSSI FEATURES AND ADDITIONAL SURVEYED FEATURES 8.1 Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii surveys Six A.mac beds were surveyed and their Extent was mapped as described in sections 3 and 6. The beds in Glenborrodale Bay, Strontian and the Head of the Loch were investigated in most detail, in terms of both their infauna and the associated epifauna and flora. At Glenborrodale and Strontian where the WFD seagrass field data sheet was used as a format for the work, quadrat sampling enabled an accurate percentage cover score to be generated for the SSSI Abundance of specified species attribute. A snapshot of the infaunal macrobenthic community and the sediment beneath the beds was also obtained, as was a record of the associated epifauna and flora. The diffuse and patchy nature of the bed in the Head of the Loch meant that it was not surveyed as thoroughly and so only the Glenborrodale and Strontian sites are recommended as future long-term monitoring locations. 8.2 Zostera noltii intertidal surveys A small bed of Zostera noltii was found at Eilean Mor where the record from 1978 located a population, in the Doirlinn Channel just to the west of Camaschoirk. The Z. noltii bed is diffuse and sparse in places and possesses an impoverished infaunal community characteristic of an estuarine sandy/gravel community. It is felt that there may possibly be other beds of Zostera noltii within the Loch Sunart system on some of the extensive sandy shores that exist within the complex, such as in zone 4 between Salen and the Laudale Narrows and perhaps in Loch Teacuis. It is recommended that these areas be surveyed piecemeal during routine site visits to the loch. 8.3 Zostera marina subtidal surveys Zostera marina beds were located at two of the three previously recorded sites (Section 6.3), but in both cases the beds were small and diffuse and so the surveyors chose only to map the locations and estimate the area of the bed footprints, giving some measure of Extent. No measure of Abundance of specified species was obtained for these Z. marina beds. The diffuse bed previously recorded in Salen Bay appears to have disappeared since This bed was not surveyed fully in 1995, it was noted in passing during the shallow sublittoral biotope survey (Howson,1996). However drift laminae of Z. marina were also noted on that survey and it was thought possible that there are other beds of Z. marina present within the SAC that would come to light as monitoring and survey work continue within the site over time. This theory was justified by the discovery of a bed located in Loch na Droma Buide adjacent to the middle of the south shore. However this discovery occurred on the last day of the survey during demobilisation and the bed was simply mapped. This bed should be relocated and surveyed fully on a future visit to the SAC. 8.4 Thyasira gouldi subtidal grabbing survey Thyasira gouldi was not found in Loch Sunart following the intensive grab survey undertaken in Both national experts consulted were of the opinion that the species recorded was Thyasira flexuosa, which was found at seven out of the fifteen sites sampled. The historical records of T. gouldi from Loch Sunart may now be in some doubt, especially as the original material and locational information are no longer available. 8.5 Limaria hians subtidal diver coring and video survey The results of the photographic, quadrat and coring exercises described here, show that the Limaria beds in the Laudale Narrows area are highly distinct. Where the byssus mats are present, considerable changes were noted in both the substratum and the infaunal 93

108 community. A diverse invertebrate community is supported which appears to be very consistent within the byssus mats; this characteristic may even bear comparison between infralittoral and circalittoral examples of the nest material, though more work is required in this area before this possibility can be verified. The very presence of Limaria beds in some tide-swept infralittoral situations may also impart enough stability to allow kelp beds to develop where they may otherwise be absent. Organic debris such as laminae from the algae that grow on the byssus mats are often incorporated into the mat imparting unique physical characteristics. As a result of the 2006 survey, parts of the map of percentage cover of nest material, produced by Bates et al. (2004) have been substantiated and only minor deviations in byssus density were observed at the Glas Eilean site (S14). The extensive Limaria hians beds in the Laudale Narrows and channel north of Carna (IMX.Lim) and indeed fringing all around much of the inner loch have a considerable structuring effect on the habitat and should be considered to be of significant scientific interest for their biogenic reef-like properties. 8.6 Serpula vermicularis subtidal survey The chance discovery of these very rare and fragile biogenic reefs makes Loch Teacuis only the second location in Scotland where live examples of this growth-form of these polychaete worm colonies are known to exist. The colonies were found to be growing in a distinct 4 m depthband (0.5 m acd 3.5 m bcd) and along a total distance of 2.85 km of seabed within the inner loch basin. The colonies are relatively small in Loch Teacuis compared to those from Loch Creran, but nothing is known of their age or growth rates at this stage. The survey of the Serpula transect in July has established a baseline of information about a small sample of this population that can be repeated in the future if required. It is felt that a site-specific monitoring programme should be designed around the Serpula vermicularis reefs discoved in Loch Teacuis. As a priority, an investigation of their exact location, growth rates and age should occur in order to assess whether they are a new or long established phenomenon. From the results of the November survey several questions may have been answered:- the absence of aggregations at the head of the loch may be related to lack of suitable substrate and conditions. All four transects at the head of the loch have a narrow band of cobble/pebble substrate giving way to fine mud on a gently sloping seabed at shallow depths (<1.5 m). on the transects away from the head of the loch the substrate was predominantly a cobble slope with kelp park which gave way to soft mud. Whilst the aim was not to record the substrate colonised by the serpulid reefs, they were often found on shells, pebbles and kelp holdfasts. The recording sheets show that anthropogenic debris including old mooring blocks, bottles, concrete blocks and an old wash basin were also used as a substrate to colonise. where anthropogenic debris such as old mooring blocks were present on the seabed, this appeared to increase the depth range of the aggregations, allowing large aggregations to colonise areas within the surrounding soft sediment environment. This indicates that the limited range of the aggregations, restricted to the shallow areas around the periphery of the loch, may be due to lack of suitable substrate, which correlates with serpulid reef research in Loch Creran (Moore et al., 1998). 94

109 9 CONCLUSIONS - SAC AND SSSI FEATURES OF LOCH SUNART The draft Site Attribute Table (Table 3) listed five attributes of reef habitats with associated targets that should be included in any Site Condition Monitoring in Loch Sunart SAC. The survey work carried out in 2006 set out to test the prescriptions outlined in this table with a view to developing a programme for future monitoring. The drop-down video transects were, on review, catagorised as reef/non-reef, in order to assess the reef extent attribute as required by the specification. It was known that this was not a particularly effective way of measuring change in extent given the limitations of the prescribed methodology. However, the results of the exercise do act as quality check for the 2001 broadscale survey and they have helped to improve the accuracy of the map of the reef resource produced by Bates et al. (2004). All future geo-referenced video work within the site should be used to continually focus and improve this reef extent information. An appreciation of the distribution of the qualifying reef habitat resource should be used in conjunction with a knowledge of the location and intensity of human activities taking place within the site. This fundamental information must be continually updated in order to monitor the quality and extent of qualifying reef habitat into the future. The remote video, diving and intertidal work together provided a baseline for the biotope composition of the site. This compared well with previous data, with no significant changes observed. The assessment of the distribution of biotopes across the site was less satisfactory. The remote video work, using the stratified zonal approach, appeared to provide a good representation of the distribution of sublittoral biotopes across the site, with a particular emphasis on the circalittoral zone. However, the limited number of dive sites and also a limited number of video transects in the infralittoral, probably fails to assess the attribute in the infralittoral adequately. Recommendations have been made to improve the video methodology by a depth stratification as well as zonal stratification, on future surveys. The intertidal and subtidal transects provided a good assessment of the spatial arrangement of the biotopes at all the survey locations studied. Two attributes relate to the species present in the site. The first of these concerned the species composition of selected biotopes and this was addressed by a combination of semi-quantitative Phase II surveys and quantitative quadrat sampling along transects within selected biotopes. This data was successfully used to provide local biotope descriptions (Appendix 5). The second species attribute concerns the presence and abundance of specified species and although the targets for this attribute were not considered in detail during the 2006 field survey, one of the aims of the study was to inform the future development of all the attributes listed in the draft SAT. Sixteen species considered to be of conservation interest, listed in section 7, were recorded during the course of the video and transect surveys. The true distribution of these species is unknown, but is likely to be more widespread than the 2006 data suggest. 95

110 Beds of A.mac and Zostera noltii have been surveyed, mapped and investigated in terms of their Extent Species composition and Sediment character and further work is recommended with regards to the status of Zostera noltii in the loch as there is currently only one small sparse bed recorded. The presence of Zostera marina was recorded but the paucity of the beds surveyed resulted in no attributes other that Extent being investigated. The discovery of a further bed in Loch na Droma Buide at the end of the 2006 survey requires further investigations to be undertaken in order to comment on its status. The survey methods employed in 2006 were generally successful but a number of recommendations for collation of existing data and the refinement of the methods for future monitoring have been made. The draft Site Attribute Table has been revised in the light of the results of this work with the revised version included in Appendix CONCLUSIONS - ADDITIONAL SURVEYED FEATURES OF LOCH SUNART The status of Thyasira gouldi was investigated with a focused macrobenthic grab survey in the mid/upper loch and the bivalve was not found. Its occurrence and status within Loch Sunart must now be in doubt. Limaria hians beds were surveyed in the area of the Laudale Narrows and both the species composition and sediment character attributes were investigated. A highly diverse infaunal community was found to be present within the nest material, which appears to differ markedly from that of the surrounding sediment although further investigation would be needed to confirm this. The substratum within the beds was also found to be highly modified and this nest material, held together by the byssus, appears to display biogenic reef characteristics. Serpula vermicularis reef structures were also discovered in Loch Teacuis in July 2006 and these were studied further in November The discovery of this phenomenon makes the Sunart SAC only the second site in Scotland where they exist in this form and consequently makes the site of international importance. 96

111 11 REFERENCES Anon. (1998). A statement on Common Standards Monitoring. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. Bates, C.R., Moore, C.G., Harries, D.B., Austin, W. and Lyndon, A.R. (2004). Broad scale mapping of sublittoral habitats in Loch Sunart, Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 006 (ROAME No. F01AA401C). Blacknell, W. M., Ansell, A. D. (1975). Features if the reproductive cycle of an arctic bivalve from a Scottish sea loch. Publicazione della Stazione Zoologicadi Napoli Connor, D.W., Allen, J.H., Golding, N., Howell, K.L., Lieberknecht, L.M., Northen, K.O., Reker, J.B. (2004). The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version JNCC, Peterborough. ISBN (internet version). Davies, J. (1990). Sublittoral survey of Loch Sunart and Loch Teacuis. Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No Davies, J., Baxter, J., Bradley, M., Connor, D., Khan, J., Murray, E., Sanderson, W., Turnbull, C. & Vincent, M., (eds). (2001), Marine Monitoring Handbook, 405 pp, ISBN Davies, L.M. and Connor, D.W. (1993). Littoral survey and sublittoral sampling in Loch Sunart. Joint Nature Conservation Review Report, No European Commission (2003). EUR 25 - Interpretation manual of European Union habitats. European Commission, DG Environment, 127pp. Fuller, I. (1995). Loch Sunart and Loch Teacuis littoral biotope survey and seaweed resource assessment. A report to Scottish Natural Heritage. Hall-Spencer, J.M. & Moore, P.G. (2001). Limaria hians (Mollusca: Limacea): a neglected biogenic reef-forming keystone species. Aquatic Conservation, Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 10, Health and Safety Commission (1998). Scientific and Archaeological Diving Projects: The Diving at Work regulations Approved Code of Practice and Guidance - L107. The Stationery Office. Howson, C. M. (1996). Survey of the shallow sublittoral biotopes in Loch Sunart. Scottish Natural Heritage Research, Survey and Monitoring Report, No. 67. Howson, C.M., Connor, D.W. & Holt, R.H.F. (1994). The Scottish sealochs - an account of surveys undertaken for the Marine Nature Conservation Review. (Contractor: University Marine Biological Station Millport). Joint Nature Conservation Committee Report, No Howson, C.M., Mercer, T. and Bunker, F.StP.D. (2003). Flamborough Head sublittoral monitoring A Report to English Nature from Aquatic Survey & Monitoring Ltd. Howson, C. M., Mercer, T. and Moore, J. J. (2006). Site condition monitoring survey of rocky reefs in the Firth of Lorn marine Special Area of Conservation. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report, No (ROAME No.F05AC701). Jackson, D.L. and McLeod, C. R. (eds.). (2002). Handbook on the UK status of EC Habitats Directive interest features: provisional data on the UK distribution and extent of Annex I habitats and the UK distribution and population size of Annex II species. Version 2. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. JNCC Report, No. 312 (internet version). 97

112 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2003). Common Standards Monitoring. Introduction to the guidance manual. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. ISSN (internet version). Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2004a). Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Marine, Version August Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. ISSN (internet version). Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2004b). Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Littoral Rock and Inshore Sublittoral Rock Habitats. Version August Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. ISSN (internet version). Mackinnon, M.C. and Lumb, C.M. (1988). Loch Sunart sublittoral survey. 10th - 11th October (Contractor: M.C. Mackinnon). Nature Conservancy Council, CSD Report, No. 794 Moore, C. G., Lyndon, A. R. and Mair, J. M. (2004). The establishment of site condition monitoring of marine sedimentary habitats in the Sound of Arisaig csac. Scottish Natural Heritage Research Report. Moore, C. G., Saunders, G. R., Harries, D.B., Mair, J.M., Bates, C.R. and Lyndon, A.R. (2006). The establishment of site condition monitoring of the subtidal reefs of Loch Creran Special Area of Conservation. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report, No. 151 (ROAME No. F02AA409) Moore, C. G., Saunders, G. R., Harries, D.B. (1998). The status and ecology of reefs of Serpula vermicularis L. (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) in Scotland. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems Moore, J.J.M. and Bunker, F. StP. D. (2001). Development of methods for monitoring subtidal biotope extent using remote video. A Report for the UK Marine SAC's Project. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. JNCC Report 369. ISSN (internet version). 98

113 Appendix 1 - Remote video survey methods 99

114 Video survey methods This appendix details the procedures followed for the video survey work within the Loch Sunart SAC in July Survey plan A remote video survey using drop-down video was designed to investigate the distribution and variety of subtidal reef biotopes within the SAC. This element of the project was intended to provide information at a coarse resolution on the attributes Extent, Biotope composition and Distribution of biotopes. A number of earlier projects were consulted when designing the survey. A survey carried out around Flamborough had successfully used random sampling within a number of transects divided into depth bands (Howson et al., 2003). Moore and Bunker (2001) had proposed a scheme for determining the number of samples required when carrying out a drop-down video survey and this was tested by Howson et al. (2003). Lessons from both of these projects, from the inaugural SNH SCM of the Sound of Arisaig SAC (Moore et al., 2004) and from a similar survey of the Firth of Lorn SAC in 2005 (Howson et al., 2006) informed the design of the Loch Sunart study. The loch was divided into six zones on the basis of the current knowledge of the loch s kelp communities. This kelp biotope zoning was first suggested by Howson in 1996 and was based on the results of an intensive survey of shallow infralittoral reef biotopes in Loch Sunart (Howson, 1996). These zones are shown in Figure 2 in the main body of this report along with the expected distribution of reef within the loch, derived from an earlier broadscale survey (Bates et al., 2004). A series of random sampling positions was generated for the expected area of reef within each zone in the loch prior to the survey, with an approximate maximum of 120 drops (Table 5). Extra points were generated in all the zones in case some depths or features were found to be under-represented. Earlier monitoring surveys of other SACs, such as Howson et al. (2006), divided the video sampling blocks into depth bands, but this was not considered practical for Loch Sunart where the reef habitat is largely confined to a narrow strip around the edge of the loch. In addition to the random drops, a number of extra sampling positions were selected to target specific features in the loch. Sampling procedure The six sampling zones are shown in Figure 2 in the main body of the report. As suggested in the procedural guidelines (Holt and Sanderson, 2001; random video tows of 100 m length were attempted. Stations were only passed over or cut short where deployment would have placed the vessel or crew in danger and in all cases the vessel s skipper assessed the safety of each station prior to and throughout deployment. Fewer drops were made in areas of homogeneous seabed once identifiable biotopes had been recorded at several points with an adequate geographical spread within the sample area. Occasionally, very rugged seabed topography with deep rock gullies threatened to snag the camera system. In these situations, the camera was only kept on the seabed until it was judged that there was enough footage to enable the biotope to be identified. If the seabed was mixed, the tows were generally of longer duration in order to record footage from multiple biotopes, within the safe limits of the operating conditions. 100

115 Data analysis Whilst the video tows were underway, notes were made by one of the biologists on the species visible and the seabed substrata displayed on the television screen. This enabled an initial field assessment of the biotopes present. Subsequent post-fieldwork analysis of the tapes involved reviewing the footage more thoroughly to identify as many species as possible and to produce a more detailed description of the seabed. In a number of cases, the low level of information retrievable from the tapes meant that the site could fit into any one of several biotopes. In these cases the biotope was assigned to a higher level in the classification. This happened with some of the sediment sites where very few animals were seen. The results of the video work were entered into an Excel spreadsheet and Marine Recorder. No statistical analysis of the video results was deemed appropriate. Approximately 20 % of the video records were reviewed by a second ASML biologist to ensure accuracy and consistency of biotope identification. The sites selected for review included examples of each biotope identified and a number of sites where there was a query over the classification. Video equipment Two sets of drop-down video equipment were used for this survey, one supplied by SNH and a second by ASML, operating independently from two MCA - coded RIBs owned by SNH. The two systems were similar light weight systems capable of being operated from a RIB and use Sony 3CCD digital video cameras with Mini DV format tapes. They are designed to drift above the seabed rather than drag along it in contrast to many other popular systems which utilise the sledge mode of operation. These systems were rejected as their use could cause damage to fragile species, such as the sea fan Swiftia pallida, seapens and featherstars and would also run a much greater risk of snagging on the reef. A detailed description of the SNH-owned system is given in the next section with a summary description of the ASML equipment below. ASML drop-down video equipment The ASML drop-down video system uses a Sony DRV 950 camera in an aluminium housing rated to 130m. A 110 m multi-core umbilical allows the system (camera and lights) to be controlled from the surface. The digital video footage can be recorded in the camera and simultaneously relayed to the surface via the umbilical where it is viewed and recorded on a Sony mini digital VCR (GV-D1000E). The lights are powered by an independent surface 110v system (generator or vessel supplied) and so do not rely on battery power. A surface control box provides remote control facilities for both the camera and the lights, and it is possible to toggle between the camera and recorder and to record on either enabling an instant back up to be obtained during the fieldwork. SNH drop-down video equipment This information note should be used in conjunction with Procedural Guideline 3-5 in the Marine Monitoring Handbook (Davies et al., 2001), where the role and use of such equipment is discussed in further detail. Video camera The camera used is a Sony digital video camera DCR-TRV900, a 3-CCD camera using Mini- DV format tapes. 101

116 Underwater Housing & Lighting The housing for the digital video camera is an Amphibico Navigator 900 (VHNV0900). This marine grade aluminum housing can operate to 330ft, accepts the long-life Sony NP-F950 battery (8 hour capacity), can be used with an optional 80 o wet lens and relays video data to the surface via an umbilical cable. The weight of the housing, camera & NP-F950 battery is 4.3kg. The lighting system used comprises the Amphibico super mini-pro power pack (LAPP2250) with Amphibico mini pro video lights (VLMP0135). The power source is supplied by 2x Sony NP1X batteries (or equivalents). 65.5cm 20cm 20cm 22cm 26cm 54cm SNH drop-down video system Cage design The SNH drop-down video cage is constructed from robust stainless steel tube and plate. It is light enough to be deployed by hand and was deployed in Loch Sunart from the SNH RIB Aquilla, amidships over the side of the boat. The fins on the video cage generally steer the video into the current or direction of travel, allowing the operators to use the video images on screen to raise and lower the equipment as necessary to avoid obstacles and to get closeups of species and features. Three people are required to operate the system at all times - a scribe to control the electronics and take notes from the screen and two deck crew to handle the umbilical and the rope. Generally the equipment should not be hauled on the umbilical, but neither should it be allowed to become slack where it would cause snags on the seabed. Umbilical The umbilical is a multicore polyurethane-sheathed cable with a maximum load capability of 10 kg. The 110 m umbilical is stored in a plastic carrying tub and links to the stainless frame and surface viewing unit (see next section) via 8-pin wet mateable connectors. A 2 ft length of umbilical secured to the frame links from the connector to the camera housing (a smaller 6-pin connector). A 115 m length of 10 mm rope is attached to the carrying bridle above the frame (shown in the picture on the left attached to a larger drop down cage). The rope, marked at 5 m intervals, can be spooled onto a winch mechanism to raise and lower the cage or flaked into a container and run out by hand over a block and davit arrangement. The umbilical is let out and returned by hand and should not be run over a block. Umbilical and connectors 102

117 Peripherals The digital video footage is relayed to the surface via the umbilical and is viewed and recorded on a Sony mini digital VCR (GV-D900). The video recorder is housed in a custom built viewing box (splash, rain and quick-dip proofed). This viewing box provides the remote control facilities over both the camera and the surface video recorder. The surface recorder, like the camera, is powered by batteries and has also been designed to accommodate the largest NP-F950 battery. The stated 8-hour capacity does not apply to the surface viewer where the power required to run the large LCD screen is considerably greater than that to run the camera below. Surface control unit for video It is important to turn off the surface viewer between dives but the advantages offered through the powering of the whole system on two small batteries and separate lighting batteries outweigh these limitations and additional batteries can always be made available. The lighting batteries (2x Sony NP1X batteries or equivalents) are probably a more significant limitation with an average of 5-7 drops in water of approximately 30 m depth. References Bates, C. R., Moore, C. G., Harries, D. B., Austin, W. and Lyndon, A. R. (2004). Broad scale mapping of sublittoral habitats in Loch Sunart, Scotland. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 006 (ROAME No. F01AA401C). Davies, J., Baxter, J., Bradley, M., Connor, D., Khan, J., Murray, E., Sanderson, W., Turnbull, C. & Vincent, M., (eds). (2001), Marine Monitoring Handbook, 405 pp, ISBN Holt, R. and Sanderson, W. (2001). Procedural Guideline No Identifying biotopes using video recordings. In Davies, J. et al.(eds) Marine Monitoring Handbook. UK Marine SACs Project. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Howson, C.M. (1996). Survey of the shallow sublittoral biotopes in Loch Sunart. A report to Scottish Natural Heritage. Howson, C.M., Mercer, T. and Bunker, F.StP.D. (2003). Flamborough Head sublittoral monitoring A Report to English Nature from Aquatic Survey & Monitoring Ltd. Howson, C.M., Mercer, T. and Bunker, F.StP.D. (2006). Site Condition Monitoring: survey of rocky reefs in the Firth of Lorn marine Special Area of Conservation. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report. (ROAME No. FO5AC701). 103

118 Moore, J.J.M. and Bunker, F. StP. D. (2001). Development of methods for monitoring subtidal biotope extent using remote video. A Report for the UK Marine SAC's Project. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. JNCC Report 369. ISSN (internet version). Moore, C.G., Lyndon, A.R. and Mair, J.M. (2004). The establishment of site condition monitoring of marine sedimentary habitats in the Sound of Arisaig csac. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 071 (ROAME No. F02AA409). 104

119 Appendix 2 - Sampling methods used for transect work, and recording protocols for monitoring quadrats Appendix 2.1 Appendix 2.2 Appendix 2.3 Transect and quadrat survey methods Monitoring protocol for quadrats on circalittoral rock Proformas used for field recording Site relocation form Profile measurements along subtidal or intertidal transect Phase II habitat recording Phase II species recording along intertidal transect Phase II species recording along subtidal transect Quadrats in intertidal rock communities Quadrats in circalittoral rock communities Semi-quantitative abundance scales for Phase II recording 105

120 Appendix 2.1 Transect and quadrat survey methods The contract required 6 to 9 intertidal and subtidal transects to be established on reefs within Loch Sunart SAC for long-term monitoring purposes. Each transect was to be approximately 100 m long and 4 m wide and was to be surveyed using semi-quantitative Phase II and quantitative quadrat recording techniques, with the aim of describing the biotopes along the transects, establishing their species complement and the abundance of the constituent species. It was intended that this work should broadly follow the approach adopted in other monitoring surveys for SNH (Howson et al, 2006.,Moore et al., 2005) and draw on the methods outlined in the JNCC Procedural Guidelines (Davies et al., 2001; see The transect sites were selected to be representative of the range of biotopes known to be present within the SAC (Section 2.3). In all cases the intertidal and subtidal sections of the transects were contiguous although in one case (S22), no littoral transect was surveyed. Once the general location had been selected, a reconnaissance was carried out to decide the best route for the transect line. In the subtidal, a buoy was dropped to mark the site for subsequent appraisal. There were then several discrete elements to the work carried out along each transect and these are described below. Work in the intertidal could be carried out by one pair of surveyors in approximately 3 hours around low tide. In the subtidal, one pair of divers was required for each of the following stages: 1. reconnaissance; 2. transect laying, profile measurements and video; 3. Phase II survey and photography; 4. quadrat recording. This stage involved as many divers as were available and experienced. All information gathered in the field was recorded directly onto waterproof copies of the relevant proforma (Appendix 2.3). These were printed on a daily basis using a laser printer and Zecom waterproof paper. This avoided the need for data transcription from slates in the evening with the information being entered straight into Excel spreadsheets. Transect establishment and relocation Each transect was intended to be relocatable. The upper shore end of each intertidal transect was marked with a black piton with a second piton used to mark the start of the subtidal section of the transect or a point low on the shore on the transect line. At each site, a 100 m long tape measure was laid along a single bearing from the upper shore marker across the reef and, where the sites were contiguous, into the subtidal. It was continued to a distance of 100 m or to a maximum depth of 30 m below sea level. The bearing of the transect was recorded. GPS positions were taken of the upper and lower shore markers, any salient points along the transect and of the position of buoys marking the start and finish of the subtidal transect. Photographs and video were taken of the route of the transect showing any physiographic features and the location of the markers. More general viewpoint photographs were taken at each site to illustrate the general location of each transect and any transits which could be used to aid relocation. This was particularly important for the subtidal transects. The route of each transect was described in enough detail to enable precise relocation on future visits. A Site Relocation Form was completed for each transect (c.f. Appendix 2.3). 106

