Geology and Wildflowers Earth, Fire, and Water
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1 Geology and Wildflowers Earth, Fire, and Water Some Plant Adaptation Strategies To Survive in The Alpine - Nature's Ultimate Rock Garden Ottawa Valley Rock Garden & Horticultural Society November 11, 2006 Andy Fyon Ontariowildflower.com Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Copyright info@ontariowildflower.com 2006 Andy Fyon
2 Not a biologist Disclaimer Not a horticulturist I am a geologist Wildflowers are my hobby Prefer not to discuss medicinal or culinary uses of plants Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 2
3 There are many questions I don't have all the answers Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 3
4 Lessons to Leave With Geology is very much part of our daily lives Geology influences plant communities Plants use a variety of strategies, including growth forms, to survive in the hostile Alpine conditions Copyright 2006 Andy Shrubby Fyon Cinquefoil OVRGHS - A. Fyon 4
5 Societial Views of Geology Charles Darwin (1831) Returned from a geological field trip to letter urging him to apply for the position of naturalist on the Beagle. Will Durant (1926) The Story of Philosophy Civilization exists by geological consent, subject to change without notice. George F. Will (2003) - Pulitzer Prize-winning, conservative, often-controversial, American newspaper columnist Geology has joined biology in lowering mankind's self-esteem. Geology suggests how mankind's existence is contingent on the geological consent of the planet. Although the planet is hospitable for the moment, it is indifferent - eventually it will be lethally indifferent - to its human passengers. Tracy Kidder (1981) - American Pulitzer Prize-winning author I do believe that enduring geological features are important, though I don't think I can be clear about exactly why. Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 5
6 Geology and You! Land plants - been around for a long time (450 million yrs) Joggins fossils, Nova Scotia million yrs Trees, ferns, horsetail Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 6
7 Geology and You! We eat minerals We grow food in geological materials Some drinking water comes from the Earth Rocks are a source of energy Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 7
8 Geology and You! Construction material Metals Horticulture materials Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 8
9 Geology and You! We depend on geological materials from the moment we wake up until we go to sleep So do plants So do animals Dwarf Fireweed, warm rock, Iqaluit Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 9
10 Selective Growth - Substrate Nutrients
11 Annual Flowers bloom in the morning but petals fall off by noon Tolerates drought Limestone alvar Calciphile: tolerates calcium-rich conditions Groved Yellow Flax* (Prairie) Oct. 17/06 Massey Naturalists - A. Fyon 11
12 Geology - Plants Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 12
13 Geology - Animals Sheep at Salt Lick
14 Geology - Animals Sheep At Salt Lick Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 14
15 * - Rock garden usage Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 15
16 Nature's Ultimate Rock Garden - The Alpine Between forest and barren rock peaks 16
17 Alpine Meadow - Dry Copyright Mountain 2006 Meadow Cinquefoil Andy Fyon Nov. 11/06 17
18 Alpine Meadow - Moist 18
19 The Alpine No trees Elfin wood or Krummholz close to treeline, subalpine High winds Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 19
20 The Alpine Long, cold winters; Short, cool summer; Heavy precipitation 20
21 Alpine Flowering Plants Fierce winds Extreme temperatures Short growing season Nutrient poor soil Intense sunshine (high UV) Heavy precipitation but no retention Special growth forms: withstand fierce winds reduce intensity of sunlight conserve water trap nutrients anchor grow quickly Nov. 11/06 Copyright Red Mountain 2006 Heather Andy Fyon
22 Alpine Flowering Plants - Special Growth Forms Prostrate and cushion Protection from wind Leathery-leaved Minimize water loss Hairy-leaved (fur coats) Disturb wind, allow sunlight, promotes early photosynthesis Silvery-coloured Reflect sunshine and reduce UV Narrow-leaved Reduce UV Bearberry OVRGHS - A. Fyon 22
23 Alpine Growth Forms Prostrate along ground Prickly Saxifrage Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 23
24 Prickly Saxifrage* -Prostrate Mats, creeping Narrow, hairy, leathery leaves May break rocks into soil In rock garden, brown patches appear in larger mounds Nov. 11/06 Copyright 2006 OVRGHS - A. Fyon Andy Fyon
