5 th GradeTNReady Science Study Guide

Transcription

1 5 th GradeTNReady Science Study Guide STANDARD NOTES AND INFORMATION SAMPLE QUESTION Identify the major parts of plant and animal cells, such as the nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, and cytoplasm Compare and contrast basic structures and functions of plant and animal cells. NUCLEUS control activities of the cell; the brain CYTOPLASM the jelly like substance that fills the cell; 2/3 water CELL MEMBRANE thin flexible outer covering of the cell; controls what comes in and goes out of the cell MITOCHONDRIA produces energy used by the cell; the power house of the cell VACUOLE sac like structure that holds water, nutrients, and waste CELL WALL tough rigid outer covering of a plant cell; protects the cell and gives it structure CHLOROPLAST contains chlorophyll; makes a plant green; where photosynthesis takes place Only PLANT cells have a CELL WALL and CHLOROPLASTS. They also have LARGER VACUOLES than animal cells. Page1

2 Identify photosynthesis as the food manufacturing process in plants. sugar 1. How does this leaf originally gets its energy? 2. What is the original source of energy? 3. What is the food that is produced by the plant? 4. What are the products of the process that makes food for the plant? 5. What is the waste of the plant? 6. What cell part stores the food for the plant until it needs to be used? Draw this plant part. 7. What is the cell part that makes the food? Draw it Compare how plants and animals obtain energy. Plants are PRODUCERS because they make their own food. Animals are CONSUMERS because they obtain energy by consuming other organisms. Mosses and algae are plants, which mean they are producers. Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores are consumers. 1. Draw a food chain. Make sure the arrows are pointing in the correct direction. Label how each organism gets its energy. Page2

3 Recognize that information is passed from parent to offspring during reproduction Distinguish between inherited traits and those that can be attributed to the environment. Offspring receive genetic information from BOTH parents during the process of reproduction. Traits such as freckles, hair and eye color, birthmarks, height, rolling tongue are all INHERITED TRAITS. Traits such as scars, broken bones, cutting or coloring your hair, pierced ears are all ENVIRONMENTAL TRAITS. These can also be called acquired traits. 1. Draw one inherited trait being passed down. 2. Draw an environmental or acquired trait. Page3

4 Describe the different types of nutritional relationships that exist among organisms. A FOOD CHAIN is a community of organisms where each member is eaten in turn by another member. A FOOD WEB is a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains. Predators hunt and eat prey. Animals that eat plants are just consumers, not predators because they are not hunting anything. In order for them to be prey, they must be hunted and eaten, therefore, producers cannot be prey even though they can be consumed. The arrow in a food chain shows the direction that the energy moves to. If a mouse eats grass then the energy moves from the grass to the mouse. Grass>>>>mouse>>>>>>>snake. The snake ends up with most of the energy. Page4

5 Distinguish among symbiotic relationships: commensalism mutualism parasitism WHO SMILES? COMMENSALISM - - one organism is helped; the other is not helped or harmed MUTUALISM - both organisms are helped PARASITISM - The parasite lives on the host and is helped, but the host is harmed. Remember: In order to be a symbiotic relationship, at least one organism must benefit. 1. Draw/describe an example of parasitism. 2. Draw/describe an example of commensalism 3. Draw/describe an example of mutualism. Page5

6 Use information about the impact of human actions or natural disasters on the environment to support a simple hypothesis. Both can cause habitat destruction, create lakes and mountains, kill organisms that live in affected areas, change (upset) the food chains/food webs of an ecosystem Waste released into rivers, lakes, streams, or the ocean can cause the animal populations to decrease. Sometimes animal habitats are destroyed by a natural disaster or harmful human activities. If a volcano releases ash into the air and it blocks the sunlight, it can cause some plants to die Identify physical and behavioral adaptations that enable animals such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, fish, and mammals survive in a particular environment. Some PHYSICAL animal adaptations include: fins, fur, feather, webbed feet, lungs, gills, moist skin, scales, sticky tongues, claws, beaks of different shapes and sizes, layers of fat, camouflage, being nocturnal, quills, poisonous, sharp or dull teeth, shells, mimicry in the way the animal or plant looks Some BEHAVIORAL animal adaptations include: playing dead, mimicry with sound or behavior, hiding under rocks during the hottest part of a day, hibernation, migration, burrowing in the ground or under snow. 1. Draw an animal that lives in a desert and label each adaptation it has. 2. Draw an animal in the Tundra and label the adaptations it has. 3. Draw an animal that lives in a Tropical Rainforest and label each adaptation it has. 4. Draw an animal that lives in a freshwater biome and label each adaptation it has. 5. Draw an animal that lives in a Savannah and label each adaptation it has. Page6