121 Transect profile Each transect was surveyed to enable a profile to be drawn. In the intertidal, the surveying was carried out using a 50 cm high cross-staff. In the subtidal, the depth was measured with a dive computer at 5 m intervals along the tape. Depth and tape distance were also recorded at changes in the substratum or biotope. The information was recorded on Profile Recording Forms (Appendix 2.3). Phase II survey Once the transect had been laid and the profiling completed, it was split up into a series of zones (which were marked with rocks or other visible markers to aid subsequent review of video footage). The zones were defined in terms of differences in the composition of the biological community and/or by changes in substratum. Zone boundaries along the tape were recorded in terms of distance along the tape and vertical height relative to the station marker. In the intertidal, this height was determined using a cross-staff. In the subtidal the depth of water was measured. A band 2 m either side of the tape was surveyed. In the intertidal, one person normally did this whilst the other person completed the profiling and video. In the subtidal, a pair of divers carried out the biological survey, with one person describing the habitat in each zone and taking illustrative photographs whilst the second diver recorded the species present. Within each zone, the substratum was described and species present were recorded using the MNCR SACFOR semi-quantitative abundance scale (Appendix 2.3). Abundance was assessed over the zone as a whole. Specimens were collected for laboratory examination where in situ. identification was not possible. Biotopes were subsequently assigned to each zone using the current biotope classification scheme (Version 04.05; Connor et al., 2004). Quadrat recording The approach to the quantitative monitoring adopted for this project was one of stratified random sampling in which the target biotope acts as the stratified element of the sampling programme, and is sampled using quadrats positioned randomly along a transect. The methods used are described in outline below, followed by a detailed protocol for the subtidal sampling. This protocol was adapted when necessitated by the prevailing underwater conditions. Following the species familiarisation and reconnaissance day at the start of the survey, generic intertidal and subtidal species proforma were drawn up for the area as checklists for quadrat recording. One biotope on each transect was selected for quadrat recording. The quadrats used in most cases were 0.25 m 2, divided by lines into a grid of 25 squares, each with an area of 100 cm 2 representing 4% of the quadrat area. This size of quadrat was selected as it has been found to be a manageable size for working with both underwater and on the shore, and it was of a scale appropriate to most of the biotopes. In the intertidal, 10 quadrats were sampled. Each one was photographed and the percentage cover or count of each species within the quadrat was recorded on the appropriate proforma. In the subtidal, where possible a 10 m tape measure was laid at a constant depth within the biotope. Each diver was equipped with a species proforma attached to a slate, a set of random positions for a given side of the tape and a quadrat. The 107

122 divers placed the quadrats at the predetermined positions and recorded the abundance of all the species present, either as counts or as percentage cover. As many quadrats as possible were sampled within the time available. Where underwater conditions precluded the use of a tape measure, the divers threw their quadrats on an area of uniform substratum along a single depth contour. Photography and video Photography and video are an integral part of the methods. A video was made of each transect in both the intertidal and subtidal to show the biotopes and species present in each zone within the 2 m wide band on either side of the transect line. Digital stills were taken in both the intertidal and subtidal to illustrate the species present. References Connor, D.W., Allen, J.H., Golding, N., Howell, K.L., Lieberknecht, L.M., Northen, K.O., Reker, J.B. (2004). The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version JNCC, Peterborough. ISBN (internet version). Davies, J., Baxter, J., Bradley, M., Connor, D., Khan, J., Murray, E., Sanderson, W., Turnbull, C. & Vincent, M., (eds). (2001), Marine Monitoring Handbook, 405 pp, ISBN Moore, C.G., Mair, J.M. & Lyndon, A.R. (2005). The inauguration of site condition monitoring of marine features of Loch Maddy SAC. Report from Heriot-Watt University to Scottish Natural Heritage. Howson, C. M., Mercer, T. and Moore, J. J Site condition monitoring survey of rocky reefs in the Firth of Lorn marine Special Area of Conservation. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No (ROAME No.F05AC701). 108

123 Appendix 2.2 Monitoring protocol for quadrats on circalittoral rock LOCH SUNART MONITORING PROTOCOL CIRCALITTORAL ROCK COMMUNITIES Quadrat size: 0.25 m 2. Quadrat number: Ideally at least 10 quadrats. Quadrat structure: Quadrats should be 4-sided and sub-divided into 25 grid squares, 10 x 10 cm. Quadrat positions: Random positions along pre-selected depth contour. Adjacent quadrats should not overlap and so positions should be selected to ensure this. Workers to keep close to their buddy, but not to interfere with each other. Quadrat to be placed carefully but without selecting the final resting location. Species recording: Record both algae and animals. The following should be recorded as percentage cover of each species present within the quadrat: algae; animals forming crusts, mats or turf; very abundant sessile animals such as barnacles or Pomatoceros. Animal species which should be recorded as percentage cover will be selected during the familiarisation survey and identified as such on the survey checklists. Other animals should be counted, recording the number of individuals of each species in the whole quadrat. Fish and other highly motile animals such as shrimps should be excluded from the quadrat monitoring; their abundance for the biotope can be assessed as part of the Phase II survey. Very numerous small species such as small gastropods should be ignored or recorded as Present (0.25 % - see below); how they are to be treated must be agreed during the initial familiarisation day and shown on the checklists. It is important that all surveyors record at the same taxonomic level, even if they are able to separate species in the field which others find difficult. Taxonomic levels to be agreed beforehand. Groups that are difficult to identify reliably in situ. may be recorded at a higher level than species. These will be highlighted during the familiarisation work and shown on the checklist. Species hiding in crevices or under cobbles should be ignored; only the species conspicuous on the surface should be recorded. A 10 x 10 cm square is equivalent to 4% cover. Total percentage cover may be greater than 100% if species are lying over each other. If a plant or encrusting/colonial/mat-form animal is lying partly in and partly out of the quadrat, only the part within the quadrat should be recorded. Anything less than 0.5% or any other variation should be recorded as 0.25 % so analysis by PRIMER can be carried out. This will often apply to small, sparsely distributed species where a percentage cannot be estimated effectively. It is useful to make accompanying notes, such as Present as small, scattered sporelings. 109

124 Remember to check for encrusting algal species - these may be partly covered by silt. If the species cannot be separated, or identified accurately, they should be recorded as coralline crusts, dark red algal crusts, brown algal crusts. Everything should be recorded to species level where possible, unless agreed otherwise beforehand. If the identity of something is uncertain, a specimen should be collected. It is preferable that specimens can be attributed to a particular quadrat following a dive. Substratum: The percentage cover of each of the major substrata within the quadrat must be recorded. Familiarisation: Half a day should be spent on familiarisation dives in the biotope, with collections of specimens made for identification. The remainder of the day should be spent with the whole team working up the specimens to ensure familiarity and consistent identification, particularly of the common species. A collection of both algae and animals should be made for future reference. This can be a combination of pressed and pickled specimens, but pressed algal and hydroid specimens are easiest for showing other divers what a particular species looks like. Check lists: A checklist of the species likely to be found on the reef transects should be compiled from the familiarisation work and pre-existing survey lists. This should indicate animals that are to be recorded at a higher taxonomic level than species. This should be put together the evening before the quadrat dives and copies printed onto waterproof paper for use underwater. Phase II survey: A Phase II survey of the biotope in which the transect has been placed should be carried out in conjunction with the quadrat work. Photography: A photographic record should be made of the communities and individual species. This can be 35 mm still photographs, digital photography, video footage or any combination. Specimen curation: A reference collection should be made for use on future surveys. Specimens must be preserved and labelled during the following evening to prevent a build up of specimens and consequent confusion. A voucher collection of taxonomically challenging species must be collated after the survey has finished. Survey teams must have dilute, buffered formaldehyde and 70% Industrial Methylated Spirits available on site. 110

125 Appendix 2.3 Proformas used for field recording (font and table size may have been reduced for this report) Site relocation form Profile measurements along subtidal or intertidal transect Phase II habitat recording Phase II species recording along intertidal transect Phase II species recording along subtidal transect Quadrats in intertidal rock communities Quadrats in circalittoral rock communities Semi-quantitative abundance scales for Phase II recording 111

126 Appendix Transect No.: SUN06 Date: Transect start (OS Grid Ref): NM Site relocation form Surveyors : Transect Name.: Transect finish (OS Grid Ref): Transect marker(s): (pitons/paint, type/colour, crevice) Subtidal & Intertidal transects contiguous? Top of transect: NM Notes to aid relocation (access, landmarks, features): Bearing from top of transect: Video overview of transect: Yes / No Tape no.: Notes on tides: (slack water periods (to HW Tobermory); position of water s edge during survey) Photo sets (camera(s), photographer(s), image no s from/to): Photographs required (preferably in this order). Intertidal: Views towards top of transect (from access directions, incl. distinctive permanent features); Top of transect (sharp features); closeup shots of markers; Views down transect; Views up transect (top half & bottom half); individual biotopes (whole, incl. stones/objects on boundaries, start at top of transect); close-ups of biotope boundaries (if necessary). Subtidal: Views towards top of transect/marker buoy (from various directions, incl. distinctive permanent features, make good notes); Views from marker buoy (transits, make good notes incl. bearings); Top of transect on lower shore (features); close-up shots of markers Photographs (Photo no s, biotope no s & notes to explain important features in photo) Biotopes (order?) SKETCH (transits, profile, plan views; continue on back if necessary) 112

127 Appendix Profile measurements along subtidal or intertidal transect Surveyor:... Date:.Time at start:. Transect bearing:...depth at start: Depth at finish:. Video:...Photographs:.. Prominent features: Distance Depth Notes Distance Depth Notes 113

128 Appendix Phase II habitat recording Surveyor:... Date: Time at start:. Depth at start:...depth at finish:. CD correction:. Video:... Photographs:... Zone Description Incl. depth Max & Min Notes on substratum (inc %) & slope. Characterising species 114

129 Appendix Phase II species recording along intertidal transects Surveyor:... Date:.Time at start: Biotope no Biotope no Time start Ascophyllum Species Caloplac mar Actinia equina Caloplac thal Chthamalus st Cladophora Dynamena pu Corallina Gibbula umbil Elachista Halichon pan Enc. coralline Ligia oceanica Enteromorph Littorina littor Fucu serratus Littorina negle Fucus spiralis Littorina obtus Fucu vesiculo Littorina saxat Lecanora atra Mytilus edulis Lomentari art Nucella lapill Mastocarpus Patella vulgat Palmari palm Semibalanus Pelvetia cana Polysipho lan Ulva Verru (black) Verru (green) Xanthori pari 115

130 Appendix Phase II species recording along subtidal transect Surveyor:..Date....Time at start:... Depth at start:...depth at finish:.... CD correction:. Video:.Photographs:. Position: Biotope no Biotope no Time start Species Max Depth Min Depth Species 116

131 Appendix Quadrats in intertidal rock communities Surveyor:... Date:..Time at start:.. Quadrat No Substrate % Species Ascophyllum nodosum Chondrus crispus Corallina Elachista Enc. coralline Enteromorpha Fucus serratus Fucus vesiculosus Polysiphonia lanosa Ulva Actinia equina Alcyonidium hirsutum Dynamena pumila Flustrellidra hispida Gibbula umbilicalis Halichondria panicea Littorina littorea Littorina neglecta Littorina obtusata Littorina saxatilis Mastocarpus stellatus Nucella lapillus Patella vulgata Semibalan balanoides 117

132 Appendix Quadrats in circalittoral rock communities Quadrat position: Time start Depth Surveyor: Date:.. Time at start: Zone:.Depth at start:... Substratum:..Transect:... Recording conditions: OK?.Transect side (T/B):... Quadrat position: Securiflustra Stelligera rigid % cover Stelligera stup Enc Corall alga Abietinaria abie Aglaopheni tub Alcyon digitatu Antedo petasus Ascidia mentula Ascidiella asp Ascidiella scab Swiftia pallida Terebratulina re Thecocarpus Pomatoceros Protanthea sim Sabella pavonin Sagartia elegan Scrupocellaria Axinella infund Balanus balanu Balanus crenat Bryozoa crust Caryophyl smit Clavelina lep Crisiidae Diazon violacea Halichondria pa Leptometra celti Nemertesia ant Nemertesia ram Neocrania anom Ophiothrix fragi Ophiura albida Parasmittina tri Parazoanth ang Pododesmus Polycarpa poma Polyplum frut 118

133 Appendix Semi-quantitative abundance scales for Phase II recording S = Superabundant, A = Abundant, C = Common, F = Frequent, O = Occasional, R = Rare GROWTH FORM % COVER CRUST / MEADOW MASSIVE / TURF SIZE OF INDIVIDUALS / COLONIES <1 cm 1-3 cm 3-15 cm >15 cm DENSITY >80% S S >1 / m 2 (1x1 cm) >10,000/ m % A S A S 1-9 / m / m % C A C A S 1-9 / 0.01 m 2 (10x10 cm) / m % F C F C A S 1-9 / 0.1 m / m 2 5-9% O F O F C A 1-9 / m 2 1-5% or density <1% or density R O R O F C 1-9 / 10 m 2 (3.16x3.16 m) R R O F 1-9 / 100 m 2 (10x10 m) R O 1-9 / 1000 m 2 (31.6x31.6 m) PORIFERA Crusts Halichondria Massive spp. Pachymatisma Small solitary Grantia HYDROZOA Turf species Small clumps Tubularia Sarsia Abietinaria Aglaophenia ANTHOZOA Corynactis Alcyonium Small solitary Epizoanthus Caryophyllia ANNELIDA CRUSTACEA MOLLUSCA Sabellaria spinulosa Barnacles Tubiculous amphipods Mytilus Modiolus Sabellaria alveolata BRACHIOPODA BRYOZOA Crusts Pentapora Bugula Flustra ECHINO- DERMATA ASCIDIACEA PISCES PLANTS Colonial Dendrodoa Crusts, Maerl Audouinella Fucoids, Kelp Desmarestia Foliose Filamentous Spirorbis Semibalanus Amphipods Small gastropod L. neritoides Small bivalves Nucula Scale worms Nephtys Pomatoceros B. balanus Anapagurus Pisidia Chitons Med. gastropod L. littorea Patella Med. bivalves Mytilus Pododesmus Neocrania Large solitary Stelligera Solitary Corymorpha Nemertesia Med. solitary Virgularia Cerianthus Urticina Chaetopterus Arenicola Sabella Pagurus Galathea Small crabs Large gastropod Buccinum Lge bivalves Mya, Pecten Arctica R >1 / 10,000 m 2 (100x100 m) Large solitary Eunicella Funiculina Pachycerianthu s Homarus Nephrops Hyas araneus Alcyonidium Porella Antedon Small starfish Large starfish Brittlestars Echinocyamus Echinocardium Echinus Ocnus Aslia, Thyone Holothuria Small solitary Large solitary Diazona Dendrodoa Ascidia, Ciona Gobies Dog fish Blennies Wrasse Zostera Kelp Halidrys Chorda Himanthalia <1 / 1000 m 2 Examples of groups or species for each category 119

134 Use of the MNCR SACFOR abundance scales The MNCR cover/density scales adopted from 1990 provide a unified system for recording the abundance of marine benthic flora and fauna in biological surveys. The following notes should be read before their use: 1. Whenever an attached species covers the substratum and percentage cover can be estimated, that scale should be used in preference to the density scale. 2. Use the massive/turf percentage cover scale for all species, excepting those given under crust/meadow. 3. Where two or more layers exist, for instance foliose algae overgrowing crustose algae, total percentage cover can be over 100% and abundance grades will reflect this. 4. Percentage cover of littoral species, particularly the fucoid algae, must be estimated when the tide is out. 5. Use quadrats as reference frames for counting, particularly when density is borderline between two of the scale. 6. Some extrapolation of the scales may be necessary to estimate abundance for restricted habitats such as rockpools. 7. The species (as listed over) take precedence over their actual size in deciding which scale to use. 8. When species (such as those associated with algae, hydroid and bryozoan turf or on rocks and shells) are incidentally collected (i.e. collected with other species that were specifically collected for identification) and no meaningful abundance can be assigned to them, they should be noted as present (P). 120

135 Appendix 3 - Video and transect site locations and associated data Appendix 3.1 Summary of video samples collected during 2006 monitoring survey of the Loch Sunart SAC Appendix 3.2 Summary of analysis of video data collected during 2006 monitoring survey of the Loch Sunart SAC Appendix 3.3 Summary of analysis of video data taken prior to 2006 Appendix 3.4 Summary of intertidal and subtidal diving sites and data collected during the 2006 monitoring survey of the Loch Sunart SAC 121

136 Appendix 3.1 Summary of video samples collected during 2006 Sunart monitoring survey Zone Site code Date System Lat In Long In Lat Out Long Out Min Depth (m bcd) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (m BCD) Max Depth Video Tape No /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN a 03/07/2006 ASML D-SUN b 03/07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN Time in Time out

137 Zone Site code Date System Lat In Long In Lat Out Long Out Min Depth (m bcd) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (m BCD) Max Depth Video Tape No /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN Time in Time out

138 Zone Site code Date System Lat In Long In Lat Out Long Out Min Depth (m bcd) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (m BCD) Max Depth Video Tape No /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN Time in Time out

139 Zone Site code Date System Lat In Long In Lat Out Long Out Min Depth (m bcd) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (m BCD) Max Depth Video Tape No /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN a 02/07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN a 05/07/2006 ASML D-SUN b 02/07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN Time in Time out

140 Zone Site code Date System Lat In Long In Lat Out Long Out Min Depth (m bcd) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (m BCD) Max Depth Video Tape No /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN a 03/07/2006 ASML D-SUN b 04/07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN Time in Time out

141 Zone Site code Date System Lat In Long In Lat Out Long Out Min Depth (m bcd) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (m BCD) Max Depth Video Tape No /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN a 03/07/2006 ASML D-SUN b 04/07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 SNH D-SUN a 02/07/2006 ASML D-SUN b 02/07/2006 SNH D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN Time in Time out

142 Zone Site code Date System Lat In Long In Lat Out Long Out Min Depth (m bcd) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (m BCD) Max Depth Video Tape No /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN Time in Time out

143 Zone Site code Date System Lat In Long In Lat Out Long Out Min Depth (m bcd) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (m BCD) Max Depth Video Tape No /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN Time in Time out

144 Zone Site code Date System Lat In Long In Lat Out Long Out Min Depth (m bcd) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (m BCD) Max Depth Video Tape No /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN /07/2006 ASML D-SUN barge 02/07/2006 SNH D-SUN X02 05/07/2006 ASML D-SUN X03 04/07/2006 ASML D-SUN X04 04/07/2006 ASML D-SUN X05 03/07/2006 ASML D-SUN X06 03/07/2006 SNH D-SUN X07 05/07/2006 ASML D-SUN Time in Time out

145 Zone Site code Date System Lat In Long In Lat Out Long Out Min Depth (m bcd) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (Dec 0 ) (m BCD) Max Depth Video Tape No 4 X08 05/07/2006 ASML D-SUN X09 05/07/2006 ASML D-SUN X10 05/07/2006 ASML D-SUN Time in Time out

146 Appendix 3.2 Summary of analysis of video data collected during 2006 monitoring survey of Loch Sunart Based on the visual assessment of the 2006 video samples, the substratum was categorised into Reef and Non-Reef. This assessment was based on observations of the physical substratum and did not take account of the biotope present. R Reef Bedrock, boulder or cobble reef areas of qualifying Annex I habitat. NR Non-Reef Predominantly fine (smaller than cobble <67mm) sedimentary substrata.? Uncertain Mixed cobble and sediment where the amount of cobble may not be enough for the habitat to qualify as reef. Site code 1.01 R Reef / Non-Reef category Biotope 1 Biotope 2 Biotope 3 Notes IR.LIR.K.Lhyp IR.MIR.KR.Lhyp.Ft Lsac IR.HIR.KFa R.FoR Dense Laminaria hyperborea with Echinus, Obelia geniculata and sparse algae. L saccharina & Desmarestia aculeata at bottom edge of forest. Onto boulder & sand plain with filamentous algae, Heterosiphonia, Brongniartella, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Desmarestia aculeata, Alcyonium digitatum, Nemertesia antennina 1.02 R SS.SMP.KSwSS.LsacR.Gv Echinus, Antedon petasus, Virgularia mirabilis, Laminaria saccharina, Desmarestia sp., Liocarcinus Gradual slope/plain of mixed shell gravel, cobble & boulders. Filamentous & foliose algae common, depurator. Possible Limaria reef R & NR CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Ant SS.SMU.CFiM u.spnmeg.fun Burrowed mud with Funiculina; then cobbles & small boulders on mud with Antedon petasus; Suberites, Ophiocomina nigra, Haliclona oculata, Echinus, hydroids, Ophiothrix, Alcyonium digitatum, Ascidiella aspersa. Then silty bedrock with boulders, coralline crusts & feather stars NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Funiculina quadrangularis & Pennatula phosphorea on soft burrowed mud 1.05 R & NR CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH SS.SMU.CFiM u.spnmeg.fun Slope of silty bedrock, boulders & muddy sediment. Ophiothrix fragilis common. Nemertesia ramosa, Nemertesia antennina, Caryophyllia, Antedon petasus, Halecium halecinum, Ascidiella aspersa. Moved onto burrowed mud with Funiculina, Leptometra & Munida R CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH pockets. Echinus, Caryophyllia smithii, Neocrania anomala, Munida, sparse hydroids including Common Leptometra & Antedon petasus on muddy or silty rock outcrops; rare Funiculina in mud Nemertesia ramosa & Lytocarpia on the rock R SS.SMP.KSwSS.LsacR.Gv Gradual slope of some silty rock then mixed muddy shell gravel & cobble with increasing amounts of L. saccharina & Desmarestia. Echinus, Leptometra, Nemertesia antennina, filamentous algae 1.08 R SS.SMX.CMx Plain of mixed shell gravel & mud with cobbles. Sparse Antedon petasus, Nemertesia ramosa, drift algae, Echinus R IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac Delesseria sanguinea. Second drop into L. saccharina park with Desmarestia aculeata on boulders & L. saccharina, L. hyperborea, Echinus, boulders, red algae on stipes & rock. Callophyllis laciniata, 1.10 R & NR SS.SMP.KSwSS 1.11a R CR.LCR.BrAs sediment. Shelly sand (few cobbles), Desmarestia spp., scattered L. saccharina, further there were more L. saccharina Mixed sediment & occasional cobble with Virgularia, Echinus & rare Funiculina. Silty bedrock slope, big boulders - fairly bare with abundant coralline crusts & Ascidia mentula. 11m Desmarestia then kelp, L. saccharina & L. hyperborea. 132

147 Site code Reef / Non-Reef category Biotope 1 Biotope 2 Biotope 3 Notes 1.11b R IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac big boulders - fairly bare with abundant coralline crusts & Ascidia mentula. 11m Desmarestia then Mixed sediment & occasional cobble with Virgularia, Echinus & rare Funiculina. Silty bedrock slope, kelp, L. saccharina & L. hyperborea R & NR CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH 1.13 R CR.HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs 1.14 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH SS.SMU.CFiM u.spnmeg.fun Mixed sandy mud & some scattered boulders on sediment. Camera moving fast onto muddy sand with burrows & Funiculina then boulder slope. Virgularia, Liocarcinus depurator, Cerianthus lloydii, Amphiura sp., Munida, ascidians, sparse hydroids and crusts on rocks. Steep slope of bedrock & boulders with Ascidia mentula & dense species-rich hydroid turf. Camera dropped to sediment seabed down steep rock. Nemertesia antennina, N. ramosa, foliose algae, Halecium halecinum, Abietinaria abietina, Kirchenpaueria pinnata, branching sponge (?Iophonopsis), Lytocarpia myriophyllum, Echinus, Axinella infundibuliformis, Caryophyllia smithii, Clavelina lepadiformis, Cuckoo wrasse. Boulders on mixed muddy shell gravel. Silty hydroid turf with Diazona & Alcyonium glomeratum. Tubularia indivisa, Diazona (small), Leptometra celtica, Ascidia mentula, Echinus, cuckoo wrasse, Alcyonium glomeratum, Nemertesia ramosa, Caryophyllia smithii, Munida, sponge crusts, Clavelina lepadiformis, Ophiocomina nigra, Amphiura spp., Kirchenpaueria pinnata R CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH Metridium, Abietinaria abietina, Kirchempaueria pinnata, Munida, Aequipecten, Cerianthus. Large patches of sediment. Small fish shoals, Corymorpha nutans at 41m. Camera dropped onto sediment Leptometra abundant on silty bedrock & boulders with Echinus and rich hydroid turf, Alc. glomeratum, plain with Corymorpha frequent NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Densely burrowed mud with abundant Funiculina & Nephrops burrows. Virgularia, Pennatula R & NR CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH 1.18 R & NR IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac SS.SMU.CFiM u.spnmeg SS.SMU.CSa Mu.VirOphPm ax Silty bedrock, grazed with algal crusts & occasional feather stars & clumps of hydroids. Probably dropped off edge of steep rock to level seabed with mixed shell gravel & boulders, then burrowed mud right at end of drop. Echinus esculentus, Antedon petasus, Nemertesia antennina, Munida, occasional hydroids, sponges (?Iophonopsis), Caryophyllia, coralline crusts, Pomatoceros, Lineus. Bedrock & boulders with dense L. hyperborea forest, & some L. saccharina, Foliose algae, Desmarestia aculeata, Callophyllis laciniata. Moved onto plain of muddy shell gravel & sand with Liocarcinus depurator & Virgularia. Kelp sparse at 16m R IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac R CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH short bryozoan/hydroid turf. Sertularella gayi, Nemertesia ramosa, coralline crusts, Neocrania Mixed muddy sand with boulders, cobbles & silty rock with Echinus, Munida, abundant Leptometra, anomala, sponge crusts, Caryophyllia smithii, 1.20 R IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac Dense forest of L. saccharina & cape L. hyperborea. Filamentous algae on fronds. Substratum not seen. Drop abandoned because engines cut Gibbula cineraria, Desmarestia aculeata, Ascidiella aspersa, 20m more open kelp forest. Boulders with L. saccharina & cape L. hyperborea. Foliose algae, Delesseria sanguinea, Echinus, Desmarestia aculeata. Cobbles 2.01 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH Mud, cobbles, small boulders, feather stars, hydroids, Nemertesia (Viewer battery change); Echinus, rocks 2.02 R SS.SMX.CMx.ClloMx Slope of burrowed muddy sand with shell gravel, possibly over rock. Leptometra celtica, Cerianthus lloydii, Caryophyllia smithii, Munida, Alcyonidium diaphanum NR SS.SMU.CFiMu Muddy, soft, nothing else! (East of old fish farm) Drop not labelled 2.04 R & NR CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH SS.SMU.CFiM u.spnmeg 2.05 R & NR SS.SMX.CMx Muddy sand, shelly, brittlestars, as above Glimpse of silty bedrock with feather stars & ascidians, then camera drifted onto mud. Burrowed mud, Cerianthus, feather stars, Leptometra celtica, Pecten maximus, Nephrops, 133

