Volcanic ash emergency in Northern Europe

Transcription

1 FORMAT-EO Leicester Volcanic ash emergency in Northern Europe The application of remote sensing techniques Group 3 Carlos Melo; Stefano Capobianco & Rejanne Le Bivic Tutor: Alfredo Falconieri 2013

2 Introduction Research problem How to monitor properly a volcanic ash cloud? Which parameters? How the monitoring methods can affect the decisionmaking process? EO Economy What did the Eyjafjallajokull events change in the decision making process? What can be improved in the future (instrumentation, organisation, decision making process)? EO + Economy

3 Introduction Why? flights every day Site URL:

4 Introduction Why? Evolution of worldwide air traffic in number of passengers (Source : Airbus) Map of the last 50 last eruptions worldwide

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6 Contents Volcanic ash clouds Case study context Different monitoring methodologies Dataset, methodology and results Discussion

7 Volcanic Ash clouds

8 Volcanic Ash clouds Case study Monitoring Methods Methodology and Results Discussion Capelinhos eruption (1957) Site URL

9 Volcanic Ash clouds Case study Monitoring Methods Methodology and Results Chemical analysis of volcanic ash Discussion

10 Effects of volcanic ash clouds on civil jet planes Abrasive action moving parts gets eroded by direct contact with the ash cloud. Modified from Casadevall (1993) Abrasive action erosion of the cockpit windshields. Melting of volcanic ash ash clouds melts with the engines high temperature. Posterior solidification results in engine bad function and can result in complete stop. Obstruction of data acquirement systems results in lost of majority of the automatic systems

11 Volcanic Ash clouds Case study Monitoring Methods Methodology and Results Discussion Case study context : geography Google EarthEngine Eyjafjallajökull : Lat N Long W (WGS84)

12 Volcanic Ash clouds Case study Monitoring Methods Methodology and Results Discussion Case study context : geology R.G. Trønnes, Nordic volcanological Institute, University of Iceland

13 Volcanic Ash clouds Case study Monitoring Methods Methodology and Results Discussion Case study context The Eyjafjallajökull eruption 2010 Phreato -magmatic phase Magmatic phase Few months Crustal deformation Enhanced seismic activity Under-ice explosive eruption Outbreak of the central cratere melting the ice cap 5-9km high eruption column Few tons/sec Very fine to fine trachyandesite composition Lower intensity Plumes 4km Gaining intensity Plume 6km

14 Volcanic Ash clouds Case study Monitoring Methods Methodology and Results Discussion Volcanic ash clouds observations Monitoring by the IMO and the IES GPS-based ground def measurements Radar Surveillance flights Seismicity But need for large-scale information of the dispersion

15 Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres Site URL:

16 Volcanic Ash clouds Case study Monitoring Methods Methodology and Results Discussion Different monitoring methodologies Data acquisition methods

17 Volcanic Ash clouds Case study Monitoring Methods Methodology and Results Discussion Generation of ash advisories using satellite data Needed : Horizontal resolution of 1-10km Vertical data : column estimates Geosynchronous meteorological imagery : SEVIRI, GOES and MTSAT Polar Orbiting operational sensors : NOAA/AVHRRs

18 Dataset, methodology and results

19 Volcanic Ash clouds Case study Monitoring Methods Methodology and Results Discussion Methodology Thermal imagery Brightness Temperatures Difference (BTD) The main satellite based methods for detecting and discriminating volcanic ash clouds (ESA, 2010)

20 Volcanic Ash clouds Case study Monitoring Methods Methodology and Results Discussion MSG s SEVIRI The main SEVIRI instrument Unit Optical imaging radiometer : Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) Instrument characteristics : 12 spectral channels (4 Visible and Near-InfraRed channels, 8IR channels) Baseline repeated cycle 15 min Manufactured under the leadership of Astrium in Toulouse (France) Line-in-line scanning radiometer km altitude High res 1km visible channel IR and other 3 visible channels 3km 260kg 2,43m high

21 Volcanic Ash clouds Case study Monitoring Methods Methodology and Results Discussion Methodologie BTD (Prata, 1989) T11 T12 > 0 (cloud) T11 T12 < 0 (ash)

22 Events Eyiafjallajokull 15/04/ :00-06:00-12:00-18:00 Ash Detection BTD (Brightness Temperature Difference) [Prata 1989] BTD < 0

23 Ash Detection Events Eyiafjallajokull 15/04/ :00 BTD (Brightness Temperature Difference) [Prata 1989] BTD < 0

24 Ash Detection Events Eyiafjallajokull 15/04/ :00 BTD (Brightness Temperature Difference) [Prata 1989] BTD < 0

25 Events Eyiafjallajokull 16/04/ :00-06:00-12:00-18:00 Ash Detection BTD (Brightness Temperature Difference) [Prata 1989] BTD < 0