7 Explain how fossils provide information about the past. A FOSSIL is the preserved remains of a once-living organism. Fossils give clues about organisms that lived long ago, showing how they have changed over time. Fossils provide evidence of how Earth s surface has changed over time. Fossils help us understand what environments may have been like long ago. We can look at a fossil and tell which type of environment it lived in. If it had legs, then it was a land animal, or if it had fins or some other way of moving through water it probably lived in water. If the animal had dull teeth, it ate plants. If it had sharp teeth then it ate meat (other animals), if it had both, it ate both plants and animals. A trilobite is the ancestor of present day arthropods (arachnids, crustaceans, and insects) ****** USE COMMON SENSE! THINK ABOUT WHAT PRESENT DAY ANIMALS USE DIFFERENT ADAPTATION FOR. The fossil probably used that adaptation or body part for the same thing!! Page7

8 Distinguish among the planets according to their known characteristics such as appearance, location, composition, and apparent motion. Our Solar System has eight planets which orbit the sun. In order of distance from the sun they are; Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Page8

9 Select information from a complex data representation to draw conclusions about the planets. READ THE CHART!!!!! READ THE CHART!!!!! READ THE CHART!!!!! What is diameter of a planet? Identify methods and tools for identifying star patterns. We can see different Constellations each season. How to read a star map or star chart: *Hold the star map at your waist with the direction you are facing closest to your body. *Raise the star map over your head to see what stars and constellations are visible. *Stars do not move; our planet does instead. * Constellations look differently in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. Some appear upside down or some cannot be seen at all, while you can only see part of others. *Constellations are star patterns. Page9

10 Describe internal forces such as volcanoes, earthquakes, faulting, and plate movements that are responsible for the earth s major geological features such as mountains, valleys, etc. Folded Mountains are the most common type of mountain. The Rocky Mountains are folded. A fault is a break or crack in the Earth s crust and is usually near plate boundaries because plates bumping into each other cause stress on nearby rock. The Earth s plates move because of convection heat. This heat transfer heats the rocks in the mantle causing a churning action making the plates float on top. The Earth s plate shift constantly. If it causes the land to shake then it is an Earthquake. Magma builds up pressure underneath the Earth s crust, when enough heat and pressure build up, and volcano can form. Volcanoes, earthquakes, and faults occur most often near plate boundaries. Faults are breaks or cracks in the Earth s crust cause by plate bumping into each other. Mountains can be built from two plate colliding or the land folding in other places. Page10

11 Describe the effects of oceans on weather and climate Explain how mountains affect weather and climate. Oceans release heat slowly, so in the winter, coastal areas are warmer than areas farther inland. Oceans take longer to heat up in the summer because of its large volume. In coastal areas, the ocean cools off the air blowing on to shore, making the beach cooler than cities inland. Warm air and water rises and cool air and water sinks. This is the convection current. Warm air moves up mountain slopes and cools off near the top of the mountain forming a cloud that causes rain. Once air has cooled off at the top of a mountain, a rain shadow effect happens and the cool, dry air sinks on the other side of the mountain. The rain shadow effect is the result of moist air on the windward side of the mountain rising, cooling, and causes precipitation. The air that moves over the mountain to the leeward side is cool and dry. The closer the air moves to the bottom of the mountain, the warmer it gets. Deserts are usually found here. Page11