148 Site code Reef / Non-Reef category Biotope 1 Biotope 2 Biotope 3 Notes 2.06 R CR.MCR.EcCr.CarSp.Bri halecinum, Abietinaria abietina, Ophiothrix fragilis, Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa, Rugged rock & boulders with rich silty hydroid turf. Caryophyllia smithii, Ophiocomina nigra, Halecium Rhizocaulus verticillatus, Aglaophenia tubulifera R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Bri Very silty rock ledges & occasional boulders with Ophiothrix fragilis bed, Luidia ciliaris 2.08 R IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ft 2.09 R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Sa 2.10 R SS.SMx.CMx.OphMx 2.11 R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho 2.13 R CR.HCR.XFa.SpNemAdia Boulders with cape form Laminaria saccharina, Laminaria hyperborea, Saccorhiza polyschides, Chorda filum. Carpet of filamentous & foliose algae, probably covering cobble & mixed sediment (not visible). Desmarestia aculeata, Chaetopterus variopedatus, Cerianthus lloydii. Cobbles on muddy sand & shell. Bed of Ophiothrix fragilis with Ophiocomina nigra. Inachus phalaganium. Very uniform Chorda & silty filamentous algae on cobbles & sediment. Arenicola mounds, Cerianthus, Desmarestia aculeata, Pecten, occasional L. saccharina. Liocarcinus depurator, Pagurus bernhardus. Rock, cobble & mixed gravel with hydroids & red algae. Delesseria sanguinea, N. antennina, Abietinaria abietina, Echinus, Marthasterias, Nemertesia ramosa, Asterias, Hyas araneus, Necora puber, dense hydroid turf over cobble plain R & NR SS.SMx.CMx.ClloMx Cerianthus, Virgularia, red algae, shelly sand, pebbles - few, Desmarestia Cobbles on sediment with Ophiothrix bed. Luidia ciliaris, Ophiomina nigra, Corymorpha, Caryophyllia 2.15 R SS.SMx.CMx.OphMx smithii, Nemertesia ramosa, Rhizocaulus verticillatus, Corella parallelogramma, Pododesmus, boulder with Neocrania, coralline crusts NR SS.SMX.CMx Muddy sand & shell gravel with scattered Ophiocomina nigra, dragonet, anemone (not seen clearly) NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Soft burrowed mud with Funiculina, Munida, Nephrops burrows, Cerianthus, Pachycerianthus R SS.SMx.CMx.OphMx Muddy sand & shell debris with brittlestar bed. Ophiothrix, Munida, Pecten maximus, Ophiura 2.19 NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Soft burrowed mud with Funiculina 2.21 R & NR SS.SMu.CSaMu.VirOphPmax.HAs ophiura, Virgularia mirabilis, Ophiocomina nigra, Nemertesia antennina, Ophiura albida, occ. hydroid tufts, Nemertesia ramosa, Corella parallelogramma Level muddy shell gravel & cobble with abundant Virgularia & patches of filamentous algae & hydroids R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Mu Muddy sand & cobbles with silty filamentous algae. Sparse L. saccharina, common Desmarestia sp., Ulva, Carcinus maenas, Sabella, Cerianthus. Cobbles & mixed muddy shell gravel. Virgularia, Liocarcinus depurator, Cerianthus, Turritella shells, SS.SMu.CSaMu.VirOphPmax 2.23 R & NR Cancer, Pomatoceros, Munida, occasional hydroids, Myxicola, occasional burrows including.has holothurian burrow 2.24 NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Soft burrowed mud with dense Funiculina & occasional Pennatula R IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac.Ft Dense kelp forest with Desmarestia aculeata, L. saccharina, L. hyperborea. Kelp very dense with little visible beneath canopy. Some foliose red algae NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Burrowed mud with occasional Funiculina, common Corymorpha, Leptometra, Ascidiella aspersa, Munida, Sagartiogeton, Amphiura sp R CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH PM (new tape). Boulders & feather stars, Leptometra, crinoid field, Caryophyllia, hydroids 2.28 R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Sa Cobbles with dense cover of silty algae. Chorda filum, Ulva, L. saccharina, filamentous algae, Lacuna, Asperococcus, Chondrus. Sandy patches R CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH hydroids, brittlestars, Nemertesia antennina, Nemertesia ramosa, Ophiocomina nigra, Ophiothrix Boulders & mixed gravel, very silty. Munida, sparse hydroids, then bedrock with sponges, silty fragilis, Protanthea, Neocrania, Suberites, Caryophyllia, Antedon petasus, Kirchenpaueria pinnata. 134

149 Site code Reef / Non-Reef category Biotope 1 Biotope 2 Biotope 3 Notes 2.30 R IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac Shelly mixed gravel & pebbles with dense L. saccharina forest, Ulva, silty filamentous algae, Chorda filum, L. hyperborea cape form, Dictyota R SS.SMx.CMx.OphMx Boulders, cobble & mixed sediment with Ophiothrix fragilis bed. Echinus, Marthasterias glacialis, some filamentous algae, L. saccharina 3.02 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH Rock, boulders & cobble with Antedon petasus, coralline crusts, Pomatoceros, Kirchenpaueria pinnata, Munida, Echinus, Ascidiella aspersa, Modiolus modiolus, Derbesia. Fairly bare 3.03 R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Sa Muddy shell gravel, cobble & shell, boulders. L. saccharina occasional. Coralline crusts, occasional algal tufts R SS.SMP.KSwSS.LsacR.Gv Cobble & muddy shell gravel with frequent red algae, Munida, Callionymus lyra, L. saccharina, Echinus 3.05 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Ant Cobbles on sediment. Munida, Protanthea, Leptometra celtica, Pomatoceros, Neocrania, Ascidia mentula, Ascidiella aspersa, Pecten maximus, barnacles R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio Muddy shell gravel, pebble & cobble. Pomatoceros, Echinus, Nemertesia antennina, Ascidiella aspersa, Asterias. Fairly barren 3.07 R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Sa Muddy shell gravel, pebble & cobble with sparse algae. Chorda filum, L. saccharina, Psammechinus miliaris, Sabella pavonina, coralline crusts, Pomatoceros R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Sa Muddy shell gravel. Occasional (rare) L. saccharina, Pecten maximus, Aequipecten opercularis, Echinus, Pomatoceros 3.09 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio Muddy shell gravel & boulders. Protanthea, Hyas araneus, Pagurus bernhardus, Pomatoceros, Munida 3.12 NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Mud with Funiculina & burrows. Motored in to look for reef & dropped again into 29m. 3.12a R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Ant sediment. Munida, Leptometra, Alc digitatum, Protanthea, Ser. argentea, Chaetopterus, Some steep Motored in from previous drop to look for reef & dropped again into 29m. 2nd drop with boulders on 3.13 R & NR SS.SMX.CMx 3.14a R & NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun CR.LC R.BrAs.AntAs H bedrock. Ophiothrix, Halecium halecinum. Muddy shell gravel & cobble with Echinus esculentus, Munida rugosa, Pomatoceros, coralline crusts, Corella parallelogramma, Chaetopterus variopedatus, Ascidiella aspersa, Pecten maximus. Mud with occasional boulders, Antedon petasus, Munida, Echinus, clumps of hydroids, Funiculina quadrangularis 3.14b NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Mud with Funiculina & burrows. Nephrops burrows, Pachycerianthus multiplicatus, Pennatula phosphorea. One boulder. Amphiura spp., Echinus, flatfish, other burrowing anemone R IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Gz Boulders & cobbles with L. saccharina, Chorda filum, filamentous green algae & dense Ophiothrix fragilis & Ophiocomina nigra R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho Pebbles & cobbles. L. saccharina cape form forest. Chorda filum, filamentous algae R IR.LIR.KVS.LsacPsaVS Cobbles & some boulders with Ophiocomina nigra, Ophiothrix fragilis & L. saccharina forest. Foliose algae, Pomatoceros sp., filamentous algae, Psammechinus miliaris, Chorda filum, 3.18 NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Soft mud with Funiculina & Amalosoma. Pennatula phosphorea, Munida 3.19 R IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Gz Boulders & cobbles with L. saccharina, Chorda filum, filamentous green algae & dense Ophiothrix fragilis & Ophiocomina nigra. Asterias R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio Cobble & grazed boulders with Echinus, Protanthea, Munida, Chaetopterus variopedatus, Bougainvillea ramosa. Adjacent to fish farm 3.21 R IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ft Boulders & sediment with L. saccharina. Echinus. Very silty. Ascidia mentula, some foliose algae, Desmarestia aculeata, Asterias, Antedon bifida, Echinus, Chorda filum, filamentous algae, 135

150 Site code Reef / Non-Reef category Biotope 1 Biotope 2 Biotope 3 Notes 3.24 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio silt, patches of sediment. Protanthea, Munida, Corella parallelogramma, Ascidiella aspersa, Cobbles on sediment with Ophiothrix fragilis, Echinus, Kirchenpaueria pinnata, algal crusts. Lots of Pomatoceros sp NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Mud with Funiculina & burrows. Nephrops burrows, Pagurus bernhardus 3.26a R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Bri 3.26b R SS.SMx.CMx.OphMx 3.27 R CR.HCR.XFa.SpNemAdia 3.28 R SS.SMx.CMx.OphMx CR.LCR.BrAs. AntAsH SS.SMx.IMx.Li m Boulders & rock, probably a steep wall shallower then cobble/gravel seabed. Brittlestar 53m. Abietinaria abietina, Ophiothrix fragilis, Alcyonium digitatum, Munida Boulders, cobbles, bedrock & muddy sand. Hydroids, common Echinus, large patches of Ophiothrix, Pomatoceros, Abietinaria, Ophiocomina, Munida, N. antennina, N. ramosa, Henricia, Rhizocaulus verticillatus, Kirchenpaueria pinnata, poss. Limaria. Boulder & cobble with rich hydroid and ascidian turf. Ascidia mentula, Ascidia virginea, Antedon petasus, Munida, Nemertesia ramosa, N. antennina, Ophiothrix, Halecium halecinum, Leptometra, Echinus, Crossaster, Corella, pipe fish, Liocarcinus depurator, coralline crusts, Pomatoceros, Goldsinny, Suberites,?Iophonopsis Rock, cobble & gravel plain. Dense Ophiothrix, Munida, N. ramosa, N.antennina, Abietinaria abietina, Kirchenpaueria pinnata, pagurids, Echinus, Ophiocomina, Antedon petasus. Burrows under groups of cobbles R IR.MIR.KR.Lhyp.Ft L. hyperborea forest with Obelia on fronds. Desmarestia aculeata. Seabed not visible under canopy 3.30 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio SS.SMu.CSa Mu Muddy sand with cobbles & shell debris. Moved onto more boulders & small bedrock outcrops at end. Feather stars, silty hydroids, ascidians. A. petasus, Virgularia, Amphiura spp., N. ramosa, Echinus, Asterias, Pag bernhardus, Pomatoceros, Munida, Ascidia mentula, coralline crusts, Inachus dorsettenesis, Lanice, Pomatoceros, Chaetopterus, Necora, Neocrania, Pododesmus, Caryophyllia smithii R IR.HIR.KFaR.FoR Phyllophora crispa, Leptometra, Desmarestia aculeata, Munida rugosa, Abietinaria, Virgularia, Sporochnus pedunculatus, Echinus, Hyas araneus, Liocarcinus depurator, Cerianthus, Boulders & sandy mud patches. A. petasus, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Desmarestia viridis, Pomatoschistus 3.32 R IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ft Dense L. saccharina, Chorda filum, filamentous algae, Antedon bifida, feather stars, boulders 3.33 NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg Sandy mud with Cerianthus lloydii, Pennatula phosphorea, Pecten maximus, burrows, Asterias, Pagurus bernhardus, hydroid on cobble 3.34 R CR.LCR.BrAs Muddy sediment & cobbles. Amphipod tubes, Ophiothrix fragilis, Serpula, Boulders. Echinus. Rock steps with Pododesmus, Neocrania R & NR SS.SMx.CMx.OphMx SS.SMU.CSa Mu.VirOphPm ax 3.36 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio SS.SMX.CMx Mixed sediment/cobble. Ophiothrix bed with Nemertesia antennina, N. ramosa, Ascidiella aspersa, Callionymus lyra, Ophiocomina nigra. Moved onto cleaner sand with scattered common Ophiura ophiura, clumps of brittlestars & common Amalosoma. Ophiocomina nigra, Ophiothrix fragilis, Inachus dorsettensis, Funiculina, Hyas araneus, Pagurus bernhardus. Muddy sand & cobble with shell debris & occasional small boulders. Moved onto slope with mixed sediment & more small boulders. Bougainvillea ramosa, Amalosoma, Ophiura ophiura, Munida rugosa, Asterias rubens, Pecten maximus, Modiolus modiolus, Asterias rubens, Antedon petasus, Echinus esculentus, enc. Coralline algae, Callionymus NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun myriophyllum, N. antennina, Polyplumaria frutescens, Sagartiogeton, Funiculina quadrangularis, Nephrops norvegicus,?alcyonium glomeratum, Pennatula phosphorea, Liocarcinus depurator, Muddy sand & shell & occasional cobbles. N. antennina, Turritella, Virgularia, Lytocarpia Amphiura spp. 136

151 Site code Reef / Non-Reef category 3.38 R & NR? SS.SMx.CMx.OphMx Biotope 1 Biotope 2 Biotope 3 Notes 3.39 R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Sa 3.41a R CR.HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs 3.41b R CR.HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs SS.SMx.IMx.Li m SS.SMx.IMx.Li m SS.SMx.IMx.Li m Cobble on mixed muddy shell gravel with Ophiothrix fragilis bed. Ophiocomina nigra, Munida,?poss. Limaria Boulders, bedrock & mixed sediment with foliose & filamentous red algae. Leptometra celtica, hydroids, Nemertesia antennina, occasional L. saccharina, Ascidia mentula, Munida, cape kelp plants, coralline crusts, Cobble & muddy shell gravel with dense brittlestars, and occasional Limaria hians nests. Moved onto boulders & bedrock with dense hydroids, erect sponges. Ophiothrix, Limaria, Munida, hermits, Corella, hydroids, Cuckoo wrasse, N.antennina, Abietinaria, S.argentea, Sertularella, Lytocarpia, A.digitatum, A.glomeratum, Echinus, H.halecinum, U.eques, erect sponges (?Haliclona), A.infundibuliformis, Caryophyllia, Swiftia, Metridium Plain of mixed cobble & shell gravel with Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra & occasional Limaria nests. Drifted onto species rich bedrock & boulders with hydroids, anemones and sponges. Ophiothrix, Ophiocomina, Limaria, Henricia, A. glomeratum, A. digitatum, Caryophyllia smithii, Neocrania, Chaetopterus, wrasse, Abietinaria, Suberites, Axinella infundibuliformis, Swiftia, large branching sponge, Diphasia, Parazoanthus anguicomus, sponges NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Burrowed mud with Funiculina quadrangularis, Pennatula phosphorea & Nephrops norvegicus 3.43 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH Heavily silted bedrock, sediment & cobble. Leptometra celtica abundant, Munida, Corella parallelogramma, Nemertesia ramosa, Neocrania anomala, Protanthea R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio Protanthea, coralline crusts, Pododesmus, Pecten, Neocrania, Ophiothrix, Chaetopterus, Alcyonidium Steep slope of cobbles/small boulders on mixed muddy sediment. Munida, Echinus, pagurids, diaphanum, Mixed hydroids, bryozoan crusts 3.45 R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Gv Cobble & mixed shell gravel. Foliose & filamentous algae were common. Camera moved onto dense L. saccharina NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Mud with Funiculina & abundant burrows. Nephrops burrows, 3.47 NR SS.SMU.CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun Mud with Funiculina quadrangularis & burrows. SS.SMx.IMx.Li Mixed muddy shell gravel with L. saccharina, red algae, Chorda filum, Ulva, Asterias, Probably m Limaria - dead shells present R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho 3.49 NR SS.SMU.CSaMu SS.SMU.CFiM Muddy sand plain with shell debris. Pagurus bernhardus, Antedon petasus, Munida, Chaetopterus. u.spnmeg.fun Moved onto burrowed mud with sparse Nephrops, Funiculina, Pachycerianthus & frequent Munida. 3.50a R CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH Protanthea, Ophiothrix, Pomatoceros, Echinus, Sabella, Munida, Chaetopterus, Pagurus bernhardus, Boulders on sediment. Antedon petasus, Leptometra, Ascidia mentula, Crossaster, Coralline crusts, Neocrania anomala 3.50b R & NR CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Bri SS.SMU.CFiM u.spnmeg.fun 3.51 R IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Pk CR.LCR.BrAs. AntAsH 4.01 R SS.SMp.Mrl.Pcal SS.SMp.KSwS S.LsacR.Gv Gradual slope of cobbles/small boulders on muddy sand. Reasonably diverse fauna with Chaetopterus, Ophiothrix fragilis, Protanthea simplex, Echinus esculentus, coralline crusts, Ascidiella aspersa, Cerianthus lloydii, Limaria nests. Patch of burrowed mud with Funiculina, then cobble & sediment slope Grazed boulder slope with rare L. saccharina, Echinus, Munida, some foliose reds, Nemertesia antennina, frequent Antedon petasus, Ascidia mentula, Protanthea, coralline crusts Dense L. saccharina on cobble then maerl & maerl gravel with scattered algae. Cerianthus lloydii common R IR.LIR.KVS.LsacPsaVS Callionymus lyra, Echinus esculentus, Psammechinus miliaris, coralline crusts, Protanthea simplex, Boulders, bedrock outcrops & muddy sand. Ridges with dense Laminaria saccharina. Munida rugosa, sparse hydroids, Dictyota dichotoma, Chorda filum. 137

152 Site code Reef / Non-Reef category Biotope 1 Biotope 2 Biotope 3 Notes 4.03 R IR.LIR.KVS.LsacPsaVS Muddy sand, shell & cobble. L. saccharina, Arenicola casts. Drifted onto more cobbles. Fauna sparse, coralline crusts common. Liocarcinus depurator, Echinus, occasional tufts of red algae. Cobbles & occasional boulders with abundant coralline crusts, Pomatoceros, Psammechinus, Munida 4.04 R IR.LIR.KVS.LsacPsaVS rugosa, Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra, hydroids, Protanthea simplex, Kirchenpaueria pinnata, Serpula vermicularis. Then more abundant brittlestars, Echinus esculentus R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio Muddy shell gravel, cobble & boulders. Coralline crusts, hydroids, Munida, Pomatoceros, Ascidiella aspersa, Echinus, Kirchenpaueria pinnata, Chaetopterus variopedatus. Muddy shell gravel & cobble. L. saccharina, Munida, occasional foliose & filamentous algae, 4.06 R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Sa Pomatoceros, Ophiothrix fragilis, Pecten maximus, Kirchenpaueria pinnata, Psammechinus miliaris, Echinus, Amalosoma eddystonense. Boulders & muddy shell gravel with Echinus esculentus, Pomatoceros, Protanthea simplex, 4.07 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio Suberites, Ascidiella aspersa, Leptometra celtica, Munida rugosa, Halecium halecinum, Bougainvillea ramosa, Neocrania anomala, Funiculina quadrangularis R CR.LCR.BrAs Muddy shell gravel & cobble with some silty bedrock. Superficially barren. Pomatoceros, Munida, hermit crab, coralline crusts, Liocarcinus depurator, Protanthea, very rare hydroids, Arenicola casts R IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ft Dense canopy of silty L. saccharina & Chorda filum, possibly L. hyperborea 4.10 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH Muddy shell gravel & cobble with common Leptometra celtica. Ophiothrix fragilis, Munida, Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidia virginea, Halecium halecinum, Pomatoceros, coralline crusts 4.11 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Bri SS.SMx.CMx. OphMx 4.12 R SS.SMx.CMx.OphMx CR.LCR.BrAs. AntAsH Boulders & muddy shell gravel with dense Ophiothrix fragilis bed Muddy shell gravel & cobble. Ophiothrix, Ophiocomina, Antedon petasus, Leptometra, Crossaster, Munida, Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidia virginea, Corella, Pyura microcosmus, Chaetopterus, Aequipecten, Pododesmus, Neocrania, Ophiura albida R IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Gz Silty grazed bedrock with patches of muddy shell gravel, steep rock in places. L. saccharina, Echinus, Munida, Asterias, Pomatoceros, 4.14 R IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ft Bedrock & boulders. L. saccharina forest with Chorda filum & filamentous brown algae. Ophiocomina nigra common. Pomatoceros, coralline crusts, Psammechinus R IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ft Muddy shell gravel, cobble & boulder with Chorda filum & dense L. saccharina forest 4.16 R & NR SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho Muddy sand & pebble with Chorda filum, Pomatoceros, Liocarcinus depurator & patches of filamentous green & brown algae 4.17 R SS.SMP.KSwSS.LsacR.Gv Cobble, pebble, boulder, muddy shell gravel. Delesseria sanguinea, L. saccharina, red algae, Pomatoceros, Echinus, Marthasterias glacialis, Munida, Ophiothrix fragilis 4.18 R CR.LCR.BrAs.NeoPro Munida, Leptometra celtica, clumps of hydroids, Protanthea, Ascidiella aspersa, Neocrania anomala, Grazed boulders & cobbles on muddy gravel. Echinus, Chaetopterus, Pomatoceros, coralline crusts, Metridium senile R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Sa Muddy shell gravel & cobble with rare L. saccharina & sparse fauna. Echinus, Callionymus lyra, Pagurus bernhardus, Ascidiella aspersa, Pomatoceros, coralline crusts R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho Rock with dense L. saccharina then muddy shell gravel with Echinus, L. saccharina, occasional algae, Munida, Ascidiella aspersa, Hyas araneus, Psammechinus miliaris. SS.SMx.CMx. Cobbles on coarse sediment with brittlestar bed. Ophiothrix fragilis, Psammechinus miliaris, scattered OphMx red algae. Low ridges/platforms of cobbles on the sediment R?SS.SMx.IMx.Lim 5.03 R IR.LIR.Lag.FChoG Muddy shell gravel & cobble with Chorda filum, L. saccharina, filamentous green & brown algae, Fucus serratus, Asterias, Pagurus bernhardus 138

153 Site code Reef / Non-Reef category Biotope 1 Biotope 2 Biotope 3 Notes 5.04 R?SS.SMx.IMx.Lim Muddy gravel, cobble, & pebble with Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra, Ascidia mentula, coralline crusts, Psammechinus, Pomatoceros. Cobble, gravel & shell plain. Munida, rare Ophiothrix fragilis, Echinus. Lots of drift algae. Some silty 5.05 R & NR SS.SMX.CMx rock SS.SMx.CMx. OphMx Cobbles on coarse sediment with brittlestar bed. Ophiothrix fragilis, Psammechinus miliaris, Alcyonium digitatum R?SS.SMx.IMx.Lim Boulders on sediment & patches of bedrock. Protanthea, Sabella pavonina, Echinus esculentus, 5.07 R CR.LCR.BrAs.NeoPro Pagurus bernhardus, Chaetopterus variopedatus, Munida, Bougainvillea ramosa, Halecium halecinum, Ascidiella aspersa, Funiculina quadrangularis, bushy hydroid. 1st part of drop not recorded on tape NR SS.SMu.CSaMu.VirOphPmax Sediment with occasional cobbles. Amphiura sp., Pecten maximus, Virgularia mirabilis, Nephrops, fish -?snake blenny NR SS.SMu.CFiMu.MegMax Burrowed mud with Nephrops norvegicus 5.10 NR CR.LCR.BrAs.NeoPro Mud with clumps of Chaetopterus variopedatus, Munida, drift kelp plants, Protanthea, Bougainvillea ramosa, Virgularia mirabilis, Amphiura sp., Echinus, Ascidiella aspersa NR SS.SMx.CMx.ClloMx.Nem Asterias, Pagurus bernhardus, Cerianthus lloydii, Sagartiogeton, Suberites, Nemertesia antennina, Muddy gravel & shell debris. Occasional hydroids, Ascidiella aspersa, Amphiura sp., Munida, Funiculina quadrangularis 5.12 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio Mu.VirOphPm Alcyonium digitatum, Echinus, coralline crusts, Protanthea, barnacles, Pomatoceros, Chaetopterus SS.SMu.CSa Big boulders covered with coralline crusts, & areas of muddy shell gravel & cobble. Coralline crusts, ax variopedatus, Virgularia mirabilis, Amphiura sp R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Mu Muddy shell gravel & cobble with L. saccharina. Pagurus bernhardus, Pomatoceros, Cerianthus, Pomatoschistus R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho Mud, cobble & shell debris with Chorda filum & L. saccharina. Filamentous algal mat patches?trailliella R SS.SBR.PoR.Ser SS.SMp.KSwS Cobble, shell & muddy gravel. Filamentous algae. L. saccharina, Chorda filum, Serpula vermicularis S.LsacCho reef 6.03 R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho Cobble, shell & muddy gravel. Filamentous algae. L. saccharina, Chorda filum, Mytilus edulis, L. hyperborea 6.04 R SS.SBR.PoR.Ser SS.SMp.KSwS Cobble, shell & muddy gravel. Filamentous algae. L. saccharina, Chorda filum, Pomatoceros, small S.LsacCho clumps of Serpula vermicularis 6.05 R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho Muddy gravel, cobble, mud & shell debris with filamentous algae, Chorda filum, L. saccharina, Buccinum undatum, Serpula vermicularis 6.06 NR SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho Dense Chorda filum, L. saccharina & filamentous algal mat. Very silty NR SS.SMU.CFiMu Very soft mud & some shell debris. Little seen 6.08 R IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ft Cape form L. saccharina forest, possibly L. hyperborea, Desmarestia aculeata, Chorda filum, Ulva NR SS.SMp.KSwSS.Tra Filamentous algae,?trailliella, Asperococcus, L. saccharina, Chorda filum, Cerianthus lloydii, Sagartiogeton R SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Sa Red algae on cobbles. Echinus, L. saccharina, Enteromorpha, Asperococcus, Desmarestia aculeata, Ulva, Munida, Liocaricinus depurator, Pagurus bernhardus 6.12 R IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ft Dense L. saccharina, Chorda filum, Echinus 6.13 R IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac.Ft Boulders, cobble & gravel with L. saccharina & L. hyperborea. Echinus. Much cleaner than other sites. Phycodrys, some Chorda filum, Ulva, coralline crusts, Goldsinny 139

154 Site code Reef / Non-Reef category Biotope 1 Biotope 2 Biotope 3 Notes barge NR SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho Mud, gravelly sand, lots of bark debris, scattered L. saccharina plants with clumps of foliose & filamentous algae, Chorda filum sparse, Desmarestia aculeata, Asterias, Ensis (many dead shells) X02 R SS.SMx.CMx.OphMx X03 R CR.HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs X04 R SS.SMx.CMx.OphMx X05 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH X06 R CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Bri SS.SMx.IMx.Li m Muddy shell gravel & cobble with Ophiothrix fragilis bed Cobble/muddy gravel plain with rich hydroid turf. Nemertesia antennina, N. ramosa, Polyplumaria frutescens, Rhizocaulus verticillatus, Sertularia argentea, Urticina eques, Echinus esculentus, Munida, Antedon petasus, Pomatoceros, Kirchenpaueria, dogfish, Ophiothrix fragilis. Cobbles with brittlestar bed. Ophiothrix fragilis, Nemertesia antennina, Kirchenpaueria pinnata, Munida, Sertularia argentea, Nemertesia ramosa, Ascidia mentula. Very uniform Rock & boulder with dense silty hydroid turf. Ascidia mentula, Alcyonium digitatum, Antedon petasus, Echinus, Neocrania anomala, Goldsinny wrasse, Ophiocomina, Ophiothrix, Caryophyllia smithii, Aglaophenia tubulifera, Munida,?branching sponge Boulders on muddy sediment slope with abundant Neocrania anomala, Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiocomina nigra, Munida, occasional hydroids. X07 R IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac.Ft Kelp forest with Laminaria saccharina, Laminaria hyperborea, foliose algae, Urticina felina X08 R IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac.Ft Dense kelp forest with L. saccharina & L. hyperborea. Delesseria sanguinea, Cryptopleura ramosa. X09 R?SS.SMx.IMx.Lim SS.SMx.CMx. OphMx Not much seabed visible under canopy Very uniform brittlestar bed on cobble. Ophiothrix fragilis, Alcyonium digitatum. Looks like ridges of Limaria nests with small openings visible X10 R SS.SMX.CMx fragilis, Chaetopterus variopedatus, Turritella communis, Munida, Echinus, Liocarcinus depurator, Steep slope of bedrock & boulders then muddy gravel & scattered cobble & shell plain. Ophiothrix Bougainvillea ramosa. 140

155 Appendix 3.3 Summary of subtidal video data collected from Loch Sunart prior to 2006 survey. Includes Heriot Watt survey during 2001 broad scale mapping of Loch Sunart (Bates et al., 2004) and data from an SNH/Marine Harvest survey of fish farms in February Where possible, tapes were reviewed and biotopes reassigned as part of the present exercise. Record no Latitude Longitude Biotope assigned 2006 Data source SeaMap/SNH Sampling Video Code system R K.Lsac.Ft HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R BrAs.AmenCio HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R K.Lsac.Gz HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CSaMu.VirOphPmax HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CSaMu.VirOphPmax HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R IFiMu.Beg HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KSwSS.LsacR HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KSwSS.Tra HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R K.Lsac.Ft HW ROV R KSwSS.Tra HW ROV R BrAs.AntAsH HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R K.Lsac.Ft HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KSwSS.LsacR HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R BrAs.AntAsH HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CMx.ClloMx.Nem HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R K.Lsac.Ft HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R BrAs.AntAsH HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CMx.ClloMx.Nem HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R K.Lsac.Ft HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R BrAs.NeoPro HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R IMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KSwSS.LsacR HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R BrAs.AmenCio HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CMx.ClloMx.Nem HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R K.Lsac.Gz HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CFiMu.SpnMeg HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R BrAs.AmenCio.Bri HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R IMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KSwSS.LsacR HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R BrAs.AntAsH.Lept HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R K.Lsac.Ft HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R K.Lsac.Gz HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KSwSS.LsacR HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R BrAs.NeoPro HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R BrAs.AntAsH.Lept HW 2001 R-SUN ROV 141

156 Record no Latitude Longitude Biotope assigned 2006 Data source SeaMap/SNH Sampling Video Code system R CMx.OphMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R IMuSa HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KSwSS.LsacR HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R BrAs.AmenCio HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R BrAs.AmenCio.Bri HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KVS.LsacPsaVS HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KVS.LsacPsaVS HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CSaMu HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R IMx.Lim HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R IMx.Lim HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R K.Lsac.Gz HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KVS.LsacPsaVS HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R BrAs.NeoPro HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R IMx.Lim HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R K.Lsac.Gz HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KVS.LsacPsaVS HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R IMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KVS.LsacPsaVS HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R Lag.FChoG HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R IMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R CMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KVS.LsacPsaVS HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R BrAs.NeoPro HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R KSwSS.LsacR HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R SMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV R IMx.Lim HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW Grab S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW Grab S CFiMu.SpnMeg HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg HW Grab S BrAs.AntAsH.Lept HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW Grab S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW Grab S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW Grab S CMx.OphMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S XFa.SwiLgAs HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CMx.ClloMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CMx.OphMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV 142

157 Record no Latitude Longitude Biotope assigned 2006 Data source SeaMap/SNH Sampling Video Code system S CMx.OphMx HW Grab S ISaMu HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg HW 2001 R-SUN Grab S CMx.OphMx HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S BrAs.AntAsH.Lept HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S BrAs.AntAsH.Lept HW Grab S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW Grab S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW Grab S BrAs.NeoPro HW 2001 ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW Grab S CSaMu.VirOphPmax.Has HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S IMx.Lim HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CSaMu.VirOphPmax HW Grab S CSaMu.VirOphPmax.Has HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW Grab S CSaMu.VirOphPmax HW 2001 R-SUN ROV S CSaMu.VirOphPmax HW Grab S BrAs.NeoPro HW 2001 ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 ROV S CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW Grab D KFaR.Ala.Ldig HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D CMx HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D KR.Lhyp.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D KSed.XKScrR HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D KR.Lhyp.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Pk HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D XFa.SwiLgAs HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.AntAsH HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D K.LhypLsac.Pk HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D IMx.Lim HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D XFa.SwiLgAs HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D BrAs.AntAsH HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D KR.Lhyp.GzFt HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D KFaR.Ala.Ldig HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D KR.Lhyp.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D CSaMu.VirOphPmax HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.AmenCio.Ant HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Ldig HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D CFiMu.SpnMeg HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.AmenCio HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.AmenCio.Bri HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D CSaMu.VirOphPmax.Has HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video 143

158 Record no Latitude Longitude Biotope assigned 2006 Data source SeaMap/SNH Sampling Video Code system D BrAs.AmenCio HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Ldig HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D CSaMu.VirOphPmax.Has HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.AntAsH HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.AmenCio.Bri HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.AntAsH HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D K.LhypLsac.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D K.LhypLsac.Pk HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D BrAs.AntAsH HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D CSaMu.VirOphPmax.Has HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.AntAsH HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D KR.Lhyp.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D IMx.Lim HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D BrAs.AntAsH HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D IMx.Lim HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Ldig HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D SS.SMx HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.AntAsH HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D KR.Lhyp.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D IMx.Lim HW 2001 S-SUN Diver video D BrAs.AntAsH HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Gz HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.NeoPro HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D CSaMu.VirOphPmax HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Ft HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D KSwSS.LsacR HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.NeoPro HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.AmenCio.Bri HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D KVS.LsacPsaVS HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D SMx HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.AmenCio.Bri HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.AntAsH HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D K.Lsac.Gz HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D KVS.LsacPsaVS HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D BrAs.NeoPro HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video D CSaMu.VirOphPmax HW 2001 S-SUN-0701-? Diver video CG1a CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video CG1b CSaMu.VirOphPmax SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video CG1c BrAs.AmenCio.Ant SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video CG1d K.Lsac.Gz SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video CG2a CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video CG2b CMx.ClloMx SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video CG2c K.Lsac.Gz SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video GC1a CSaMu.VirOphPmax SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video GC1b BrAs.AmenCio.Ant SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video 144

159 Record no Latitude Longitude Biotope assigned 2006 Data source SeaMap/SNH Sampling Video Code system GC1c K.Lsac.Pk SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video GC1d K.Lsac.Ft SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video GC2a CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video GC2b IMx.Lim SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video GC2c K.Lsac.Pk SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video GC2d K.Lsac.Ft SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video IB1a BrAs.NeoPro SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video IB1b BrAs.AmenCio.Ant SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video IB1c K.Lsac.Gz SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video IB2a CFiMu.SpnMeg.Fun SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video IB2b BrAs.AmenCio.Ant SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video IB2c CMx.OphMx SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video IB2d CMx.ClloMx SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video IB3a BrAs.NeoPro SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video IB3b CMx.ClloMx SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video IB3c K.Lsac.Gz SNH 2005 S-SUNART Diver video 145

160 Appendix 3.4 Summary of intertidal transects and subtidal diving transects and the data collected during the 2006 Loch Sunart monitoring survey Field Site No Date Site name Easting Northing Phase II Survey L9 S9 L10 13 th July 13 th July 13 th July S10 9th July L11 S11 L12 S12 L13 10 th July 12 th July 11 th July 11 th July 12 th July Laudale Narrows littoral transect Laudale Narrows subittoral transect Sligneach Mor littoral transect Sligneach Mor sublittoral transect Oronsay (NE) littoral transect Oronsay (NE) subittoral transect Camas Salach littoral transect Camas Salach sublittoral transect Torran a Chonnaidh littoral transect Quad size Depth/ No of Quads Profile Photos Video Height (m rcd) m m m m m m m m m m acd m bcd m acd m bcd m acd m bcd m acd m bcd m acd Shore/seabed type A steeply sloping sheltered reef with lichen, Ascophyllum nodosum barnacle and Fucus serratus zones. Variable salinity Laminaria saccharina forest with Psammechinus miliaris, brittlestar beds and Limaria hians nest terraces A moderately exposed moderately steep shore with lichen, barnacle and fucoid zones and Laminaria digitata occurring on the lowershore. A stepped reef and steep boulderslope with a mixed forest of L. hyperborea and L. saccharina, a red algal zone and then a diverse community of seafans, sponges and hydroids A moderately steep sloping reef with lichens and barnacles and lowershore fucoids. A stepped reef and steep boulderslope with a mixed forest of L. hyperborea and L. saccharina, a red algal zone and then a diverse community of hydroids and, brittlestars including Leptometra celtica A gently sloping reef and boulder shore with lichens, and mosaics of barnacles and mixed fucoids in variable salinity conditions. A boulderslope with a L. saccharina forest and, a red algal zone and then a typical fjordic sealoch community of Neocrania anomala and Protanthea simplex A steep sloping, sheltered reef with lichens, barnacles and mixed fucoids exposed to variable salinities 146

161 Field Site No Date Site name Easting Northing Phase II Survey Quad size Depth/ No of Quads Profile Photos Video S13 12 th July Torran a Chonnaidh sublittoral transect m 2 10 L16 16 th July West of Waterfalls littoral transect m 2 10 S16 16 th July West of Waterfalls sublittoral transect m 2 10 L18 S18 17 th July 17 th July NE shore of Inner Loch Teacuis littoral transect NE shore of Inner Loch Teacuis sublittoral transect m m 2 10 S22 19 th July Torr Molach Subittoral transect m 2 13 Height (m rcd) m bcd m acd m bcd m acd m bcd m bcd Shore/seabed type A gently angled boulder slope with a sparse L. saccharina forest encrusted with brittlestars and Psammechinus miliaris, then a dense forest, a red algal zone and a rich community of hydroids and ascidians. Holothurians, echiuroids and bivalves were abundant in the surrounding sediment. A moderately exposed steeply, stepped reef of lichens, mixed barnacles and sparse fucoids ending in L. dgitata A steeply sloping reef with a Laminaria hyperborea forest and a rock wall of hydroids ascidians and anemones. Then on to a boulder slope with a red algal zone and then encrusting faunal biotopes of ascidians, hydroids and bryozoans. A gently sloping reef of lichens, fucoids and barnacles with dense beds of Ascophyllum nodosum and F. serratus, all exposed to variable salinity conditions. A gentle slope of cobbles and boulders in soft sediment with a Laminaria saccharina forest with Psammechinus miliaris and reefs of Serpula vermicularis. A narrow band of these Serpula reefs then runs on to amud plain. A steep reef with a sparse kelp and Halidrys zone exposed to variable salinities runs into a dense L. saccharina zone with brittle stars and Limaria hians beneath. Then a step boulder and sediment slope with ascidians, hydroids and Antedon sp. give way to the Neocrania biotope on bedrock outcrops. 147

162 Appendix 4 - Biotope inventory Biotopes recorded during the current survey of Loch Sunart SAC with illustrative photograph or video frame grab and details of sampling locations 148

163 Biotope Stations Photograph LR.FLR.Lic.YG Yellow and grey lichens on supralittoral rock Transect L09.1; L10.1; L11.1; L12.1; L13.1; L16.1; L18.1 LR.FLR.Lic.Ver Verrucaria maura on littoral fringe rock Transect L09.2 LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.B Verrucaria maura and sparse barnacles on exposed littoral fringe rock. Transect L11.3; L16.3b LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver Verrucaria maura on very exposed to very sheltered upper littoral fringe rock Transect L09.3; L10.2; L10.6; L11.2b; L12.2; L16.2; L

164 Biotope Stations Photograph LR.FLR.Rkp.Cor Corallina officinalis, coralline crusts and brown seaweeds in shallow eulittoral rockpools Transect L10.4a; L10.8a LR.FLR.Rkp.FK Fucoids and kelp in deep eulittoral rockpools Transect L11.5a LR.HLR.MusB.Sem Semibalanus balanoides on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock Transect L09.5; L10.4b; L11.4; L

165 Biotope Stations Photograph LR.HLR.MusB. Transect Sem.FvesR L16.5 Semibalanus balanoides, Fucus vesiculosus and red seaweeds on moderately exposed eulittoral rock LR.HLR.MusB. Sem.LitX Transect L12.6 Semibalanus balanoides and Littorina spp. on exposed to moderately exposed eulittoral boulders and cobbles LR.HLR.MusB. Sem.Sem Semibalanus balanoides, Patella vulgata and Littorina spp. on exposed to moderately exposed or vertical sheltered eulittoral rock Transect L10.9a; L12.5; L16.4 LR.HLR.MusB. Cht.Lpyg Transect L16.3a Chthamalus spp., small littorinids & Lichina pygmaea on steep exposed upper eulittoral rock 151

166 Biotope Stations Photograph LR.MLR.BF.Fser.R Transect L10.9b; (Middle-ground of the photograph) L11.5b Fucus serratus and red seaweeds on moderately exposed lower eulittoral rock LR.MLR.BF.FspiB Fucus spiralis on full salinity exposed to moderately exposed upper eulittoral rock Transect L10.4c; L10.7 LR.MLR.BF.FvesB Fucus vesiculosus and barnacle mosaics on moderately exposed mid eulittoral rock Transect L10.8b 152

167 Biotope Stations Photograph LR.MLR.BF.PelB Pelvetia canaliculata and barnacles on moderately exposed littoral fringe rock Transect L10.3; L10.5; L11.2a LR.LLR.FVS.AscVS Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus on variable salinity mid eulittoral rock Transect L09.4; L12.7; L13.4; L18.5 LR.LLR.FVS.FserVS Fucus serratus and large Mytilus edulis on variable salinity lower eulittoral rock Transect L09.6; L12.8; L

168 Biotope Stations Photograph LR.LLR.FVS.FspiVS Fucus spiralis on sheltered variable salinity upper eulittoral rock Transect L12.4; L18.4b LR.LLR.FVS.FvesVS Fucus vesiculosus on mid eulittoral variable salinity boulders and stable mixed substrata Transect L18.4a 154

169 Biotope Stations Photograph LR.LLR.FVS.PelVS Pelvetia canaliculata on sheltered, variable salinity littoral fringe rock Transect L12.3; L13.2; L18.3 IR.HIR.KFaR.FoR Lower infralittoral bedrock with dense foliose red algae Video 3.31; Bio3 Transect S10.13; S11.9; S12.10; S13.8 IR.MIR.KR. Lhyp.Ft Video 1.01; 3.29 Laminaria hyperborea forest and foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed upper infralittoral rock 155

170 Biotope Stations Photograph IR.HIR.KFaR. Transects LhypR.Ft 16.7 Laminaria hyperborea forest with dense foliose red seaweeds on exposed upper infralittoral rock IR.MIR.KR.Ldig Laminaria digitata on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock Transects S10.11 (top of the photo) IR.MIR.KR.Ldig.Ldig Laminaria digitata on moderately exposed sublittoral fringe rock Transects L10.10; L11.6; S

171 Biotope Stations Photograph IR.MIR.KR.XFoR Dense foliose red seaweeds on moderately exposed, silted, stable infralittoral rock Transects S16.8a; S16.9 IR.LIR.K. LhypLsac Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina on sheltered infralittoral rock Video 1.21; 1.01 Bio2; 1.11b; 2.30 IR.LIR.K. LhypLsac.Ft Mixed Laminaria hyperborea and Laminaria saccharina forest on sheltered upper infralittoral rock Video 2.25; 6.13; X07; X08 Transect S10.12; S

172 Biotope Stations Photograph IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ft Laminaria saccharina forest on very sheltered upper infralittoral rock Video 3.21; 3.32; 4.09; 4.14; 4.15; 6.08; 6.12 Transect S12.9; S13.7 IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ldig Laminaria saccharina and Laminaria digitata on sheltered sublittoral fringe rock Transect S11.7 No suitable picture from the transects IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Pk Laminaria saccharina park on very sheltered lower infralittoral rock Video 3.51 No suitable picture from video drops 158

173 Biotope Stations Photograph IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Gz Grazed Laminaria saccharina with Echinus, brittlestars and coralline crusts on sheltered infralittoral rock Video 3.15; 3.19; 4.13 IR.LIR.KVS Kelp in variable salinity conditions Transect S22.1 IR.LIR.KVS. LsacPsaVS Laminaria saccharina and Psammechinus miliaris on variable salinity grazed infralittoral rock Video 3.17; 4.02; 4.03; 4.04 Transect S09.7; S13.6; S18.6b; S

174 Biotope Stations Photograph IR.LIR.Lag. FChoG Video 5.03 Mixed fucoids, Chorda filum and green seaweeds on reduced salinity infralittoral rock CR.HCR.XFa. SwiLgAs Mixed turf of hydroids and large ascidians with Swifter pallida and Caryophyllia smithii on weakly tide-swept circalittoral rock Video a 3.41b X03 Transect S

175 Biotope Stations Photograph CR.MCR.EcCr.CarSwi.L Transect gas S16.11 Caryophyllia smithii, Swiftia pallida and large solitary ascidians on exposed or moderately exposed circalittoral rock CR.HCR.XFa. SpNemAdia Sparse sponges, Nemertesia spp. and Alcyonidium diaphanum on circalittoral mixed substrata Video

176 Biotope Stations Photograph CR.MCR.EcCr. Video CarSp.Bri 2.06 Brittlestars overlying coralline crusts, Parasmittina trispinosa and Caryophyllia smithii on wave-exposed circalittoral rock No suitable picture from video drops CR.LCR.BrAs Brachiopod and ascidian communities Video 1.11a No suitable picture from video drops CR.LCR.BrAs. AmenCio Solitary ascidians, including Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, on wavesheltered circalittoral rock Video 3.06; 3.09; 3.20; 3.24; 3.30; 3.36; 3.44; 4.05; 4.07;

177 Biotope Stations Photograph CR.LCR.BrAs. AmenCio.Ant Solitary ascidians, including Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis, with Antedon spp. and Leptometra celtica on wavesheltered circalittoral rock Video 1.03; 3.05; 3.12a Transect S16.10 CR.LCR.BrAs. AmenCio.Bri Dense brittlestars with sparse Ascidia mentula and Ciona intestinalis on sheltered circalittoral mixed substrata Video 2.07; 4.11; 3.26a; 3.50b; X06 Transect S09.9b 163

178 Biotope Stations Photograph CR.LCR.BrAs. AntAsH Antedon spp., Leptometra celtica, solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered circalittoral rock Video 1.05; 1.06; 1.12; 1.14; 1.15; 1.17; 1.19; 2.01; 2.04; 2.27; 2.29; 3.02; 3.43; 4.10; 3.14 Bio2; 3.26 Bio2; 3.50a; 3.51 Bio2; 4.12 Bio2; X05 Transect S11.10; S13.9; S16.8b; S22.3 CR.LCR.BrAs. NeoPro Neocrania anomala and Protanthea simplex on sheltered circalittoral rock Video 4.18; 5.07; 5.10 Transect S12.11; S

179 Biotope Stations Photograph CR.FCR.FouFa.Aasp Ascidiella aspersa fouling community on circalittoral artificial substrata - Old pier stanchions Transects S09.9a SS.SBR.PoR.Ser Polychaete worm reefs (on sublittoral sediment) Video 6.02; 6.04 Transects S18.6a; S

180 Biotope Stations Photograph SS.SMU.IFiMu.PhiVir Transect Philine aperta and Virgularia mirabilis in soft stable infralittoral mud S18.8 No suitable picture from transects SS.SMu.CFiMu Circalittoral fine mud Video 2.03; 6.07 No suitable picture from video drops SS.SMu.CFiMu. SpnMeg Seapens and burrowing megafauna in circalittoral fine mud Video 3.33; 1.17 Bio2; 2.04 Bio2 166

181 Biotope Stations Photograph SS.SMu.CFiMu. SpnMeg.Fun Seapens, including Funiculina quadrangularis, and burrowing megafauna in undisturbed circalittoral fine mud Video 1.04; 1.16; 2.17; 2.19; 2.24; 2.26; 3.12; 3.18; 3.25; 3.37; 3.42; 3.46; 3.47; 1.03 Bio2; 1.05 Bio2; 1.12 Bio2; 3.14a; 3.14b; 3.49 Bio2; 3.50b Bio2 SS.SMu.CFiMu. MegMax Video 5.09 Burrowing megafauna and Maxmuelleria lankesteri in circalittoral mud No suitable picture from video drops SS.SMu.CSaMu Circalittoral sandy mud Video 3.49; 3.30 Bio2 No suitable picture from video drops 167

182 Biotope Stations Photograph SS.SMu.CSaMu. VirOphPmax Virgularia mirabilis and Ophiura spp. with Pecten maximus on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud Video 5.08; 1.18 Bio2; 3.35 Bio2; 5.12 Bio2 SS.SMu.CSaMu. VirOphPmax.Has Video 2.21; 2.23 Virgularia mirabilis and Ophiura spp. with Pecten maximus, hydroids and ascidians on circalittoral sandy or shelly mud with stones 168

183 Biotope Stations Photograph SS.SMx.IMx.Lim Limaria hians beds in tide-swept sublittoral muddy mixed sediment Video 5.02; 5.04; 5.06; 3.28 Bio2; 3.38 Bio2; 3.41a Bio2; 3.41b Bio2; 3.48 Bio2; X02 Bio2; X09 Transect S09.8 SS.SMx.CMx Circalittoral mixed sediment Video 1.08; 2.05; 2.16; 3.13; 5.05; 3.36 Bio2; X10 169

184 Biotope Stations Photograph SS.SMx.CMx.ClloMx Video 2.02; 2.14 Cerianthus lloydii and other burrowing anemones in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment No suitable picture from video drops SS.SMx.CMx.ClloMx.Ne m Video 5.11 Cerianthus lloydii with Nemertesia spp. and other hydroids in circalittoral muddy mixed sediment No suitable picture from video drops SS.SMx.CMx. OphMx Ophiothrix fragilis and/or Ophiocomina nigra brittlestar beds on sublittoral mixed sediment Video 2.1; 2.15; 2.18; 3.01; 3.28; 3.35; 3.38; 4.12; 3.26b; 4.11 Bio2; 5.02 Bio2; 5.06 Bio2; X02; X04; X09 Bio2 SS.SMp.Mrl.Pcal Phymatolithon calcareum maerl beds in infralittoral clean gravel or coarse sand Video

185 Biotope Stations Photograph SS.SMp.KSwSS Video 1.1 Kelp and seaweed communities on sublittoral sediment No suitable picture from video drops SS.SMP.KSwSS. LsacR.Gv Laminaria saccharina and robust red algae on infralittoral gravel and pebble Video 1.02; 1.07; 3.04; 3.45; 4.17; 4.01 Bio2 171

186 Biotope Stations Photograph SS.SMp.KSwSS. LsacR.Sa Laminaria saccharina and filamentous red algae on infralittoral sand Video 2.09; 2.28; 3.03; 3.07; 3.08; 3.39; 4.06; 4.19; 6.11 SS.SMp.KSwSS. LsacR.Mu Video 2.22; 5.13 Laminaria saccharina with red and brown seaweeds on lower infralittoral muddy mixed sediment 172

187 Biotope Stations Photograph SS.SMp.KSwSS. LsacCho Laminaria saccharina and Chorda filum on sheltered upper infralittoral muddy sediment Video 2.11; 3.16; 3.48; 4.16; 5.01; 6.01; 6.03; 6.05; 6.06; 6.02 Bio2; 6.04 Bio2; barge SS.SMp.KSwSS. Tra Video 6.10 Mats of Trailliella on infralittoral muddy gravel No suitable picture from video drops 173

188 Appendix 5 - Local biotope descriptions These have been compiled for the sublittoral biotopes where quadrats were surveyed 174