12 Distinguish between physical and chemical properties. A physical change takes place when a change happens and it is still the same substance. A chemical changes takes place when it makes a new substance. Physical changes can be a change in mass, density, volume, shape, size, state of matter, conducting electricity or heat, or dissolving. Chemical changes: a change such as rusting, burning, reacting with other substances, forming other substances, rotting, spoiling, bubbles forming when substances are joined together, or breaking down into simpler substances Describe the difference among freezing, melting, and evaporation. >>>>>>> >>>>>>> Solid Has a stable, definite shape Has a definite volume STATES Particles are packed closely together OF Cannot move freely, can only vibrate Energy and temperature are very low MATTER Can only change their shape by force Liquid Does not have a definite shape Shape is determined by the container in which it is held Volume is definite Particles are farther apart than in solids; can slide past each other easily Energy and temperature, in comparison to a solid, are higher Gas Has an indefinite, unstable shape Volume is determined by the container that is closely sealed Particles are far apart from each other; can move around quickly Energy & temperature are the higher than those of solids and liquids. When a substance is a solid and heat is added, it melts into a liquid. When a substance is a liquid and heat is added, it evaporates into a gas. When a substance is a gas, and heat is removed it condenses into a liquid. Some substances can change directly from a gas to a solid. This is known as sublimation. Some substances can change directly from a solid to a gas. This is known as deposition. Page12

13 Describe factors that influence the rate at which different types of material freeze, melt, or evaporate. If you increase the surface area or the amount of heat, it will change state faster. If you increase the volume or pressure then it will decrease the change in state of matter. If you decrease the volume or pressure then it will increase the change in states of matter. If you decrease the surface area or heat then it will decrease the change in state of matter Differentiate between potential and kinetic energy. Potential energy is when an object could possibly move but is not, & is at its highest when it has the possibility of moving the farthest. Kinetic Energy is when the object is moving and is at its highest when it is moving the fastest. The higher up from the Earth an object is, the more potential energy it has. As kinetic energy increases, potential energy will decrease. 1. Draw a roller coaster and show where you would have the most potential energy and where you would have the least. 2. On the roller coaster, label where you would have the most kinetic energy. Page13

14 Use data from an investigation to determine the method by which heat energy is transferred from one object or material to another. Convection is heat that is transferred through liquid or air. Convection heats the air, water, & even the rocks inside the Earth. Conduction is heat transferring from one material touching another one such as the bottom of a pot touching the water in it. Radiation is heat transferring through empty space like the Sun heating water or land. The warmer object always moves the heat to the colder object. 1. Draw a pot of water being heated and label the different types of heat transfer that are present Explain the relationship that exists among mass, force, and distance traveled. The more force you apply to an object, the faster it moves. The larger the mass is of an object, the more force it will take to stop it. An object with a larger mass will always take longer to stop than one with a smaller mass, if you use the same amount of force to stop. Friction is an opposing force. It pushes in the opposite direction as the moving object. What should you look for in a graph or chart on questions such as this? Page14

15 Recognize that the earth attracts objects without touching them Identify the force that causes an object to fall to the earth. Earth pulls everything on it toward the ground because it is the largest object that is the closest to us. The amount of gravity an object has depends on its mass and the distance between it and other objects. Gravitational pull is the reason that planets orbit around the Sun, and the moon as well as satellites orbit around the Earth. The Earth exerts the force of gravity on objects causing everything on Earth to be pull toward the ground. All objects fall to the Earth at the same rate because the rate of gravity is the same for all objects on Earth, although air resistance and mass will make them hit the ground at different times. Draw a baseball being thrown and label the forces and draw arrows to should all of the forces directions acting on the ball Use data to determine how shape affects the rate at which a material falls to Earth. The amount of air resistance an object has depends on the shape and surface area of the object. Air resistance is a force that pushes air against the object and works against the force of gravity. Page15

16 INQUIRY and TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING STANDARD NOTES AND INFORMATION SAMPLE QUESTION 507.TE.1 Select a tool, When reading a question and the possible answers, look for things that connect or go together. Look for things that make sense together. technology, or What tool, technology, or invention could help solve the following problems? Tell invention that what had to be understood in order for it to be invented. could be used to 1. Getting from one place to another faster. answer a specific question. 2. Electricity in homes. 3. Satellites that give us information about other planets. 507.TE.2 Recognize the connection between a scientific advance and the development of a new tool or technology. 507.Inq.1 Select an investigation that could be used to answer a specific question. When reading a question and the possible answers, look for things that connect or go together. Look for things that make sense together. The development of the thermometer made it possible to measure a person s body temperature. The invention of the telescope allowed people to see things far away on Earth and on other planets. The invention of the stethoscope allows doctors to listen to a patient s heart. Understanding gravity helped scientists develop a satellite that orbits the Earth. Tools for a scientific method is anything that helps you observe, research, measure, experiment, or collect data. Use the Scientific Method to answer a question that can be tested. Page16