189 SS.SMX.IMx.Lim Limaria hians beds in tide-swept sublittoral muddy mixed sediment Recorded at Laudale Narrows (S9 - Biotope 8) Depth 2m 20m bcd Steep slope of muddy sand and shell gravel with terraces of cobbles, pebbles and shell fragments consolidated by Limaria hians nest byssus. Ophiothrix fragilis is abundant with Ophiocomina nigra common on the faces of the ledges and Ophiopholis aculeata on the level surfaces. Psammechinus miliaris is also abundant and Munida rugosa common. Coralline crusts, particularly Lithothamnion glaciale, were prevalent on the cobbles and Chaetopterus variopedatus tubes frequently adorning the nests Conspicuous characterising species a) Species/groups recorded from the quadrats at S9.8 with the greatest contribution to the similarity in the PRIMER analyses Species Percentage contribution to similarity Limaria hians reef Ophiothrix fragilis Enc. Coralline algae Ophiocomina nigra Psammechinus miliaris 9.19 b) Species additional to those above recorded as Frequent or above in Phase II data at S9.8 Species Lithothamnion glaciale Ophiopholis aculeata Adamsia carciniopados Carcinus maenas Chaetopterus variopedatus Hyas araneus Munida rugosa Pagurus bernhardus Terebellidae indet Pagurus prideaux Mya truncata Abundance C C F F F F F F F F F 175

190 CR.HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs Mixed turf of hydroids and large ascidians with Swiftia pallida and Caryophyllia smithii on weakly tide-swept circalittoral rock Recorded at Sligneach Mor (S10 - Biotope 14) Depth m (bcd) A moderately exposed steeply angled, slope (60 o ) of muddy sand and shell gravel with embedded cobbles and angular boulders. Alcyonium digitatum, Swiftia pallida and large branching colonies of Halichondria bowerbankia are all common and conspicuous. Axinella infundibuliformis and Phakellia ventilabrum are frequent. The boulders are covered with a silty hydroid turf which was dominated by Diphasia pinaster, Polyplumaria frutescens, Aglaophenia tubulifera and Sertularia argentea. Virgularia mirabilis was present in the surrounding sediment at the bottom of the slope. Conspicuous characterising species a) Species/groups recorded from the quadrats at S10.14 with the greatest contribution to the similarity in PRIMER analyses Species Percentage contribution to similarity Enc. Coralline algae 21.7 Clavelina lepadiformis Aglaophenia tubulifera 9.33 Caryophyllia smithii 9.28 Securiflustra securifrons 8.38 Bonnemaisonia asparagoides 5.54 Halopteris catharina 5.5 Alcyonidium diaphanum 4.36 Sertularia argentea 4.29 Enc. Bryozoa 1.9 Enc. Sponge (yellow) 1.72 Halichondria bowerbankia 1.65 Polyplumaria frutescens 1.48 Omalosecosa ramulosa 1.48 Diphasia pinaster 1.41 Enc. Sponge (orange) 1.22 b) Species additional to above recorded as Frequent or above in Phase II data at S10.14 Species Abundance Alcyonium glomeratum F Antedon petasus F Axinella infundibuliformis F Diazona violacea F Eucratea loricata F Leptometra celtica F Munida rugosa F Parasmittina trispinosa F Phakellia ventilabrum F Swiftia pallida F 176

191 CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH Antedon spp., solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered circalittoral rock Recorded at NE Oronsay S11 - Biotope 10) Depth 17 28m (bcd) A steep sheltered slope of mainly large, angular boulders with several out crops of bedrock on muddy sand and shell gravel, the biotope occupies the band between17-28m bcd. The biotope is dominated by a silty hydroid turf with Sertularia argentea, Abietinaria abietina and Halopteris catharina frequent and the cup-coral Caryophyllia smithii also common. The featherstars Antedon bifida, Antedon petasus and Leptometra celtica are all present to varying degrees and there are scattered colonies of Alcyonium digitatum on the rock surface. The squat lobster Munida rugosa is frequent under the overhangs beneath the boulders. Conspicuous characterising species a) Species/groups recorded from the quadrats at S11.10 with the greatest contribution to the similarity in PRIMER analyses Species Percentage contribution to similarity Enc. Coralline algae 19 Clavelina lepadiformis 9.4 Enc. Red algae (non calcareous) 9.02 Sertularia argentea 8.8 Caryophyllia smithii 8.49 Halopteris catharina 7.75 Aglaophenia tubulifera 6.08 Cellepora pumicosa 3.84 Omalosecosa ramulosa 3.04 Neocrania anomala 3.01 Diplosoma listerianum 2.12 Sertularella polyzonias 1.95 Bonnemaisonia asparagoides 1.78 Abietinaria abietina 1.77 Scypha ciliata 1.52 Compsothamnion thuyoides 1.45 Enc. Orange bryozoan 1.36 b) Species additional to above recorded as Frequent or above in Phase II data at S11.10 Species Munida rugosa Antedon bifida Echinus esculentus Pycnogonida indet. Abundance C F F F LCR.BrAs.NeoPro Neocrania anomala and Protanthea simplex on low energy circalittoral rock 177

192 Recorded at Camas Salach S12 - Biotope 11) Depth 13 26m (bcd) A sheltered, circalittoral cobble and boulder slope with pebbles and shell gravel embedded in muddy sand. On the hard substrate a typical sheltered sealoch community of sparse encrusting coralline algae to 26m bcd, with Protanthea simplex, Neocrania anomala, Dendrodoa grossularia, Munida rugosa and serpulid species on the rock s surface. Cerianthus lloydii, Pecten maximus and Aequipecten opercularis are numerous in the surrounding sediment. Limaria hians is also present beneath the pebbles and cobbles and the small foliose red alga Bonnemaisonia asparagoides is also abundant. Conspicuous characterising species a) Species/groups recorded from the quadrats at S12.11 with the greatest contribution to the similarity in PRIMER analyses. Species Percentage contribution to similarity Enc. Coralline algae Protanthea simplex Dendrodoa grossularia Munida rugosa Neocrania anomala 6.43 Enc. Bryozoa 6.34 Pomatoceros sp Sertularella polyzonias 1.85 b) Species additional to above recorded as Rare or above in Phase II data at S12.11 Species Bonnemaisonia asparagoides Pagurus bernhardus Callionymus lyra Serpulidae indet. Aequipecten opercularis Alcyonium digitatum Ascidia mentula Asterias rubens Caryophyllia smithii Chaetopterus variopedatus Corella parallelogramma Echinus esculentus Halopteris catharina Limaria hians Parasmittina trispinosa Pecten maximus Polycarpa rustica Abundance A C F O R R R R R R R R R R R R R 178

193 IR.HIR.KFaR.FoR Foliose red seaweeds on exposed lower infralittoral rock Recorded at Torran a chonnaidh (S13 - Biotope 8) Depth m (bcd) A gentle slope of muddy shell-gravel and cobbles, with a turf of sparse red algae and hydroids growing on the available hard substrata. Antedon petasus and Antedon bifida are both frequent, and the ascidians Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidiella scabra and Ascidia virginea are also present at low levels of abundance. Bonnemaisonia asparagoides, Compsothamnion thuyoides, Pterothamnion plumula, Aglaothamnion byssoides and Dasya hutchinsiae are the most commonly occurring foliose red algae present in the sward. Conspicuous characterising species a) Species/groups recorded from the quadrats at S13.8 with the greatest contribution to the similarity in PRIMER analyses. Species Percentage contribution to similarity Enc. Red algae (non calcareous) Enc. Coralline algae Bonnemaisonia asparagoides 7.71 Halopteris catharina 5.12 Ophiothrix fragilis 4.39 Munida rugosa 3.54 Antedon petasus 2.53 Kirchenpaueria pinnata 2.35 Lithothamnion glaciale 2.33 Foliose red algal sporelings 2.16 Pomatoceros sp Obelia dichotoma 2.12 b) Species additional to above recorded as Frequent or above in Phase II data at S13.8 Species Amphiura chiajei/filiformis Ascidia mentula Ascidiella aspersa Pagurus bernhardus Sertularia argentea Abundance F F F F F 179

194 CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH Antedon spp., solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered circalittoral rock. Recorded at West of Waterfalls S16 - Biotope 8) Depth m (bcd) A vertical bedrock wall between 7.6 and 11m bcd, with some overhanging sections and some areas more upward facing. Patchy assemblages of species occur with large areas dominated by silty hydroids, particularly Sertularella polyzonias, Diphasia rosacea and Obelia dichotoma. The anthozoan Alcyonium digitatum is abundant on the upper part of the wall on the east side of the transect (and dominates the biotope further to the east). Several sizeable patches of Parazoanthus anguicomus occur on the vertical parts of the transect and Ascidia mentula is abundant in overhanging areas. Dense growths of red foliose algae include Delesseria sanguinea, Bonnemaisonia asparagoides and Plocamium cartilaginum. Encrusting coralline algae cover much of the rock surfaces. Conspicuous characterising species a) Species/groups recorded from the quadrats at S16.8 with the greatest contribution to the similarity in PRIMER analyses. Species Percentage contribution to similarity Enc. Coralline algae Parazoanthus anguicomus Ascidia mentula 9.62 Diphasia rosacea 5.68 Nolella dilatata 5.48 Sertularella polyzonias 4.91 Lafoea dumosa 4.68 Clavelina lepadiformis 4.46 Enc. Red algae (non calcareous) 4.37 Enc. Sponge (buff coloured) 3.2 Crisiidae indet Alcyonium digitatum 2.83 Enc. Bryozoa 2.1 Botryllus schlosseri 1.92 Protanthea simplex 1.76 Ascidia virginea 1.67 Calliostoma ziziphinum 1.63 Caryophyllia smithii 1.54 Enc. Orange sponge 1.39 Myxilla incrustans 1.35 Halopteris catharina 1.2 b) Species additional to above recorded as Frequent or above in Phase II data at S16.8 Species Aurelia aurita (scyphistomae) Electra pilosa Obelia dichotoma Abundance F F F 180

195 SS.SBR.PoR.Ser Serpula vermicularis reefs on very sheltered, circalittoral muddy sand. Recorded at NE Loch Teacuis S18 - Biotope 7) Depth m (bcd) A shallow slope of mud with cobbles, pebbles and shell debris lying just below the surface. Scattered small reefs of Serpula vermicularis and occasional plants of Laminaria saccharina dominate the biotope. Virgularia mirabilis is rare and there are some Cerianthus lloydii in the surrounding sediment. Hermit crabs and Liocarcinus depurator are frequent on the substrate. The reefs are also home for numerous other species such as Chlamys varia, terebellids, Palaemon serratus, hermit crabs and Galathea sp. Conspicuous characterising species a) Species/groups recorded from the quadrats at S18.7 with the greatest contribution to the similarity in PRIMER analyses. Species Percentage contribution to similarity Serpula vermicularis Laminaria saccharina Terebellidae indet Palaemon serratus 8.38 Enc. Coralline algae 6.44 Pomatoceros sp Ascidia mentula 4.87 b) Species additional to above recorded as Occasional or above in Phase II data at S18.7 Species Pagurus bernhardus Aequipecten opercularis Asterias rubens Buccinum undatum Carcinus maenas Hyas araneus Liocarcinus depurator Pomatoschistus sp. Spirorbidae Hydractinia echinata Pagurus prideaux Abundance F O O O O O O O O O O 181

196 CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH Antedon spp., solitary ascidians and fine hydroids on sheltered circalittoral rock Recorded at Torr Molach S22 - Biotope 3) Depth m (bcd) A steep slope of muddy shell gravel, cobbles, and angular boulders with occasional outcrops of bedrock. There are sparse filamentous and foliose algae on the rocks, with frequent ascidians particularly Ascidiella aspersa, Ascidia mentula and Polycarpa pomaria. Psammechinus miliaris and occasional Antedon petasus are also present with small patches of tufty hydroid growths. Neocrania anomala was frequent on the rocks. In the shallower part of the zone there was a lot of organic drift debris. Conspicuous characterising species a) Species/groups recorded from the quadrats at S22.3 with the greatest contribution to the similarity in PRIMER analyses. Species Percentage contribution to similarity Enc. Red algae (non calcareous) Enc. Coralline algae Pomatoceros sp Munida rugosa 5.27 Kirchenpaueria pinnata 3.78 Ophiothrix fragilis 3.31 Ascidia mentula 2.96 Dasya hutchinsiae 2.31 Protanthea simplex 2.08 Protula tubularia 2.07 b) Species additional to above recorded as Frequent or above in Phase II data at S22.3 Species Ascidiella aspersa Bonnemaisonia asparagoides Echinus esculentus Hypoglossum hypoglossoides Liocarcinus depurator Parasmittina trispinosa Pododesmus patelliformis Polycarpa pomaria Pomatoceros lamarcki Psammechinus miliaris Abundance C F F F F F F F F F 182

197 Appendix 6 - Site profile data and site relocation sheets 183

198 LOCH SUNART SAC INTERTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: LR09 Laudale Narrows Jetty Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: 10 o Top of transect marked by: Rusty old iron stake (in rock just below road) and yellow road paint Note: The bottom of zone 6 on the intertidal transect (12.5m) marks the start of the contiguous subtidal transect (SR09); which heads off on a bearing of 10 o. Access: By road. Park in layby next to disused fish farm jetty. Steep rocky shore (take care, very slippery when wet) just to west of jetty and wall. Other images: 15 other digital photos and Video Tape No. L-SUN No. Zone Tape (m) Height (m) rcd Notes 1 LR.FLR.Lic.YG - Supralittoral bedrock with grey lichens LR.FLR.Lic.Ver - Supralittoral rock yellow, black & grey lichens LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver - Littoral fringe LR.LLR.FVS.AscVS- Mid-eulittoral LR.HLR.MusB.Sem- Lower littoral fringe : 10 Quadrats 6 LR.LLR.FVS.FserVS- Sublittoral fringe

199 DSC05643.JPG DSC05642.JPG Yellow paint Iron stake DSC05645.JPG DSC05647.JPG DSC05648.JPG DSC05649.JPG 185

200 DSC05650.JPG DSC05646.JPG DSC05653.JPG DSC05656.JPG DSC05660.JPG 186

201 LOCH SUNART SAC SUBTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: SR09 Laudale Narrows Jetty Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: 10 o Top of transect marked by: A rusty iron stake and yellow road paint marks the top of the contiguous intertidal transect (LR09). The subtidal transect continues from the bottom of zone 6 on the intertidal transect at approx 12.5m along the tape. Access: By road. Park in layby next to old fish farm jetty. Steep rocky shore (take care, very slippery when wet) just to west of jetty. Other images: 101 digital photos and Video Tape No. S-SUN Depth (m No. Zone Tape (m) Notes rcd) IR.LIR.KVS.LsacPsaVS - Laminaria saccharina forest 8 SS.SMX.IMx.Lim - Limaria hians reef : 10 Quadrats DSC05643.JPG DSC05642.JPG Yellow paint Iron stake 187

202 DSC05645.JPG Laudale Transect with divers buoys CMH2.jpg SMB marking end of subtidal transect DSC05660.JPG Iron stake marking top of intertidal transect Intertial zone 6 subtidal transect continues below 188

203 SUN YG VerVer.Ver AscVS Sem FserVS Laudale Narrows littoral and sublittoral profile LsacPsaVS Lim Height/depth (m rcd) Distance (m) 189

204 LOCH SUNART SAC INTERTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: LR10 Sligneach Mor Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: 40 o Top of transect marked by: Yellow road paint in a crevice in the yellow lichen zone Note: The top of the contiguous subtidal transect (SR10), which continues on a bearing of 40 o, is situated in the lower mid shore (just above the Fucus serratus zone) about 1 or 2 metres east of the LR10 transect. Access: By boat Other images: 25 other digital photos and Video Tape No. S-SUN No. Zone Tape (m) Height (m) rcd Notes 1 LR.FLR.Lic.YG LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver LR.MLR.BF.PelB LR.MLR.BF.FspiB LR.MLR.BF.PelB LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver LR.MLR.BF.FspiB LR.MLR.BF.FvesB LR.MLR.BF.Fser.R : 10 Quadrats 10 IR.MIR.KR.Ldig.Ldig

205 JJM060713p2088 JJM060709p1996 JJM060713p2087 JJM060713p2100 Yellow road paint 191

206 JJM060713p2090 JJM060713p2089 JJM060713p2091 JJM060713p2092 JJM060713p2093 JJM060713p2094 JJM060713p2095 JJM060713p

207 JJM060713p

208 LOCH SUNART SAC SUBTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: SR10 Signeach Mor Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: Approx. 40 o Top of transect marked by: A small rocky lump and crevice (into which the transect line was hooked) situated in the lower mid shore (just above the Fucus serratus zone) approx 1 or 2m east of the intertidal (LR10) transect. Access: By boat Other images: 39 digital photos and Video Tape No. S-SUN No. Zone Tape (m) Depth (m rcd) Notes 11 IR.MIR.KR.Ldig m 12 IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac.Ft m 13 IR.HIR.KFaR.FoR m 14 CR.HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs m m 2006: 11 Quadrats 194

209 TSM060709_Sunart06.jpg JJM060709p1993 JJM060709p1995 SMB marking end of subtidal transect JJM060709p2000 JJM060709p2004 JJM060709p2003 Line hooked into crevice, marking start of subtidal transect 195

210 JJM060709p1997 JJM060709p1999 Transect heads off in line with this fence SMB marking end of subtidal transect JJM060709p2006 Divers SMB Transect line SMB marking end of subtidal transect 196

211 SUN10 Ver.Ver Ver.Ver Sligneach M or littoral and sublittoral profile YG Pe lb PelB FspiB FvesB FspiB Fser.R 10.0 Ldig.Ldig 5.0 Ldig LhypLsac.Ft FoR SwiLgAs Distance (m) Height/depth (m rcd) 197

212 LOCH SUNART SAC INTERTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: LR11 Oronsay Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: 60 o Top of transect marked by: Yellow road paint. Note: A piton in the mid shore (9.5m along intertidal transect) marks the top of the contiguous subtidal transect (SR11); which heads off on a bearing of 60 o. Access: By boat Other images:32 digital images and Video Tape No. L-SUN No. Zone Tape (m) Height (m) rcd Notes 1 LR.FLR.Lic.YG LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.B LR.HLR.MusB.Sem : 10 Quadrats 5 LR.MLR.BF.Fser.R IR.MIR.KR.Ldig.Ldig

213 TSM060710_Sunart01.jpg JJM060710p2009 JJM060712p2052 JJM060712p2038 Yellow paint JJM060712p2039 Yellow paint 199

214 JJM060712p2046 JJM060712p2047 JJM060712p2050 JJM060712p2041 JJM060712p

215 JJM060712p2042 JJM060712p2043 Piton marking top of subtidal transect JJM060712p2044 JJM060712p

216 LOCH SUNART SAC SUBTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: SR11 Oronsay Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: Approx. 60 o Top of transect marked by: Small metal piton, with 1 hole for karabiner attachment, banged into crevice in mid shore. Note: this piton lies part way down (9.5m) the contiguous intertidal transect (LR11). Access: By boat Other images: 31 Digital images and Video Tape No. S-SUN No. Zone Tape (m) 1 IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ldig 2 IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac.Ft IR.HIR.KFaR.FoR CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH Depth (m rcd) Notes 2006: 10 Quadrats 202

217 TSM060710_Sunart01.jpg JJM060712p2038 JJM060710p2008 Intertidal transect line Subtidal transect heads off in approx. this direction JJM060712p2042 JJM060710p2012 PITON MARKING START OF Piton JJM060710p2013 JJM060710p2014 Piton Piton 203

218 Ver.Ver MusB Sem YG Ver.B F ser.r Oronsay (NE) littoral and sublittoral profile Ldig.Ldig LhypLsac.Ft FoR AntAsH Lsac.Ldig Dista nce (m) Height/Depth (m rcd) 204

219 LOCH SUNART SAC INTERTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: LR12 Camas Salach Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: 325 o Top of transect marked by: Small patch of yellow road paint. Note: A piton at the base of the steep bedrock slope (6.8m along intertidal transect) marks the top of the contiguous subtidal transect (SR12); which heads off on a bearing of 325 o. Access: By boat Other images: 21other digital photos and Video Tape No. L-SUN &17 No. Zone Tape (m) Height (m) r cd Notes 1 LR.FLR.Lic.YG LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver LR.LLR.FVS.PelVS LR.LLR.FVS.FspiVS LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.Sem LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.LitX LR.LLR.FVS.AscVS : 10 Quadrats 8 LR.LLR.FVS.FserVS

220 JJM060711p2034 JJM060711p2020 Yellow paint JJM060711p2035 JJM060711p

221 JJM060711p2022 JJM060711p2023 JJM060711p2024 JJM060711p2025 JJM060711p2026 JJM060711p2027 Piton marking top of subtidal transect JJM060711p

222 JJM060711p

223 LOCH SUNART SAC SUBTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: SR12 Camas Salach Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: Approx. 325 o Top of transect marked by: Small metal piton, with hole for karabiner attachment, banged into crevice at base of steep bedrock slope. Note: this second piton lies part way down (6.8m) the contiguous intertidal transect (LR12). Access: By boat Other images: 2 digital photos and Video Tape No. S-SUN No. Zone Tape (m) Depth (m rcd) 9 IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ft IR.HIR.KFaR.FoR CR.LCR.BrAs.NeoPro Notes 2006: 11 Quadrats 209

224 JJM060711p2034 JJM060711p2035 Intertidal transect line JJM060711p2026 Piton marking start of subtidal transect Intertidal transect line JJM060711p2018 JJM060711p2036 Piton SMB marking end of subtidal transect Divers SMB Piton marking start of subtidal transect at 9.95m JJM060711p

225 Divers SMB CamasSalach shore transect.jpg Divers SMB Camas Salach transect.jpg SMB marking end of subtidal transect 211

226 10.0 Ver.Ver FspiVS AscVS YG PelVS Sem.Sem FserVS Se m.litx Camas Salach transect profile Lsac.Ft FoR NeoPro D istance (m) Height/depth (m rcd) 212

227 LOCH SUNART SAC INTERTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: LR13 Torran A Chonnaidh Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: 50 o Top of transect marked by: Yellow road paint in a crevice just to right of a hole (looking up shore) in yellow lichen zone. 6.5m from a single birch tree. Note: A piton in the mid shore (approx 5m along intertidal transect) marks the top of the contiguous subtidal transect (SR13); which heads off on a bearing of 50 o. Intertidal quadrats thrown at m along tape in Limpet barnacle zone Access: By boat Other images: 11 other digital photos and Video Tape No. S/L-SUN No. Zone Tape (m) Height (m) Notes 1 LR.FLR.Lic.YG LR.LLR.FVS.PelVS LR.HLRMusB.Sem : 10 Quadrats 4 LR.LLR.FVS.AscVS LR.LLR.FVS.FserVS

228 Loch Sunart 013.jpg Loch Sunart 004.jpg Yellow paint Loch Sunart 022.jpg Loch Sunart 002.jpg Yellow paint Piton marking top of subtidal transect 214

229 Loch Sunart 015.jpg Loch Sunart 016.jpg Loch Sunart 017.jpg Loch Sunart 018.jpg Piton marking top of subtidal transect 215

230 Loch Sunart 019.jpg Loch Sunart 021.jpg Loch Sunart 020.jpg 216

231 LOCH SUNART SAC SUBTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: SR13 Torran A Chonnaidh Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: Approx. 50 o Top of transect marked by: A black piton in the mid shore, approx 5m along the contiguous intertidal transect (LR13). Access: By boat Other images:?? digital photos and Video Tape No. S/L-SUN No. Zone Tape (m) Depth (m rcd) Notes 6 IR.LIR.KVS.LsacPsaVS IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ft IR.HIR.KFaR.FoR : 10 Quadrats 9 CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH

232 Loch Sunart 022.jpg Loch Sunart 008.jpg SMB marking end of subtidal transect Loch Sunart 014.jpg SMB marking end of subtidal transect Loch Sunart 017.jpg Loch Sunart 007.jpg Piton marking start of subtidal transect Piton marking start of subtidal transect 218

233 YG PelVS Sem 10.0 AscV S FserVS LsacPsaVS Torran a Chonnaidh littoral and sublittoral profile Lsac.Ft FoR AntAsH Distance (m) Height/depth (m rcd) 219

234 LOCH SUNART SAC INTERTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: LR16 W. of Waterfalls Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Site established/surveyed by: Jon Moore, Robert Irving, Tom Mercer, Mark Steward Bearing from top of transect: 335 o Top of transect marked by: Yellow road paint on top of bedrock pinnacle in yellow lichen zone. Note: Prominent pinnacle 9.6m to the west of the highest point on the shore (WP 43) (NM ) Note: The bottom of zone 5 on the intertidal transect (7.6m) marks the start of the contiguous subtidal transect (SR16); which heads off on a bearing of 335 o Access: By boat Other images: 63 other digital photos for contiguous transects and Video Tape No. L/S-SUN No. Zone Tape Height (m) (m) Notes 1 LR.FLR.Lic.YG LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.B LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.Sem LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.FvesR : 10 Quadrats 6 IR.MIR.KR.Ldig.Ldig

235 JJM060716p2160 Yellow paint DSCN3125.JPG JJM060716p2157 JJM060716p2147 JJM060716p215 0 JJM060716p

236 JJM060716p2153 JJM060716p2159 JJM060716p2154 JJM060716p

237 LOCH SUNART SAC SUBTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: SR16 W. of Waterfalls Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: Approx. 335 o Top of transect marked by: A black piton in the mid shore, approx 7.0m along the contiguous intertidal transect (LR16). Access: By boat Other images: 29 digital photos and Video Tape No. L/S-SUN No. Zone Tape (m) Depth (m rcd) Notes 7 IR.HIR.KFaR.LhypR.Ft CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH : 10 Quadrats 9 IR.MIR.KR.XFoR CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Ant CR.MCR.EcCr.CarSwi.LgAs

238 JJM060716p2160 DSCN3127.JPG DSCN3133.JPG SMB marking end of subtidal transect SMB marking end of subtidal transect Piton JJM060716p2155 Piton marking top of subtidal transect JJM060716p

239 10.0 Ver.Ver Sem YG Ver.B West of Waterfalls littoral and sublittoral profile FvesR Ldig.Ldig LhypR.Ft XFoR AmenCio.Ant AntAsH CarSwiLgAs Distance (m) Height/depth (m rcd) 225

240 LOCH SUNART SAC INTERTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: LR18 Loch Teacuis Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: 235 o Top of transect marked by: Yellow road paint in crevice. Left hand side of outcrop. [piton banged into crevice at 5.5m, bottom of Pelvetia zone] Note: The bottom of zone 5 on the intertidal transect (33.3m) marks the start of the contiguous subtidal transect (SR18); which heads off on a bearing of 235 o. Access: By boat Other images: 33 other digital photos and Video Tape No. L/S-SUN No. Zone Tape (m) Height (m) Notes 1 LR.FLR.Lic.YG LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver LR.LLR.FVS.PelVS LR.LLR.FVS.FspiVS : 10 Quadrats 5 LR.LLR.FVS.AscVS DSC05709.JPG DSCN3143.JPG 226

241 DSC05708.JPG DSC05718.JPG Yellow paint DSC05712.JPG Piton DSC05713.JPG 227

242 DSC05714.JPG DSC05716.JPG 228

243 LOCH SUNART SAC SUBTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: SR18 Loch Teacuis Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: 235 o Top of transect marked by: The bottom of zone 5 (33.3m) of the contiguous intertidal transect (LR18). [A piton was also banged into a crevice at 5.5m, bottom of Pelvetia zone.] Access: By boat Other images: 15 digital photos and Video Tape No. L/S-SUN No. Zone Tape (m) Depth (m rcd) Notes 6 IR.LIR.KVS.LsacPsaVS SS.SBR.PoR.Ser : 10 Quadrats 8 SS.SMU.IFiMu.PhiVir

244 DSC05709.JPG DSC05718.JPG DSCN3139 JPG SMB marking end of subtidal transect Intertidal transect DSC05714.JPG DSC05712.JPG Piton Piton 230

245 PelVS Ver.Ver FspiVS NE shore Inner Loch Teacuis littoral and sublittoral profile YG AscV S LsacPsaVS Distance (m) Ser PhiVir Height/depth (m rcd) 231

246 LOCH SUNART SAC SUBTIDAL SITE LOCATION SHEET Site: SR22 Torr Molach Top of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bottom of transect: OS Grid Ref. NM Lat./Long.(WGS84) 56 o N 5 o W Bearing from top of transect: Approx. 148 o Top of transect marked by: Silvery metal piton (knife blade type), with hole for karabiner attachment, banged into crevice in mid shore. Also, yellow road paint in lichen zone marks top of potential intertidal transect (not surveyed in 2006) [OS Grid Ref. NM ]. Access: Site is right next to road, so potentially possible to access from land, but road is narrow (no parking and shore is very steep. Boat recommended, using picnic area beach approx. 200m north along coast as a base and launch site to ferry waves of divers. Other images: 15 digital photos and Video Tape No. S-SUN No. Zone Tape (m) Depth (m rcd) Notes 1 IR.LIR.KVS m IR.LIR.KVS.LsacPsaVS CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH : 13 Quadrats 4 CR.LCR.BrAs.NeoPro

247 JJM060719p2179 Yellow paint JJM060719p2183 Start of subtidal transect JJM060719p2184 Piton (edge of water) marking start of subtidal transect JJM060719p2185 Piton (edge of water) marking start of subtidal transect 233

248 Torr Molach littoral and sublittoral profile LsacPsaVS AntAsH NeoPro KVS Distance (m) Height/depth (m rcd) 234

249 Appendix 7 - Photographs of intertidal quadrats 235

250 Site: S9 Zone 5 / Quadrat 1 Site: S9 Zone 5 / Quadrat 2 Site: S9 Zone 5 / Quadrat 3 Site: S9 Zone 5 / Quadrat 4 Site: S9 Zone 5 / Quadrat 5 236

251 Site: S9 Zone 5 / Quadrat 6 Site: S9 Zone 5 / Quadrat 7 Site: S9 Zone 5 / Quadrat 8 Site: S9 Zone 5 / Quadrat 9 Site: S9 Zone 5 / Quadrat

252 Site: S10 Zone 9 / Quadrat 1 Site: S10 Zone 9 / Quadrat 2 Site: S10 Zone 9 / Quadrat 3 Site: S10 Zone 9/ Quadrat 4 Site: S10 Zone 9 / Quadrat 5 238

253 Site: S10 Zone 9 / Quadrat 6 Site: S10 Zone 9 / Quadrat 7 Site: S10 Zone 9 / Quadrat 8 Site: S10 Zone 9 / Quadrat 9 Site: S10 Zone 9 / Quadrat

254 Site: S11 Zone 4 / Quadrat 1 Site: S11 Zone 4 / Quadrat 2 Site: S11 Zone 4 / Quadrat 3 Site: S11 Zone 4 / Quadrat 4 Site: S11 Zone 4 / Quadrat 5 240

255 Site: S11 Zone 4 / Quadrat 6 Site: S11 Zone 4 / Quadrat 7 Site: S11 Zone 4 / Quadrat 8 Site: S11 Zone 4 / Quadrat 9 Site: S11 Zone 4 / Quadrat

256 Site: S12 Zone 7 / Quadrat 1 Site: S12 Zone 7 / Quadrat 2 Site: S12 Zone 7 / Quadrat 3 Site: S12 Zone 7 / Quadrat 4 Site: S12 Zone 7 / Quadrat 5 Site: S12 Zone 7 / Quadrat 6 242

257 Site: S12 Zone 7 / Quadrat 7 Site: S12 Zone 7 / Quadrat 8 No photograph No photograph Site: S12 Zone 7 / Quadrat 9 Site: S12 Zone 7 / Quadrat 10 No photograph No photograph 243

258 Site: S13 Zone 3 / Quadrat 1 Site: S13 Zone 3 / Quadrat 2 No photograph No photograph Site: S13 Zone 3 / Quadrat 3 Site: S13 Zone 3 / Quadrat 4 No photograph No photograph Site: S13 Zone 3 / Quadrat 5 No photograph 244

259 Site: S13 Zone 3 / Quadrat 6 Site: S13 Zone 3 / Quadrat 7 No photograph No photograph Site: S13 Zone 3 / Quadrat 8 Site: S13 Zone 3 / Quadrat 9 No photograph No photograph Site: S13 Zone 3 / Quadrat 10 No photograph 245

260 Site: S16 Zone 5 / Quadrat 1 Site: S16 Zone 5 / Quadrat 2 Site: S16 Zone 5 / Quadrat 3 Site: S16 Zone 5 / Quadrat 4 Site: S16 Zone 5 / Quadrat 5 246

261 Site: S16 Zone 5 / Quadrat 6 Site: S16 Zone 5 / Quadrat 7 Site: S16 Zone 5 / Quadrat 8 Site: S16 Zone 5 / Quadrat 9 Site: S16 Zone 5 / Quadrat

262 Site: S18 Zone 2/3 / Quadrat 1 Site: S18 Zone 2/3 / Quadrat 2 Site: S18 Zone 2/3 / Quadrat 3 Site: S18 Zone 2/3 / Quadrat 4 Site: S18 Zone 2/3 / Quadrat 5 248

263 Site: S18 Zone 2/3 / Quadrat 6 Site: S18 Zone 2/3 / Quadrat 7 Site: S18 Zone 2/3 / Quadrat 8 Site: S18 Zone 2/3 / Quadrat 9 Site: S18 Zone 2/3 / Quadrat

264 Appendix 8 - Species recorded from diving and intertidal work in 2006 Appendix 8 lists all the species recorded and the sites at which they were found. The full data set including semi-quantitative abundances in each Phase II habitat and quantitative abundances from all quadrats has been entered into Marine Recorder. Excel spreadsheets containing all the information collected are held by SNH. Species from sites where the intertidal and subtidal transects were contiguous are shown in a single column. Where the transects were at separate locations, the species are shown in separate columns. 250

265 MCS Code Species Transect site no. L9/ S9 L10/ S10 L11/ S11 L12/ S12 L13/ S13 L16/ S16 L18/ S18 L22/ S22 Limaria site no. S14 S15 S19 S20 S21 C00080 Clathrina coriacea * C00260 Leucosolenia complicata * C00350 Scypha ciliata * * C00900 Enc Sponge (various) * * C00900 Enc. Sponge (orange) * * C01670 Pachymatisma johnstonia * C02200 Suberites carnosus * * * * C02210 Suberites ficus * C03020 Cliona celata * C03540 Axinella infundibuliformis * C03720 Phakellia ventilabrum * * * C04080 Stelligera stuposa * * * * * C04250 Raspailia hispida * * C04810 Halichondria bowerbanki * * * C04840 Halichondria panicea * * * * * * * C05230 Hymeniacidon perleve * * * * * C05960 Esperiopsis fucorum * C06450 Myxilla incrustans * C07250 Hymedesmia paupertas * C07590 Phorbas fictitius * C08640 Haliclona urceolus * * C08650 Haliclona viscosa * C08900 Dysidea fragilis * C09100 Halisarca dujardini * * D00830 Aurelia aurita (Scypistomae) * D02330 Eudendrium capillare * * D02370 Eudendrium rameum * * D02380 Eudendrium ramosum * * D03060 Bougainvillia ramosa * * * * D03340 Hydractinia * * * D03970 Modeeria rotunda * * * * D05160 Lafoea dumosa * * * D05250 Halecium beanii * * D05260 Halecium halecinum * * D05560 Aglaophenia tubulifera * * * D05780 Halopteris catharina * * * * * * D05850 Kirchenpaueria pinnata * * * * D05970 Nemertesia antennina * * D05990 Nemertesia ramosa * * D06050 Plumularia setacea * * * * * * D06150 Polyplumaria frutescens * D06260 Abietinaria abietina * * * D06360 Diphasia * D06370 Diphasia alata * D06420 Diphasia pinaster * * D06430 Diphasia rosacea * D06480 Dynamena pumila * * * * * D06670 Sertularella gayi * * D06690 Sertularella polyzonias * D06760 Sertularia argentea * * * * * * * 251

266 MCS Code Species Transect site no. L9/ S9 L10/ S10 L11/ S11 L12/ S12 L13/ S13 L16/ S16 L18/ S18 L22/ S22 Limaria site no. S14 S15 S19 S20 S21 D07280 Obelia * * * * * D07300 Obelia dichotoma * * * * * D07310 Obelia geniculata * * * D07430 Rhizocaulus verticillatus * * * D10240 Alcyonium digitatum * * * * * * * * D10250 Alcyonium glomeratum * * D10370 Swiftia pallida * D10560 Virgularia mirabilis * * * * D10750 Cerianthus lloydii * * * * * D11160 Parazoanthus anguicomus * D11390 Protanthea simplex * D11510 Actinia equina * * * * * D11580 Anemonia viridis * * * D11680 Urticina felina * * * D11690 Urticina eques * * D12250 Metridium senile * * * D12310 Sagartia elegans * * * D12470 Sagartiogeton laceratus * * * * D12920 Adamsia carciniopados * * D13700 Caryophyllia smithii * * * * G00001 NEMERTEA * O00150 Amalosoma eddystonense * P00270 Aphrodita aculeata * P13750 Chaetopterus variopedatus * * * * * * * P20000 Terebellidae * P20310 Lanice conchilega * * P22610 Sabella pavonina * P22720 Serpulidae * * * P23020 Pomatoceros * P23030 Pomatoceros lamarcki * * * * * * P23040 Pomatoceros triqueter * P23090 Serpula vermicularis * P23460 Protula tubularia * P23550 Spirorbidae * P23550 Spirorbidae * * Q00010 Pycnogonida * * * * * * * * * Q00800 Red mites * R00720 Chthamalus montagui * * * * * * R00730 Chthamalus stellatus * * R00990 BALANOIDEA * * * R01080 Semibalanus balanoides * R01090 Balanus balanus * * * * R01100 Balanus crenatus * * * S01660 AMPHIPODA * * S17890 Ligia oceanica * * * S22100 Palaemon serratus * S23310 Crangon crangon * S24140 Palinurus elephas * S24650 Pagurus bernhardus * * S24700 Pagurus prideaux * * * 252

267 MCS Code Species Transect site no. L9/ S9 L10/ S10 L11/ S11 L12/ S12 L13/ S13 L16/ S16 L18/ S18 L22/ S22 Limaria site no. S14 S15 S19 S20 S21 S24860 Galathea intermedia * S24900 Galathea strigosa * S24950 Munida rugosa * * S25070 Porcellana platycheles * * * S25590 Hyas araneus * * * * * * S25600 Hyas coarctatus * * * S25850 Macropodia rostrata * S26460 Cancer pagurus * * * * * * * S26690 Liocarcinus depurator * S26720 Necora puber * * * * S26900 Carcinus maenas * * * * * * * W00730 Lepidochitona (Lepidochitona) * * * W00780 Tonicella marmorea * W00790 Tonicella rubra * * * * W01250 Tectura testudinalis * * * * * * W01260 Tectura virginea * * * * W01300 Patella * * W01330 Patella ulyssiponensis * * * * W01340 Patella vulgata * W01390 Helcion pellucidum * W01810 Jujubinus miliaris * W01890 Gibbula magus * W01930 Gibbula cineraria * * * * * * * * W01950 Gibbula umbilicalis * * * * W02000 Calliostoma zizyphinum * * * * W02500 Littorina littorea * * W02520 Melarhaphe neritoides * * * * * W02540 Littorina mariae * * * W02550 Littorina obtusata * W02580 Littorina neglecta * * W02600 Littorina saxatilis * * * * W07370 Trivia arctica * W07380 Trivia monacha * W08170 Nucella lapillus * * * * W08440 Buccinum undatum * * * * * * * W09790 Philine aperta * * * * * * W12420 Tritonia hombergii * * W13140 Trapania pallida * * W13620 Polycera faeroensis * W13630 Polycera quadrilineata * * W14020 Archidoris * W16500 Mytilus edulis * * * * * * * * * W16500 Mytilus edulis * * * W16750 Modiolus modiolus * W17390 Limaria hians * * W18000 Chlamys varia * * W18050 Aequipecten opercularis * * * * * * W18090 Pecten maximus * W18200 Pododesmus patelliformis * * W18210 Heteranomia * * 253

268 MCS Code Species Transect site no. L9/ S9 L10/ S10 L11/ S11 L12/ S12 L13/ S13 L16/ S16 L18/ S18 L22/ S22 Limaria site no. S14 S15 S19 S20 S21 W20220 Ensis * W21250 Arctica islandica * * W21640 Dosinia lupinus * W22270 Mya truncata * W24080 Sepiola atlantica * X00070 Neocrania anomala * Y00001 Enc. Bryozoa * * * * Y00030 Crisiidae * * Y01370 Alcyonidium diaphanum * * * Y01390 Alcyonidium hirsutum * * * * Y01420 Alcyonidium polyoam * Y01480 Flustrellidra hispida * * * * * Y03770 Parasmittina trispinosa * * * Y03830 Porella compressa * Y04480 Schizomavella linearis * * * * Y06060 Cellepora pumicosa * Y06120 Celleporina hassallii * Y06300 Omalosecosa ramulosa * * Y06580 Eucratea loricata * Y06640 Membranipora membranacea * Y06780 Electra pilosa * * * * Y07100 Securiflustra securifrons * Y08360 Scrupocellaria * * Y08380 Scrupocellaria reptans * * Y08720 Bugula flabellata * * ZB00110 Antedon bifida * * * ZB00120 Antedon petasus * * * * * ZB00220 Leptometra celtica * * * * * * ZB00410 Astropecten irregularis * ZB00670 Luidia ciliaris * * ZB01010 Porania pulvillus * * * * * * * * * * * ZB01430 Solaster endeca * * * * ZB01490 Crossaster papposus * * * ZB01640 Henricia * * ZB01900 Asterias rubens * * * * * * * * ZB02000 Marthasterias glacialis * ZB02350 Ophiothrix fragilis * * ZB02420 Ophiocomina nigra * * * ZB02680 Ophiactis balli * ZB02780 Ophiopholis aculeata * * * ZB02860 Amphiura chiajei * ZB03120 Ophiura affinis * * * * * ZB03130 Ophiura albida * * * ZB03550 Psammechinus miliaris * * * ZB03620 Echinus esculentus * * * * * * * * * * * ZB04740 Pawsonia saxicola * * ZB04790 Aslia lefevrei * * ZB04850 Ocnus planci * * * * * ZB04950 Thyone fusus * * ZB04980 Thyone roscovita * 254

269 MCS Code Species Transect site no. L9/ S9 L10/ S10 L11/ S11 L12/ S12 L13/ S13 L16/ S16 L18/ S18 L22/ S22 Limaria site no. S14 S15 S19 S20 S21 ZB05080 Thyonidium drummondii * ZB05150 Psolus phantapus * ZD00060 Clavelina lepadiformis * * * * ZD00340 Polyclinum aurantium * ZD00530 Sidnyum sp. * ZD00640 Aplidium punctum * ZD00970 Diplosoma listerianum * * * ZD01170 Ciona intestinalis * * * * * ZD01230 Diazona violacea * * ZD01350 Corella parallelogramma * * * * * ZD01410 Ascidiella aspersa * * * * * ZD01430 Ascidiella scabra * * * * * * ZD01500 Ascidia mentula * * * * * * * * ZD01530 Ascidia virginea * * * * * * ZD01870 Polycarpa pomaria * * ZD01880 Polycarpa scuba * * * * * ZD01940 Dendrodoa grossularia * * * * * * * * ZD02090 Botryllus schlosseri * * * * * * * ZD02140 Botrylloides leachi * * * * ZF00400 Scyliorhinus canicula * ZG01730 Gadus morhua * ZG02080 Pollachius pollachius * * * * * ZG04330 Myoxocephalus * * * * * ZG05920 Centrolabrus exoletus * ZG06010 Crenilabrus melops * ZG06050 Ctenolabrus rupestris * * * ZG06090 Labrus bergylta * * ZG06100 Labrus mixtus * * * ZG06320 Lipophrys pholis * * * * * * ZG06530 Chirolophis ascanii * ZG06800 Pholis gunnellus * * * * * * ZG07000 Callionymus lyra * * * * * * ZG07230 Gobius niger * ZG07280 Gobiusculus flavescens * * * * ZG07400 Pomatoschistus * * ZG07480 Thorogobius ephippiatus * * * ZM00010 Enc. Red algae * * * * * * * * ZM00830 Porphyra * * * * * * ZM02080 Bonnemaisonia asparagoides * * * * * * ZM02150 Gelidium * ZM02170 Gelidium pusillum * * * ZM02420 Palmaria palmata * * * * * * * ZM02560 Dilsea carnosa * ZM02660 Dumontia contorta * * ZM03230 Callophyllis laciniata * * ZM03280 Kallymenia reniformis * * * ZM03330 Meredithia microphylla * * ZM03790 Hildenbrandia rubra * * * ZM03830 Enc. Coralline algae * * * * * * * * * * * * ZM04040 Corallina officinalis * 255

270 MCS Code Species Transect site no. L9/ S9 L10/ S10 L11/ S11 L12/ S12 L13/ S13 L16/ S16 L18/ S18 L22/ S22 Limaria site no. S14 S15 S19 S20 S21 ZM04610 Lithothamnion glaciale * * * * * * ZM05590 Schmitzia hiscockiana * * * * * ZM05840 Phyllophora crispa * * ZM06050 Mastocarpus stellatus * * ZM06110 Chondrus crispus * * * * * * ZM06310 Plocamium cartilagineum * ZM06480 Halarachnion ligulatum * * ZM06710 Catenella caespitosa * ZM06820 Calliblepharis ciliata * ZM06880 Cystoclonium purpureum * ZM06930 Rhodophyllis divaricata * * * * * * ZM06940 Rhodophyllis divaricata var. werneri * ZM07190 Cordylecladia erecta * ZM07400 Chylocladia verticillata * ZM07500 Lomentaria * * * * * * * ZM07510 Lomentaria articulata * * ZM07530 Lomentaria orcadensis * * * * ZM07850 Aglaothamnion bipinnatum * ZM07860 Aglaothamnion byssoides * * ZM08121 Ceramium cimbricum * ZM08230 Ceramium nodulosum * ZM08239 Ceramium secundatum * ZM08340 Compsothamnion thuyoides * * * * * * ZM08880 Pterothamnion plumula * * * * * * ZM09080 Seirospora interrupta * * ZM09350 Acrosorium venulosum * ZM09500 Cryptopleura ramosa * * * * ZM09550 Delesseria sanguinea * * * * * * ZM09850 Hypoglossum hypoglossoides * * * ZM09900 Membranoptera alata * * * * ZM09950 Haraldiophyllum bonnemaisonii * ZM10020 Nitophyllum punctatum * * * ZM10120 Phycodrys rubens * ZM10320 Dasya hutchinsiae * * * * * ZM10500 Brongniartella byssoides * * * ZM10800 Osmundea pinnatifida * * * * * ZM10970 Odonthalia dentata * * * ZM11010 Polysiphonia * ZM11050 Polysiphonia elongata * * ZM11060 Polysiphonia elongella * * ZM11150 Polysiphonia lanosa * * * ZM11170 Polysiphonia fucoides * ZM11300 Polysiphonia stricta * ZM11370 Pterosiphonia parasitica * * * * ZR00030 Ectocarpaceae * * * * * ZR02470 Elachista * * * ZR03860 Enc. Brown algae * * * ZR03890 Cutleria multifida * ZR04390 Cladostephus spongiosus * ZR04570 Dictyota dichotoma * * * 256

271 MCS Code Species Transect site no. L9/ S9 L10/ S10 L11/ S11 L12/ S12 L13/ S13 L16/ S16 L18/ S18 L22/ S22 Limaria site no. S14 S15 S19 S20 S21 ZR04970 Desmarestia aculeata * ZR05000 Desmarestia viridis * * * * ZR05480 Asperococcus * ZR06250 Chorda filum * * * * ZR06320 Laminaria digitata * * * ZR06330 Laminaria hyperborea * * * * * * ZR06360 Laminaria saccharina * * * * * * * * * * * ZR06460 Saccorhiza polyschides * * ZR06640 Ascophyllum nodosum * * * * * * ZR06740 Fucus serratus * ZR06740 Fucus serratus * * * * * * ZR06750 Fucus spiralis * * * ZR06760 Fucus vesiculosus * * * * * * ZR06810 Pelvetia canaliculata * * * * * ZR06870 Himanthalia elongata * * ZR07160 Halidrys siliquosa * * * ZS02110 Enteromorpha * * * * * * * ZS02400 Ulva * ZS02450 Ulva lactuca * * ZS03380 Cladophora * * * * ZS03560 Cladophora rupestris * ZS04140 Codium * Anaptychia fusca * Caloplaca marina * * * * * Caloplaca thallincola * * * * Green lichen * Grey lichens * * * * * * * Lecanora atra * Lichina confinis * Lichina pygmaea * * * Ochrolechia parella * * * * Ramalina siliquosa * Verrucaria (black) * * * * * * * Verrucaria (green) * * * * * * * Xanthoria parietina * * * * * * * Grass (Fescue) * * * Armeria maritima (Thrift) * * Anurida maritima * Number of Taxa

272 Appendix 9 - Photograph and video logs Appendix 9.1 Appendix 9.2 Photograph log Video log 258

273 Appendix 9.1 Photograph log This is an abbreviated log. A fully detailed version with more fields (eg. site position) is available on a separate Excel spreadsheet linked to the photographs Abbreviations used below: Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward General Aquilla Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward General Aquilla Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward General Aquilla Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward General Aquilla Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward General Rahoy Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward General Rahoy Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Camasinus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Camasinus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Camasinus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Camasinus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Camasinus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Camasinus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Camasinus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Yacht Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Creel boat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Laga Bay fish farm Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Laga Bay -fish farm Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Aquilla Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Aquilla Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Aquilla Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Creeler's pontoon Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Creeler's pontoon Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Risga -North Channel Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Aquilla steaming Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Dropdown equipment Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Rubha Aird Beithe Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Laga Bay fish farm Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Laga Bay fish farm Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Boat traffic - Timber barge Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Boat traffic - Timber barge Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Boat traffic - Timber barge Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Boat traffic - Timber barge Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Vivier boat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Vivier boat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Glenborrodale Castle

274 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Glenborrodale Castle Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James General Yacht Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Sea grass monitoring Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Sea grass monitoring Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Sea grass monitoring Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter? General Dropdown video Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter? General Dropdown video Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter? General Dropdown video Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter? General Dropdown video Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter? General Dropdown video Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General westwards from Sron na Saobhaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Laudale House Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Laudale House Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Eastwards from Sron na Saobhaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Canoeists near Laudale Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Carcinus on Zostera noltii bed Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Saltmarsh on Eilean Mor (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Saltmarsh on Eilean Mor (E) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Saltmarsh on Eilean Mor (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Shingle on Eilean Mor (NW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Shingle on Eilean Mor (NW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Shingle on Eilean Mor (NW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Glasswort Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Glasswort Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Strandline - Litter Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Eilean an t-sionnaich Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Eilean an t-sionnaich Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Dropdown video - off Camasinus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Cottage from Mooring Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Mooring from cottage Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Mooring from cottage Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Mooring from cottage Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Mooring from cottage Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Mooring from cottage Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General At Rubha Aird Shlignich Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Vivier boat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Laudale from Camuschoirk Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Laudale from Camuschoirk Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Laudale across Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Northwest from Eilean Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Northwest across Eilean an t- Sionnaich

275 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Northwest across Eilean an t- Sionnaich Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Southwest across Eilean an t- Sionnaich Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Southwest across Eilean an t- Sionnaich Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Cottage from southwest Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell General work indoors Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Site Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Aquaculture- glencripesdale Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Aquaculture- glencripesdale Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Aquaculture- glencripesdale Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Aquaculture- glencripesdale Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Aquaculture- glencripesdale Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Peregrine cabin - Camas Salach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Peregrine deck - Camas Salach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General General Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Inner Loch Teacuis northwest Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Inner Loch Teacuis northwest Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Inner Loch Teacuis southeast Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Transect area Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Coalas Rahuaidh from Transect? Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Head of Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter General Snorkelling for Serpula in Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Invasion Bay fish farm Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Invasion Bay fish farm Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Invasion Bay fish farm Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Invasion Bay fish farm Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Invasion Bay fish farm Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Invasion Bay fish farm Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Invasion Bay fish farm Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Invasion Bay fish farm Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General Invasion Bay fish farm Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell General Camusinas Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell General Camusinas Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell General Camusinas Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell General Camusinas Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell General Camusinas Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell General Camusinas Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell General Camusinas Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell General Camusinas Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell General Camusinas

276 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell General Camusinas Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell General Camusinas Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Team shot Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Christine swimming to Camas Salach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Christine swimming to Camas Salach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General View of Camasinas Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Fish farm in Laga Bay Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson General General Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward General Aquila 2!! Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General General, on shore just west of site Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General General, on shore just west of site Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General General, on shore just west of site Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General General, on shore just west of site Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General General, on shore just west of site Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General General, on shore just west of site Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General General, on shore just west of site Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General General, on shore just west of site Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Loch Sunart general Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Loch Sunart general Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Loch Sunart general Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Rocky shore zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Rocky shore zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore General Rocky shore zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Grabbing Grab sampling Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Rigging the grab Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Grab of soft mud on sieving table Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing The Laurenca grabbing setup Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Grab on the deck Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Head of the loch from Laudale area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Head of the loch from Laudale area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Grab contents - unsieved Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Grab contents - unsieved Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Grab contents - unsieved Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Van Veen Grab Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Grab contents - sieved Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Grab contents - sieved Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Grab contents - sieved Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Grab contents - sieved Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Grabbing Grab contents - sieved Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 01 Z.marina Camas nan Geall

277 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 01 Z.marina Camas nan Geall Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 01 Z.marina Camas nan Geall Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 02 Z. marina Rubha Camp an Righ Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 02 Z. marina Rubha Camp an Righ Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 02 Z. marina Rubha Camp an Righ Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 02 Z. marina Rubha Camp an Righ Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 03 AMAC Camaschoirk (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 AMAC Eilean Mor (Area 4) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 AMAC Eilean Mor (Area 4) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 Z.noltii Eilean Mor (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 Z.noltii Eilean Mor (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 Z.noltii Eilean Mor (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 Z.noltii Eilean Mor (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 Z.noltii Eilean Mor (Area 1) Quadrat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 Z.noltii Eilean Mor (Area 1) Quadrat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 Z.noltii Eilean Mor (Area 1) Quadrat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 Z.noltii Eilean Mor (Area 1) Quadrat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 Z.noltii Eilean Mor (Area 1) Quadrat

278 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 AMAC Eilean Mor (Area 3) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 AMAC Eilean Mor (Area 3) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 AMAC Eilean Mor (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 AMAC Eilean Mor (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 AMAC Eilean Mor (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 AMAC Eilean Mor (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 04 AMAC Eilean Mor (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 04 AMAC Eilean Mor (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 04 AMAC Eilean Mor (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 04 AMAC Eilean Mor (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 04 Z.noltii Eilean Mor (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 04 Z.noltii Eilean Mor (Area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 04 AMAC Eilean Mor (Area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (area 2) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (area 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (Just south of larger burn) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (Just south of larger burn facing North) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (Just south of larger burn facing South) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (WPT 27) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch (WPT 31) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 05 AMAC Head of Loch Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian

279 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 06 AMAC Strontian Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 07 AMAC Glenborrodale Bay Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 07 AMAC Glenborrodale Bay Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 07 AMAC Glenborrodale Bay Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 07 AMAC Glenborrodale Bay Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 07 AMAC Glenborrodale Bay Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 07 AMAC Glenborrodale Bay Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 07 AMAC Glenborrodale Bay Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 07 AMAC Glenborrodale Bay Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 07 AMAC Glenborrodale Bay Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 07 AMAC Glenborrodale Bay Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 07 AMAC Glenborrodale Bay Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis

280 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 08 Serpulid reef - Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Hermit crab with Hydractina hat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Serpula vermicularis tubes Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef amongst kelp Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Crab on top of serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Crab on top of serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef amongst kelp Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef amongst kelp Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Scallop with sponge cloak Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef amongst kelp Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef amongst kelp Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Squirt on Halidrys in shallow sublittoral Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Serpula vermicularis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef amongst kelp Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Large Suberites ficus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Large Suberites ficus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Large Suberites ficus close-up Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Large Suberites ficus with urchin Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08?Iophonopsis sp. sponge Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Serpula vermicularis tubes and sponge Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Serpula vermicularis tubes and sponge Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Serpula vermicularis with hermit crab Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef amongst kelp Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Psammechinus miliaris

281 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef amongst kelp Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Serpula vermicularis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Serpula vermicularis with hermit crab Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Large Suberites ficus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Serpula vermicularis & Suberites ficus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Large Suberites ficus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef & Sabella pavonina Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Serpula vermicularis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Serpula vermicularis calcareous tubes Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Small serpulid reef Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 08 Scallop with sponge cloak Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species

282 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species

283 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 09 Site 9, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species

284 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Site 9 - sublittoral species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Laura Baxter Site 09 Site 9 - Profile and zonation Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 View from top of transect Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 View from top of transect Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Littoral quadrat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Littoral quadrat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Littoral quadrat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Littoral quadrat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Littoral quadrat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Littoral quadrat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Littoral quadrat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Littoral quadrat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Littoral quadrat

285 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Littoral quadrat Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 09 Jetty in Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species

286 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Site 10, Zone 5 transect species Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor S-SUN Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor

287 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor - General Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor - General Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor - General Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor - General Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor - General Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Suz recording Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor - General Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor - General Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Sligneach Mor Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 10 Camasinas - view from window Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 11 Oronsay (NE)

288 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE)

289 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 11 Oronsay (NE) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell Site 12 Camas Salach (SW)

290 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Sue Mitchell Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 12 Shore work Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 12 Shore work Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 12 Camas Salach (SW)

291 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Bottom of shore transect Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Bottom of shore transect Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 View up the transect Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 13 Torran a Chonnaidh Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 14 West of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 14 West of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 14 West of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 14 West of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 14 West of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 14 West of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 14 West of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 14 West of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 14 West of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 14 West of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 14 West of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 14 West of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 14 West of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean

292 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 15 SE of Glas Eilean Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone

293 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 16 W. of Waterfalls, zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 16 Yellow paint on pinnacle top Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 16 Transect direction Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 16 Transect direction Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 16 Shot to the northeast Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 16 Shot to the northwest Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 16 View to the west through the origin Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 16 View to the east through the origin Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 16 View along transect through the buoy Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 16 View along transect through the buoy Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 16 View along transect through the buoy Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 16 View to the southwest from distance Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls

294 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 16 West of Waterfalls Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC Salen Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC Salen Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC Salen Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC Salen Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC Salen Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 Free living F.serratus area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 Free living F.serratus area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC with free living F.serratus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC with free living F.serratus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area

295 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Mark Steward Site 17 AMAC - site 17 area Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 View south to the head of the loch Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 View south to the head of the loch Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 View along the transect Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 View along the transect from the origin Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 The yellow paint Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 The piton at the Pelvetia/ Fucus boundary Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Up the transect from the middleshore Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 View along the north shore from site Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 View along the south shore from site Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Divers working along the Serpula transect Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Serpula vermicularis colony Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Close-up of Serpula vermicularis colony Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Terebellid tentacles among the worms Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Galathea sp. among the worms Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18?Macropodia among the worms Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Close-up of Serpula vermicularis colony Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Close-up of Serpula vermicularis colony Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18?Palaemon sp among the worms Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Hydractinia on a pagurid on the worms Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Hydractinia on a pagurid on the worms Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Chlamys varia and Ascidia mentula Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Close-up of Serpula vermicularis colony Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Close-up of Serpula vermicularis colony Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Video clip Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Close-up of Serpula vermicularis colony Sun0607P Jul-2006 Tom Mercer Site 18 Colony among the kelp & Fucus vesiculosus Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 Quadrats

296 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 Quadrats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 Quadrats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 Quadrats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 General Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 General Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 Quadrats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 Quadrats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 Quadrats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 Quadrats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 Quadrats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 18 Quadrats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 18 Top of transect Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 18 From top of transect (zone 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 18 From top of transect (zone 1) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 18 Boundary zone 1 & Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 18 Zone 2 & 3 with piton Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 18 Zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 18 Zone 3, 2 & Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 18 Zone 1 & Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 18 Zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 18 Zone Sun0607P Jul-2006 Suz Henderson Site 18 From bottom of transect (zone 4) Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis

297 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 18 NE SHore Inner Loch Teacuis Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 20 Species & habitats Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows

298 Image No. Date Taken Photographer Site no. Subject Eastings Northings Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Christine Howson Site 21 E of Jetty Laudale Narrows Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Jon Moore Site 22 Torr Molach Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 23 Zostera Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 23 Zostera Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 23 Zostera Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 23 Zostera Sun0607P Jul-2006 Ben James Site 23 Zostera

299 Appendix 9.2 Video log Tape No. Site No. Date Shore and diving work L-SUN /07/2006 L-SUN /07/2006 L-SUN /07/2006 S-SUN /07/2006 S-SUN /07/2006 S-SUN /07/2006 Video Operator Suz Henderson Laura Baxter Mark Steward Suz Henderson Laura Baxter Laura Baxter Tape format Summary of footage/comments Start time End time MiniDV AMAC at Camaschoirk (area 1) 00:00:00:00 00:01:26:21 MiniDV Z.nolti at Eilean Mor (area 1) 00:01:26:21 00:02:18:01 MiniDV AMAC at Strontian 00:02:18:01 00:08:17:00 MiniDV S-SUN /07/2006 Sue Mitchell MiniDV Footage of biotope where quadrats were taken from the sublittoral transect at site 10 00:00:12:00 00:08:55:00 MiniDV Sublittoral transect at site 10 from deep to shallow 00:08:55:00 00:25:29:00 MiniDV Sublittoral transect at site 11 from deep to shallow 00:00:00:00 00:23:24:17 Footage of biotope where quadrats were taken from the sublittoral transect at site 11 00:31:41:13 00:42:36:00 S-SUN /07/2006 Sue Mitchell MiniDV Sublittoral transect at site 12 from deep to shallow 00:00:00:00 00:22:53:00 S-SUN Laura Footage of biotope where quadrats were taken from the sublittoral transect 11/07/2006 MiniDV 00:22:53:00 Baxter at site 12. (Spurdog!!) 00:38:28:00 S/L-SUN Suz 12/07/2006 MiniDV Sublittoral transect at site 13 from deep to shallow 00:00:00:00 00:30:08:00 Henderson S/L-SUN Suz 12/07/2006 MiniDV Littoral transect at site 13 00:30:08:00 00:38:15:00 Henderson S/L-SUN /07/2006 Sue Mitchell MiniDV Footage of biotope where quadrats were taken from the sublittoral transect at site :15:00:00 52:36:00:00 L-SUN /07/2006 Jane Dodd MiniDV Littoral transect at site 11 00:00:09:10 00:05:33:00 L-SUN /07/2006 Suz Henderson L/S-SUN /07/2006 Jane Dodd MiniDV MiniDV Littoral transect at site 10 00:00:00:00 00:00:09:44 Sublittoral transect at site 9 from deep to shallow, including footage of zone where quadrats were taken 00:00:00:00 00:23:33:00 L/S-SUN /07/2006 Jane Dodd MiniDV Littoral transect at site 9 00:23:33:00 00:27:55:00 L-SUN & /07/2006 Laura MiniDV Littoral transect at site 12 00:00:00:00 00:04:21:00 Baxter L-SUN & /07/2006 Laura MiniDV AMAC at Salen 00:04:37:00 00:08:52:00 Baxter L/S-SUN /07/2006 Jane Dodd MiniDV Sublittoral transect at site 16 00:00:21:00 00:14:34:00 L/S-SUN /07/2006 Laura Baxter MiniDV Footage of biotope at site 16 00:14:45:00 00:28:56:00 285

300 Tape No. Site No. Date Video Operator Tape format Summary of footage/comments Start time End time L/S-SUN /07/2006 Tom Mercer MiniDV Littoral transect at site 16 00:29:00:00 00:35:56:00 S-SUN /07/2006 Suz Henderson MiniDV Limaria beds 00:00:00:00 00:12:00:00 S-SUN /07/2006 Jane Dodd MiniDV Limaria beds 00:00:30:00 00:22:50:00 L/S-SUN /07/2006 Jane Dodd MiniDV Sublittoral transect at site 18 00:00:00:00 00:07:53:00 L/S-SUN /07/2006 Jane Dodd MiniDV Littoral transect at site 18 00:07:53:00 00:13:10:00 L/S-SUN /07/2006 Tom Mercer MiniDV footage of serpulids at site 18 00:13:17:00 00:22:30:00 L/S-SUN & /07/2006 Ben James MiniDV Zostera at site 23 00:00:00:00 00:00:44:00 L/S-SUN & /07/2006 Suz Henderson MiniDV Serpulids in Loch Teacuis 00:00:44:00 00:23:20:00 S-SUN A 22 19/07/2006 Ben James MiniDV Sublittoral transect site 22 00:00:00:00 00:25:50:04 Drop-Down Video Project D-SUN D-SUN D-SUN D-SUN D-SUN D-SUN D-SUN D-SUN D-SUN D-SUN D-SUN Dropdown Dropdown Dropdown Dropdown Dropdown Dropdown Dropdown Dropdown Dropdown Dropdown Dropdown 02/07/2006 ASML gear MiniDV Zone 3 00:00:00:00 00:37:37 02/07/2006 SNH Gear MiniDV Zone 3 00:00:00:00 00:53:01 03/07/2006 SNH Gear MiniDV Zones 1 and 2. 00:00:00:00 00:58:37 03/07/2006 ASML gear MiniDV Zones 2 and 3. 00:00:00:00 00:57:50 03/07/2006 SNH Gear MiniDV Zones 1 and 2. 00:00:00:00 00:58:32 03/07/2006 SNH Gear MiniDV Zones 1 and 2. 00:00:00:00 01:02:30 04/07/2006 ASML gear MiniDV Zones 2 and 3. 00:00:00:00 00:56:32 04/07/2006 ASML gear Zones 2, 3 and 6 (includes Serpula vermicularis discovery in Loch MiniDV Teacuis). 00:00:00:00 00:45:08 04/07/2006 ASML gear MiniDV Zones 3 and 4 00:00:00:00 00:59:41 05/07/2006 SNH Gear MiniDV Zones 4 and 5. 00:00:00:00 00:55:35 05/07/2006 ASML gear MiniDV Zones3, 4 and 5 - End of the drop-down project. 00:00:00:00 00:34:58 286

301 Appendix 10 - Log of specimens collected 287

302 Ref No. Provisional identification Ref/Voucher Site Code Depth / Height 1 Gelidium pusillum x SUN Upper middle shore Collected by Date Specimen id by date J J Moore 06/07/2006 Gelidium pusillum CMH 06/07/ Porifera indet. X SUN m bcd J J Moore 08/07/ Porifera indet. X SUN m bcd J J Moore 09/07/ Porifera indet. X SUN m bcd J J Moore 09/07/2006 5?Halichondria bowerbankii X SUN m bcd C M Howson 09/07/2006 CMH 09/07/2006 6?Suberites carnosus X SUN m bcd C M Howson 09/07/2006 CMH 09/07/ Haliclona viscosa X SUN m bcd S Mitchell 09/07/2006 Haliclona viscosa CMH 09/07/ Schmitzia hiscockiana X SUN m bcd C M Howson 09/07/2006 Schmitzia hiscockiana CMH 09/07/ Dasya hutchinsiae X SUN m bcd C M Howson 09/07/2006 CMH 09/07/ Trapania pallida X SUN m bcd S Mitchell 09/07/2006 SM 09/07/ Porifera indet. X SUN m bcd T Mercer 10/07/ Porifera indet. X SUN m bcd T Mercer 10/07/ Pychnogonidae indet X SUN m bcd T Mercer 10/07/ Caprellidae indet X SUN m bcd T Mercer 10/07/ Eudendrium capillare X SUN m bcd J J Moore 10/07/2006 Eudendrium capillare CMH 10/07/ Mixed polychaetes from 12 X SUN m bcd T Mercer 11/07/ Holothuria indet X SUN m bcd T Mercer 12/07/ Mixed algae from shore 13 X SUN m T Mercer 12/07/ Hydroid turf from Limaria bed X SUN m bcd C Howson 15/07/2006 Hydroid turf from Limaria bed X SUN m bcd C Howson 15/07/

303 Ref No. Provisional identification Ref/Voucher Site Code Depth / Height Collected by Date Specimen id by date 21?Esperiopsis fucorum X SUN m bcd L.Baxter 15/07/ Eudendrium rameum X SUN m bcd J J Moore 15/07/2006 Eudendrium rameum JJM 15/07/ Bougainvillia ramosa X SUN m bcd J J Moore 15/07/2006 Bougainvillia ramosa JJM 15/07/ Eudendrium ramosum X SUN m bcd J J Moore 15/07/2006 Eudendrium ramosum JJM 15/07/ Halichondria bowerbanki X SUN m bcd C Howson 16/07/ Myxilla incrustans X SUN m bcd C Howson 16/07/ Haliclona sp. X SUN m bcd C Howson 16/07/ Pale yellow/beige X SUN m bcd C Howson 16/07/ Pale yellow/beige X SUN m bcd C Howson 16/07/ Polysiphonia X SUN m J J Moore 16/07/ Porifera (soft yellow tassles) X SUN m bcd J J Moore 16/07/ Porifera (soft yellow) X SUN R Irving 16/07/ Polysiphonia X SUN m bcd J J Moore 16/07/ Pyura microcosmus X SUN m bcd J J Moore 19/07/2006 Pyura microcosmus JJM 19/07/ Polycarpa pomaria X SUN mbcd J J Moore 19/07/2006 Polycarpa pomaria JJM 19/07/

304 Appendix 11 - Site Attribute Tables for Loch Sunart SAC & SSSI 290

305 Sunart SAC Site Attribute Table (SAT) Site Reporting Category Sunart 1 Littoral and sublittoral rock Interest Feature Interest level Attribute Target Prescription Result of Monitoring Target met? 1.1 Reefs SAC Extent 1.1.1a No change in extent of littoral and inshore sublittoral rock allowing for natural succession or known cyclical change. At 6-yearly intervals (in addition to individual case assessments) review activities that have had the potential to reduce the extent of the reef feature (in consultation with SNH Area Office, relevant authorities and site management groups where applicable). To be completed by SNH No relevant activities seen or previously reported at the time of 2006 SCM survey. Differences between the 2001 Broadscale Survey reef map and the 2006 SCM survey to be used to tighten the boundaries of recorded reef and to be continually reviewd following any georeferenced remote video or mapping fieldwork. (Y/N) To be completed by SNH Sunart 1 Littoral rock and sublittoral rock 1.1 Reefs SAC Extent 1.1.1b No change in extent of littoral rock or inshore sublittoral rock allowing for natural succession or At 6-yearly intervals determine localised changes in extent of reef by a programme of zoned and depth stratified random remote video sampling using drop-down video. 6 zones to be sampled, each divided into blocks of reef corresponding to the following depth bands: 0-20m, 20+. Location of the zones and methods are shown in Mercer et al. (2007). At 18-yearly intervals check the most recent aerial photographs against previous photographs and baseline To be completed by SNH To be completed by SNH 291

306 Site Reporting Category Sunart 1 sublittoral rock Interest Feature Interest level 1.1 Reefs SAC Biotope composition of the inshore sublittoral Attribute Target Prescription Result of Monitoring Target met? known cyclical change. intertidal data a Maintain the variety of sublittoral biotopes identified for the site, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical change. No loss of sublittoral reef biotopes recorded along 8 fixed transects established on baseline survey in 2006 (Mercer et al, 2007) At 18 year intervals perform acoustic bathymetric survey throughout the SAC. At 6-yearly intervals undertake a programme of stratified random drop-down video sampling using 6 zones established in Each zone divided into blocks of reef corresponding to the following depth bands: 0-20m, 20+. Location of the zones and methods are shown in Mercer et al., (2007). At 6-yearly intervals evaluate the biotope composition of a series of 8 fixed-position subtidal transects (S9-S13, S16, S18 and S22). Locations, methods and descriptions are given in Mercer et al., (2007). Subtidal baseline established in 2001 following the broadscale survey. Reef maps to be updated/tightened in the light of the 2006 drop down video findings and to be continually reviewd following any georeferenced remote video or mapping fieldwork. To be completed by SNH The biotopes found in 2006 compare well with those recorded in 2001 and are representative for the types of habitats in which they were found. 35 reef and reef-like biotopes were recorded in 2006 (Mercer et al., 2007). There is no evidence to suggest that reef biotope composition has changed over the medium term since (Y/N) To be completed by SNH Biotope complement should be compared with the results in Bates et al., (2004) and Mercer et al., (2007). 292

307 Site Reporting Category Interest Feature Interest level Sunart 1 Littoral rock 1.1 Reefs SAC Biotope composition of the littoral Attribute Target Prescription Result of Monitoring Target met? 1.1.2b Maintain the variety of littoral biotopes identified for the site, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical change. No loss of littoral reef biotopes recorded along fixed transects established on baseline survey in 2006 (Mercer et al., 2007) At 6-yearly intervals evaluate the biotope composition of a series of 7 fixed-position intertidal transects (L9-L13, L16 and 18). Locations, methods and descriptions are given in Mercer et al., (2007). To be completed by SNH 20 intertidal reef biotopes were recorded in 2006 (Mercer et al, 2007). No data exists prior to this study. SNH (Y/N) 293

308 Site Reporting Category Sunart 1 Sublittoral rock Interest Feature Interest level 1.1 Reefs SAC Distribution of biotopes. Spatial arrangement of biotopes at specified locations Attribute Target Prescription Result of Monitoring Target met? 1.1.3a Maintain the spatial arrangement of the biotopes present on the 8 subtidal fixed transects; S9- S13, S16, S18, S22 and maintain the broader geographic distribution of specified infralittoral & circalittoral biotopes within a series of specified remote video sampling zones, allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. Biotopes to include the following: Infralittoral IR.HIR.KFaR.FoR, IR.HIR.KFaR.Lhyp.Ft, IR.HIR.KFaR.LhypR.Ft, IR.MIR.KR.Ldig, IR.MIR.KR.Ldig.Ldig, IR.MIR.KR.XfoR, IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac.Ft, IR.LIR.K.Lsac (.Ft/Pk/Gz), IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ldig, IR.LIR.KVS, IR.LIR.KVS.LsacPsaVS, SS.SMP.KSwSS.LsacR.Gv,, SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Sa, SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacR.Mu SS.SMp.KSwSS.LsacCho, At 6-yearly intervals undertake a programme of stratified random drop-down video sampling using 6 zones established in To assess distribution and spatial arrangement of biotopes. Each zone divided into blocks of reef corresponding to the following depth bands: 0-20m, 20+. Location of the zones and methods are shown in Mercer et al., (2007). At 6-yearly intervals evaluate the biotope distribution and spatial arrangement of biotopes on a series of 8 fixedposition subtidal transects (S9-S13, S16, S18 and S22). Take video footage and digital photographs of each transect to provide a permanent visual record of the biotopes. Locations, methods and descriptions are given in Mercer et al., (2007). (Y/N) To be completed by SNH SNH 294

309 Site Reporting Category Interest Feature Interest level Attribute Target Prescription Result of Monitoring Target met? IR.LIR.Lag.FchoG, SS.SMp.Mrl.Pcal, SS.SMX.IMx.Lim, SS.SBR.PoR.Ser Circalittoral CR.HCR.XFa.SpNemAdia, CR.HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs, CR.MCR.EcCr.CarSp.Bri, CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio, CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.An t, CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Bri, CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH, CR.LCR.BrAs.NeoPro, CR.FCR.FouFa.AaspCR, CR.MCR.EcCr.CarSwi.LgA s, SS.SMX.CMx.ClloMx, SS.SMx.CMx.ClloMx.Nem, SS.SMX.CMx.OphMx, SS.SMu.CSaMu.VirOphPm ax.has (Y/N) Sunart 1 Littoral rock 1.1 Reefs SAC Distribution of biotopes. Spatial arrangement of biotopes at specified locations 1.1.3b Maintain the distribution and spatial arrangement of littoral reef biotopes, allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. Biotopes to include the following: Littoral At six- year intervals confirm the geographic distribution and zonation patterns of littoral reef biotopes along the 7 fixed transects of the baseline survey (L9-L13, L16, L18 and L22) Take video footage and digital photographs of each transect to provide a permanent visual record To be completed by SNH SNH 295

310 Site Reporting Category Sunart 1 Sublittoral rock Interest Feature Interest level 1.1 Reefs SAC Extent of representative or notable biotope Attribute Target Prescription Result of Monitoring Target met? LR.FLR.Lic.YG, LR.HLR.MusB.Cht.Lpyg, LR.FLR.Lic.Ver, LR.MLR.BF.Fser.R, LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.B, LR.MLR.BF.FspiB, LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver, LR.MLR.BF.FvesB, LR.FLR.Rkp.Cor, LR.MLR.BF.PelB, LR.FLR.Rkp.FK, LR.LLR.FVS.AscVS, LR.HLR.MusB.Sem, LR.LLR.FVS.FserVS, LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.FvesR, LR.LLR.FVS.FspiVS, LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.LitX, LR.LLR.FVS.FvesVS, LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.Sem, LR.LLR.FVS.PelVS a No change in extent of the biotopes identified for the site allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. No change in the extent (range along transect and depth range) of specified biotopes along 8 fixed transects Biotopes to include the following: Infralittoral IR.HIR.KFaR.FoR IR.HIR.KFaR.LhypR.Ft IR.MIR.KR.Ldig IR.MIR.KR.Ldig.Ldig of the biotopes. Locations and descriptions are given in Mercer et al., (2007). Every six years assess the extent of specified biotopes along 8 established, fixed, relocatable, sublittoral transects. (S9-S13, S16, S18 and S22). Locations, methods, descriptions and first set of data are given in Mercer et al., (2007). To be completed by SNH The 2006 survey completed 8 sublittoral transects and future monitoring surveys can assess the results against this baseline (Y/N) SNH 296

311 Site Reporting Category Interest Feature Interest level Sunart 1 Littoral rock 1.1 Reefs SAC Extent of representative or notable biotope Attribute Target Prescription Result of Monitoring Target met? IR.MIR.KR.XFoR IR.LIR.K.LhypLsac.Ft IR.LIR.K.Lsac (.Ft/Pk/Gz) IR.LIR.K.Lsac.Ldig IR.LIR.KVS IR.LIR.KVS.LsacPsaVS SS.SMX.IMx.Lim SS.SBR.PoR.Ser Circalittoral CR.HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.An t CR.LCR.BrAs.AmenCio.Bri CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH CR.LCR.BrAs.NeoPro CR.FCR.FouFa.AaspCR CR.MCR.EcCr.CarSwi.LgA s 1.1.4b No change in extent of the biotopes identified for the site allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. No change in the extent (range along transect and depth range) of specified biotopes along 7 fixed transects Biotopes to include the following: Littoral LR.FLR.Lic.YG LR.FLR.Lic.Ver Every six years assess the extent of specified biotopes along 7 established, fixed, relocatable, littoral transects. (L9-L13, L16, L18 and L22). Locations, methods, descriptions and first set of data are given in Mercer et al., (2007). To be completed by SNH The 2006 survey completed 7 littoral transects and future monitoring surveys can assess the results against this baseline (Y/N) SNH 297

312 Site Reporting Category Sunart 1 Sublittoral rock Interest Feature Interest level 1.1 Reefs SAC Species composition of representative or notable biotopes Attribute Target Prescription Result of Monitoring Target met? LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.B LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver LR.FLR.Rkp.Cor LR.FLR.Rkp.FK LR.HLR.MusB.Sem LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.FvesR LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.LitX LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.Sem LR.HLR.MusB.Cht.Lpyg LR.MLR.BF.Fser.R LR.MLR.BF.FspiB LR.MLR.BF.FvesB LR.MLR.BF.PelB LR.LLR.FVS.AscVS LR.LLR.FVS.FserVS LR.LLR.FVS.FspiVS LR.LLR.FVS.FvesVS LR.LLR.FVS.PelVS 1.1.5a No decline in biotope quality due to change in species composition or loss of notable species allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. Biotopes to include the following: Circalittoral SS.SMX.IMx.Lim CR.HCR.XFa.SwiLgAs CR.LCR.BrAs.AntAsH LCR.BrAs.NeoPro Infralittoral Every six years, carry out quadrat studies in specified biotopes on the 8 fixed relocatable transects and collect Phase II style semiquantitative species records from each biotope on the subtidal transects. (S9-S13, S16, S18 and S22). Compare the results with the species recorded in each biotope and the quadrats studied in 2006 (listed in Mercer et al. 2007). Locations, methods, descriptions and first set of To be completed by SNH The 2006 survey completed 8 sublittoral transects and future monitoring surveys can assess the results against this baseline (Y/N) SNH 298

313 Site Reporting Category Interest Feature Interest level Attribute Target Prescription Result of Monitoring Target met? IR.HIR.KFaR.FoR SS.SBR.PoR.Ser data are given in Mercer et al., (2007). (Y/N) Sunart 1 Littoral rock 1.1 Reefs SAC Species composition of representative or notable biotopes 1.1.5b No decline in biotope quality due to change in species composition or loss of notable species allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. Biotopes to include the following: Littoral LR.HLR.MusB.Sem LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.FvesR LR.LLR.FVS.AscVS LR.MLR.BF.Fser.R LR.LLR.FVS.FspiVS Every six years, carry out quadrat studies in specified biotopes on the 7 fixed relocatable transects and collect Phase II style semiquantitative species records from each biotope on the intertidal transects. (L9-L13, L16, L18 and L22). Compare the results with the species recorded in each biotope and the quadrats studied in 2006 (listed in Mercer et al. 2007). Locations, methods, descriptions and first set of data are given in Mercer et al., (2007). To be completed by SNH The 2006 survey completed 7 littoral transects and future monitoring surveys can assess the results against this baseline 299

314 Sunart SSSI Site Attribute Table (SAT) Site Reporting Category Interest Feature Interest level Attribute Target Prescription Result of Monitoring Target met? (Y/N) Sunart 1 Littoral rock 1.1 Reefs SSSI Extent No change in extent of littoral rock allowing for natural succession or known cyclical change. Sunart 1 Littoral rock 1.1 Reefs SSSI Biotope composition of the littoral rock and inshore sublittoral rock Maintain the variety of biotopes identified for the site, allowing for natural succession or known cyclical change. No loss of reef biotopes recorded along fixed transects established on baseline survey Biotopes include; LR.FLR.Lic.YG LR.FLR.Lic.Ver LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.B LR.FLR.Lic.Ver.Ver LR.FLR.Rkp.Cor LR.FLR.Rkp.FK LR.HLR.MusB.Sem LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.FvesR LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.LitX LR.HLR.MusB.Sem.Sem LR.HLR.MusB.Cht.Lpyg LR.MLR.BF.Fser.R At six year intervals review activities and events with the potential to reduce extent of feature such as land reclamation and shoreline development. Monitor activities within the loch at every available opportunity. At 6-yearly intervals evaluate the biotope variety on a series of 7 fixed-position intertidal transects (L9-L13, L16 and 18). Locations, methods and descriptions are given in Mercer et al., (2007). No relevant activities seen or previously reported. Y To be completed by SNH 20 intertidal reef biotopes were recorded in 2006 (Mercer et al, 2007). No data exists prior to this study. SNH 300

315 Site Reporting Category Interest Feature Interest level Sunart 1 Littoral rock 1.1 Reefs SSSI Distribution of biotopes. Spatial arrangement of biotopes at specified locations Sunart 1 Littoral rock 1.1 Reefs SSSI Extent of representative or notable biotopes Attribute Target Prescription Result of Monitoring Target met? (Y/N) LR.MLR.BF.FspiB LR.MLR.BF.FvesB LR.MLR.BF.PelB LR.LLR.FVS.AscVS LR.LLR.FVS.FserVS LR.LLR.FVS.FspiVS LR.LLR.FVS.FvesVS LR.LLR.FVS.PelVS Maintain the distribution and spatial arrangement of biotopes, allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change No change in extent of the biotopes identified for the site allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. No change in the extent (range along transect and shore height range) of selected biotopes along the fixed transects on which they occurred during a baseline survey At six- year intervals review the detailed spatial distribution of the reef biotopes (1.2) along the 7 fixed transects of the baseline survey established in At six- year intervals review the detailed spatial extent of the reef biotopes (1.2) along the 7 fixed transects of the baseline survey established in To be completed by SNH 20 intertidal reef biotopes were recorded in detail in 2006 (Mercer et al., 2007). No data exists prior to this study. To be completed by SNH 20 intertidal reef biotopes were recorded in detail in 2006 (Mercer et al., 2007). No data exists prior to this study. SNH SNH 301

316 Site Reporting Category Sunart 2 Littoral sediment Sunart 2 Littoral sediment Sunart 2 Littoral sediment Sunart 2 Littoral sediment Sunart 2 Littoral sediment Interest Feature 2.1 Eel grass bed 2.1 Eel grass bed 2.1 Eel grass bed 2.2 Egg wrack (Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii) 2.2 Egg wrack (Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii) Interest level Attribute Target Prescription Result of Monitoring Target met? (Y/N) SSSI Extent 2.1.1a No change in extent of eel grass beds allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. SSSI Extent 2.1.1b No change in extent of eel grass beds allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. SSSI Extent 2.1.1c No change in extent (area) of eel grass beds allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change SSSI Extent 2.2.1a No change in extent of egg wrack beds allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. SSSI Extent 2.2.1b No change in extent of egg wrack beds allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. At six year intervals review activities and events with the potential to reduce extent of feature such as land reclamation and shoreline development. Aerial images (at low water) to be compared with baseline survey every 12 years unless alerted to potential problem by area office or during site visit. At six year intervals establish outer boundaries of selected eelgrass beds by field visit and GPS positioning. At six year intervals review activities and events with the potential to reduce extent of feature such as land reclamation and shoreline development. Aerial images (at low water) to be compared with baseline survey every 12 years unless alerted to potential problem by area office or during site visit. A.mac beds to compare; Glenborrodale Bay, Salen No relevant activities seen or previously reported. Y Beds are probably too small for this but they have been mapped on foot in Further work is required to assess the feature. Intertidally, the extensive shores from Reispole to Laudale Narrows and in Loch Teascuis should be surveyed to complete the task. The Loch na Droma Buide Zostera marina bed should be studied more accurately. Bed boundaries established for Zostera noltii bed in the Doirlinn Channel and for Z. marina in Loch na Droma Buide, against which future surveys can compare. The impact of a previous installation of a large sea outfall at Strontian is not known. Similarly, the effect of a recently constructed outfall for a domestic property, running across the A. nodosum ecad mackaii bed is unknown. Future aerial images can compare Extent with the Strontian bed following the 2006 baseline survey, but it is doubtful that the method will work with the other smaller more diffuse beds. SNH SNH Target not assessed Target not assessed 302

317 Site Reporting Category Sunart 2 Littoral sediment Interest Feature Interest level Attribute Target Prescription Result of Monitoring Target met? (Y/N) Bay, Camaschoirk, Strontian and Head of the Loch 2.2 Egg wrack (Ascophyllum nodosum ecad mackaii) SSSI Extent 2.2.1c No change in extent of egg wrack beds allowing for natural succession/known cyclical change. At six- year intervals establish outer boundaries of selected egg wrack beds by field visit and GPS positioning. A.mac beds to compare; Glenborrodale Bay, Salen Bay, Camaschoirk, Strontian and Head of the Loch The Glenborrodale Bay, Salen Bay, Camaschoirk, Strontian and Head of the Loch beds were mapped in 2006, establishing their outer boundaries SNH 303

318 Appendix 12 - SSSI non-reef surveyed features and secondary objectives supporting data Appendix 12.1 Seagrass (and A.mac) field data sheet and intertidal sediment core granulometric cumulative frequency curves. Appendix 12.2 Thyasira gouldi population status investigation Appendix 12.3 Limaria hians study from the Laudale Narrows Appendix 12.4 Serpula vermicularis transect - colony measurements 304

319 Appendix 12.1 Seagrass field data sheet (Based on WFD draft seagrass tool February 2006) Surveyor/s & organisation: Seagrass bed name: Physiography: WFD typology: Seagrass meadow description: Site: Start time (GMT): Finish time (GMT): Date: # quads per site: Tidal state: Quadrat size: H 2 O Temp: Height/depth: Salinity: GPS Lat: GPS Long: Transect #: Transect #: GPS Start Lat: Long: GPS Finish Lat: Long: Quad # GPS Start Lat: Long: GPS Finish Lat: Long: % Cover % Cover Sp: Sp: Bare Other Notes Quad # Sp: Sp: Bare Other Notes 305

320 GPS Start Lat: Long: GPS Finish Lat: Long: Quad # Transect #: Transect #: GPS Start Lat: Long: GPS Finish Lat: Long: % Cover % Cover Sp: Sp: Bare Other Notes Quad Sp: Sp: Bare Other Notes # Survey Notes: 306

321 COMPLETING THE SURVEY DATA SHEET Physiographic features refers to features within one of 2 subdivisions; open or enclosed coast. Each of these is further subdivided into one of the following: Open coast any part of the coast, including offshore rocks and islands, which is not within a marine inlet or lagoon. Semi-enclosed coast An area of coast bounded by headlands which provide some shelter from along-shore winds but which is predominantly open to onshore winds (compare embayments ). Strait / sound Channels between the mainland and an island, or between two islands which are open at both ends to the open coast Barrier beach Coastal features caused by long-shore drift which create sheltered areas (of sediment) behind them. Enclosed coast Marine inlets and lagoons which are fully enclosed from the open sea except at the entrance. Embayment An enclosed area of coast in which the entrance provides shelter from onshore winds for the major part of the coast inside, but which is not a sealoch, ria, voe, estuary or lagoon. Sea loch Glacially formed inlets of western Scotland and Ireland; typically elongate and deepened by glacial action with little freshwater influence. Often with narrows and sills dividing the loch into a series of basins. Ria / voe Drowned river valleys of south-west Britain (ria) and Shetland (voes). Often with a greater presence of rock and more marine in character than estuaries Estuary Downstream part of a river where it widens to enter the sea; often with significant freshwater influence and predominantly comprising sediment habitats Isolated saline water (lagoon) Enclosed bodies of water, separated from the sea by shingle, sand or sometimes rock and with a restricted exchange of water with the sea, yielding varying salinity regimes. WFD Typology; chose from Coastal Waters CW8 or CW9; or Transitional Waters TW1, TW2. Where CW8 = Sheltered mesotidal; CW9 = sheltered microtidal; TW1 = generally or partly mixed/stratified, mesohaline/polyhaline, strongly mesotidal, sheltered intertidal or shallow subtidal estuaries; TW2 = fully mixed polyhaline or euhaline, mesotidal/macrotidal, sheltered with extensive intertidal areas. Seagrass meadow description should include this type of information: Approx. meadow size and dimensions possibly include a sketch General health/condition of shoots Patchiness Opportunistic macroalgal cover Any obvious blow-outs 307

322 Anthropogenic influences: e.g. bait digging holes, anchor-chain scour, litter, other physical removal, vehicle tracks Unusual and/or new features. Site may be the same as Seagrass bed name or different if it is a subdivision being surveyed. Date needs to be noted and Time at the beginning and end of sampling at each site. # quads per site can be completed at the end of the survey Tidal State refers to high, mid or low tide and ebb or flood. Quadrat size should be between 1 m 2 and 0.25 m 2 and quadrats subdivided with fine wire or string into 4 16 squares. Larger quadrats are ideal for patchy or mixed species meadows and small quadrats are adequate for continuous, uniform meadows. Estimates of % cover are made with reference to photographic guides. Salinity and Temperature of adjacent water, measured using a T-S probe, if available. Height/depth of survey (m) entered for the upper and lower height or depth limits of the site. Depths below sea level or chart datum should be preceded by a -, and heights as a +. GPS latitude and longitude can be noted for the approximate centre of the bed. NB: coordinates must be noted as decimal. Alternatively, Eastings and Northings may be recorded. Shoot Abundance is recorded for each whole quad as a direct estimate of % cover, using a ranked set of photographs to standardise such estimates. Transects Assign a chronological number for each transect and note this Record the start and finish Latitude and Longitude for each transect line Note the (exact or approx.) distance between quadrats % Cover In the first row note the names of seagrass species present In the 2 nd row estimate the % cover of each species, the % bare sediment and record any other cover, if applicable. NB: The total of the 4 boxes should = 100%. See e.g. below: % Cover % Cover Qua Sp: Sp: Bare: Other: Notes: Qua Sp: Sp: Bare: Other: Notes: d # d # Z.nol Z.ang hydrob ia Z.nolti Broken shells Survey Notes can be made in this section. If they are applicable to a particular transect or quadrat they can be number or letter coded and the relevant code written into the Notes column for each quadrat. 308

323 Photographic guide: Rank scale of % cover with images Glenborrodale core A.mac. 309

324 Strontian Upper Zone core A.mac Strontian Lower Zone core A.mac. 310

325 Head of the Loch core A.mac. Eilean Mor (Doirlinn Channel) core Zostera noltii 311

326 Appendix 12.2 Thyasira gouldi population status investigation Appendix Grab site locations for the 2006 survey. Site Date Latitude Longitude Easting Northing (NGR) 1 13/07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/ /07/

327 Appendix Particle size data for the macrobenthic grabs taken in the 2006 survey. Descriptive sediment parameters Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Site 7 Site 8 Site 9 Site 10 Site 11 Site 12 Site 13 Site 14 Site 15 Non inclusive Kurtosis Non inclusive Skewness Non inclusive Standard deviation Non inclusive Volume weighted mean (phi) Inclusive Kurtosis Inclusive Skewness Inclusive Standard deviation Inclusive Mean grain size (phi) Median grain size Inclusive (phi) Constituent sediment fractions Gravel (%) Sand (%) Silt/Clay (%) Description Silt Coarse sand % Volume between each size fraction Fine sand V. coarse sand Silt Coarse sand Silt Coarse Silt sand Silt Silt Fine sand V. fine sand Fine sand V. coarse sand Size (um) Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in %

328 Organic constituent Organic content (LOI) % Sediment content % Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Site 7 Site 8 Site 9 Site 10 Site 11 Site 12 Site 13 Site 14 Site

329 Appendix Granulometric data for the macrobenthic grabs cumulative frequency curves Grab site 1. Grab site 2 Grab site 3. Grab site

330 Grab site 5 Grab site 6. Grab site 7. Grab site

331 Grab site 9. Grab site 10. Grab site 11. Grab site

332 Grab site 13. Grab site 14. Grab site

333 Appendix Macrobenthic species matrix for the Thyasira sp. grabbing survey July MCS Code Taxon Station S27850 Astorhiza limicola 1 D10750 Cerianthus lloydii D11310 ACTINIARIA 1 D13410 Edwardsia claparedii G00001 NEMERTEA G00460 Tubulanus polymorphus G00620 Cerebratulus N00001 SIPUNCULA N00090 Golfingia elongata N00109 Golfingia vulgaris 9 N00190 Thysanocardia procera N00279 Phascolion strombus 1 O00260 Maxmuelleria lankesteri 1 P00440 Acanthicolepis asperrima 1 P00550 Adyte pellucida 1 P00970 Harmothoe P01160 Harmothoe andreapolis 1 1 P01210 Harmothoe marphysae 2 3 P01330 Lepidonotus squamatus 1 6 P01690 Pholoe inornata P01710 Pholoe synophthalmica 5 P01870 Sthenelais boa 1 P01890 Sthenelais limicola P02000 Phyllodocidae 1 P03140 Phyllodoce rosea 2 1 P02835 Eumida ockelmanni 1 P02820 Eumida P02850 Eumida sanguinea 1 P03060 Paranaitis kosteriensis 1 1 P04710 Glycera P04720 Glycera alba P04760 Glycera lapidum 11 2 P04780 Glycera oxycephala 10 1 P04790 Glycera rouxii 1 P04870 Glycinde nordmanni 1 1 P04930 Goniada maculata 3 1 P05000 Goniadella gracilis 10 P05160 Commensodorum commensalis 1 P05270 Sphaerodorum gracilis 3 P05320 Hesionidae 1 1 P05520 Kefersteinia cirrata 1 P05630 Nereimyra punctata P05680 Ophiodromus flexuosus 1 1 P05410 Podarkeopsis capensis 2 1 P05830 Syllidia armata 1 1 P06120 Ancistrosyllis groenlandica P06270 Glyphohesione klatti P06170 Litocorsa stremma 5 1 P06550 Syllis cornuta

334 MCS Code Taxon Station P06560 Syllis sp. D 2 P06560 Syllis sp. E frag P06610 Trypanosyllis coeliaca 1 P06550 Syllis armillaris 1 P07440 Exogone hebes P07460 Exogone verugera 1 P07510 Sphaerosyllis bulbosa 2 P07520 Sphaerosyllis erinaceus 1 P07555 Sphaerosyllis taylori 12 P07560 Sphaerosyllis tetralix 1 1 P07610 Autolytus 5 P08320 Nereis 2 P08670 Nephtys 1 P08710 Nephtys hombergii P08740 Nephtys incisa P08720 Nephtys kersivalensis 7 P09360 Aponuphis bilineata P09910 Nematonereis unicornis 2 P10010 Lumbrineris 1 P10080 Lumbrineris gracilis P10090 Lumbrineris hibernica P11040 Protodorvillea kefersteini 20 P11380 Orbinia 1 P11520 Scoloplos armiger 16 P11580 Aricidea minuta 11 P11680 Aricidea sp. B 3 P11680 Aricidea sp. C 2 P11660 Aricidea cerrutii P11790 Levinsenia gracilis P11850 Paradoneis lyra P12100 Apistobranchus tullbergi 1 P12210 Poecilochaetus serpens 1 P12250 Spionidae 2 P12280 Aonides paucibranchiata 23 2 P12500 Laonice bahusiensis P13380 Microspio mecznikowianus 6 P12690 Minuspio multibranchiata P12690 Minuspio cirrifera P12790 Polydora flava P13020 Prionospio fallax P13030 Prionospio banyulensis 7 10 P13110 Pseudopolydora cf. paucibranchiata P13120 Pseudopolydora pulchra 2 P13300 Scolelepis sp. A P13360 Spio filicornis 4 P13440 Spiophanes kroyeri P13620 Magelona alleni P13640 Magelona minuta P13740 Chaetopterus sp. A 1 ZM06760 Caulleriela alata 54 P13980 Caulleriella zetlandica P14030 Chaetozone sp. D

335 MCS Code Taxon Station P14030 Chaetozone setosa P14180 Dodecaceria 1 P14301 Monticellina dorsobranchialis P13970 Tharyx killariensis P14670 Cossura sp. 1 P14790 Diplocirrus glaucus P14840 Flabelligera affinis 3 P15480 Dasybranchus sp. 1 P15580 Mediomastus fragilis P15640 Notomastus sp. B P15630 Notomastus latericeus P15910 Maldanidae P16000 Praxillura longissima P16160 Euclymeninae sp. A 2 P16180 Clymenella cincta 1 1 P16340 Euclymene sp. A P16310 Euclymene lumbicoides P16480 Praxillella affinis P16680 Nicomache trispinata 1 P16810 Rhodine loveni P17380 Polyphysia crassa 1 P17425 Scalibregma celticum 4 1 P17430 Scalibregma inflatum P18280 Galathowenia oculata P18360 Owenia fusiformis P18590 Pectinaria belgica P18800 Ampharetidae 1 P18860 Melinna palmata P19100 Ampharete lindstroemi P19160 Amphicteis gunneri 3 1 P19510 Mugga wahlbergi P19740 Sosane sulcata 1 4 P19900 Terebellides stroemi P19960 Trichobranchus roseus P20000 Terebellidae 1 P20030 Amphitrite cirrata 2 2 P20040 Amphitrite edwardsi 1 P20200 Eupolymnia nesidensis 1 P20760 Pista cristata P20860 Pista lornensis 1 P21220 Polycirrus indet. 2 P21250 Polycirrus norvegicus P21260 Polycirrus plumosus P21500 Sabellidae 1 1 P21620 Branchiomma bombyx 1 P21720 Chone sp. indet. 1 1 P21690 Chone duneri 63 P21710 Chone filicaudata 8 P21770 Demonax branchyona 3 P21880 Euchone southerni 1 1 P22040 Jasmineira caudata P23030 Pomatoceros sp

336 MCS Code Taxon Station P23090 Serpula vermicularis 5 P24130 Myzostomum cirriferum 1 P24590 Tubificidae indet. 6 1 P25980 Enchytraidae indet. 1 Q00620 Anoplodactylus petiolatus 1 1 R35180 Ostracoda 5 S01930 Eusirus longipes 6 S02190 Monoculodes carinatus 6 S02400 Synchelidium maculatum 1 S02450 Westwoodilla caecula 2 1 S03700 Stenothoe marina 1 S03910 Hyale indet. 1 S04290 Urothoe elegans S04380 Harpinia antennaria S05110 Lysianassa plumosa 1 S05450 Perrierella audouiniana S06660 Listriella mollis 2 S06960 Guernea coalita 2 S07110 Ampelisca diadema S07180 Ampelisca spinipes 8 S07200 Ampelisca tenuicornis 1 S08080 Abludomelita obtusata 1 S08250 Cheirocratus sundevallii 1 23 S09120 Gammaropsis cornuta 4 S09890 Leptocheirus pectinatus S10840 Pariambus typicus 2 7 S10960 Phtisica marina 2 S11010 Pseudoprotella phasma S13220 Gnathia oxyuraea 1 2 S14210 Eurydice inermis 2 S19210 Pseudoperatanais batei 1 S18690 Tanaiopsis graciloides W08325 Vaunthompsonia cristata 3 1 S20130 Iphinoe serrata S20220 Eudorella truncatula 1 1 S21010 Diastylis rugosa 1 S23040 Processa sp. 1 S23840 Jaxea nocturna 1 S24680 Pagurus cuanensis 1 S24860 Galathea intermedia 3 2 S24950 Munida rugosa S25020 Pisidia longicornis 1 3 W00050 Scutopus ventrolineatus 2 2 W00100 Chaetoderma nitidulum 1 1 W00140 Falcidens crossotus 2 W00572 Leptochitona asellus R39280 Prosobranch indet 1 1 W01570 Trochidae juv. Indet. 1 W01260 Tectura virginea 1 1 W01480 Iothia fulva 1 W05920 Turitella communis W03100 Alvania indet

337 MCS Code Taxon Station W03060 Alvania abyssicola 4 W03600 Hyala vitrea 29 W04350 Caecum glabrum 3 W07070 Capulus ungaricus 1 W05430 Odostomia plicata 1 W09690 Cylichna cylindracea W12370 NUDIBRANCHIA W16180 Nucula nitidosa W16200 Nucula sulcata 1 2 W16500 Mytilus edulis W16750 Modiolus modiolus 1 W16690 Modiolarca tumida 16 W17390 Limaria hians 6 W18050 Aequipecten opercularis 1 W18380 Myrtea spinifera W18420 Lucinoma borealis 1 W18520 Thyasira flexuosa W18800 Semierycina nitida 1 W19050 Mysella bidentata W19610 Tridonta montagui 1 W20250 Ensis juv. indet. 8 2 W20320 Phaxas pellucidus W20510 Arcopagia crassa 1 W20570 Fabulina fabula 2 W20870 Gari fervensis 1 W21020 Abra alba W21040 Abra nitida 1 W21250 Arctica islandica 3 2 W21890 Chamelea gallina 1 W21930 Clausinella fasciata 1 W21640 Dosinia lupinus W22130 Mysia undata 1 W22270 Mya truncata W22390 Corbula gibba W22510 Hiatella arctica 1 1 W22590 Saxicavella jeffreysi 6 W23750 Cuspidaria cuspidata 1 1 X00070 Neocrania anomala 1 ZA00040 Phoronis indet ZB00110 Antedon bifida 1 ZB01480 Crossaster papossus 1 1 ZB01900 Asterias rubens 2 ZB02350 Ophiothrix fragilis ZB02420 Ophiocomina nigra 1 ZB02860 Amphiura chiajei ZB02880 Amphiura filiformis ZB03000 Amphipholis squamata ZB03130 Ophiura albida ZB03550 Psammechinus miliaris 1 ZB04060 Echinocardium caudatum 1 ZB04950 Thyone fusus 1 1 ZB05240 Leptosynapta bergensis

338 MCS Code Taxon Station ZC00140 Saccoglossus indet ZD01440 Ascidiella sp. 2 1 Number of individuals Number of taxa

339 Appendix 12.3 Limaria hians study from the Laudale Narrows Appendix Particle size data for the diver cores taken from the Limaria hians bed. SITE REFERENCE Descriptive sediment parameters Limaria 1 Limaria 2 Limaria 3 Limaria 4 Limaria 5 Limaria 6 Limaria 7 Limaria 8 Non inclusive Kurtosis Non inclusive Skewness Non inclusive Standard deviation Non inclusive Volume weighted mean (phi) Inclusive Kurtosis Inclusive Skewness Inclusive Standard deviation Inclusive Mean grain size (phi) Inclusive Median grain size (phi) Constituent sediment fractions Gravel (%) Sand (%) Silt/Clay (%) % Volume between each size fraction Size (um) Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in % Vol. in %

340 SITE REFERENCE Descriptive sediment parameters Limaria 1 Limaria 2 Limaria 3 Limaria 4 Limaria 5 Limaria 6 Limaria 7 Limaria Organic constituent Organic content (LOI) % 1.52 Sediment content %

341 Appendix Granulometric data for the macrobenthic grabs cumulative frequency curves Limaria site 1 S14 Limaria site 3 S15 Limaria site 2 S14 Limaria site 4 S15 327

342 Limaria site 5 S19 Limaria site 6 S19 Limaria site 7 S20 Limaria site 8 S20 328