25 Alpine Harebell - Prostrate Tiny plant Big flower Leaves contain poisonous organic compounds that discourage animal grazing Nov. 11/06
26 Alpine Sawwort - Prostrate Rocky alpine slopes Flowers look like tight balls of wool Looks like thistle Short stem Sawwort describes toothed leaves Nov. 11/06
27 Yellow Oxytrope - Prostrate Tap root anchor Called locoweeds - organic compound causes loss of muscular control in grazing animals Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 27
28 Mountain Gentian - Prostrate High elevations Open slopes or wet meadows Low clumps Big blue flowers Fleshy thick roots Nov. 11/06
29 Creeping Beardtongue - Prostrate Penstemon Dry rocky slopes Large flowers Cushion to prosprate Semievergreen Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 29
30 Among rocks and scree Uncommon except at high altitude Anchored by long taproot Short flower stems Alpine Hawksbeard - Prostrate Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 30
31 Mountain Meadow Cinquefoil - Prostrate Subalpine to exposed rocky ridges Basal leaves Hairy or smooth Nov. 11/06
32 Mountain Chickweed - Prostrate Alpine ridges Hairy, matted clumps
33 Creeping Juniper Calcareous soil. Harsh dry areas, rocky or sandy slopes. Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 33
34 Red and Yellow Mountain Heather - Prostrate Moist subalpine to alpine mats Nodding flowers Evergreen shrub Needle-shaped leaves 34
35 Lapland Rosebay - Prostrate Woody shrub < 10 cm tall Leathery leaves Rhododendron usually on acid soils Lapland Rosebay prefers limestone soil Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 35
36 Geology and You! Earth quake zones or faults Canada NRCan Alaska California, 1994 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 36
37 Alpine Growth Cushion Form Moss Campion* Domed cushions Short, flat leaves Scented flowers attract night-flying insects Nov. 11/06 Copyright Moss 2006 CampionAndy Fyon
38 Early Extreme conditions Mat plant Minute hairs on leaves Insectpollinator low, big flowers burst open for insects Purple Saxifrage - Cushion Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 38
39 Alpine Cinquefoil - Cushion Hugs ground Hairy leaves Flowers just above leaves
40 Geology and You! Do you live on a flood near a flood plain? Manitoba flood, 1997 Manitoba flood, 1950 Nov. 11/06 Copyright 2006 OVRGHS - A. Fyon Andy Fyon
41 Alpine Growth Form Leathery Leaves Net-veined willow Arctic and Alpine New leaves covered with hairs to get a head start Mature leaves waxy Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 41
42 Mountain Sorrel - Leathery Up to alpine Circumpolar Leaves leathery or succulent-like Red to green leaves reflect genetic state Damp conditions Tap root Wind pollinated Nov. 11/06
43 White Mountain Aven* - Leathery Evergreen shrub mat Sunny, well drained Photosynthesis quickly
44 Evergreen shrub mat Prefer calcareous soils Leaves white-woolly beneath, rolled Yellow Mountain Aven - Leathery Nov. 11/06
45 Geology and You! Leda Clay Lemieux Slide 1993 NRCan
46 Lance-leaved Stonecrop* & Roseroot* - Succulent Sunny, dry subalpine to alpine slopes Sedum = to sit Succulent leaves help plant resist drought Nov. 11/06
47 Western Spring Beauty Succulent Leaves Very early to flower Fleshy leaves Corms dug by bears and people Nov. 11/06
48 Rock Groundsel* - succulent-like Talus, rocky slopes Fleshy, succulentlike leaves provide water Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 48
49 Geology and You! Groundwater NRCan Nov. 11/06 49
50 Alpine Growth Forms Cushion Buckwheat* - Silvery Dry, sunny, up to alpine White-woolly leaves Woody root Silver plant - hot springs
51 Alpine Pussytoes* - Silvery Open, subalpine to alpine Mats Can form seed without pollination Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 51
52 Double Bladder Pod Silvery Prostrate, trailing stems Deep taproot Blunt leaves Hairs Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 52
53 Silver-leaved Scorpionweed - Silvery Dry, open sites up to alpine Very hairy Root stock Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 53
54 What Is This?
55 Alpine Growth Forms - Hairy Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 55
56 Open slopes, scree up to alpine Silvery leaves Silky hairs Silky Scorpionweed - Hairy Nov. 11/06
57 Alpine Forget-Me-Not - Hairy Subalpine to alpine meadows. Sky blue with prominent yellow eye. Covered with soft hairs.
58 Alpine Speedwell - Hairy Subalpine to alpine meadows Mats Covered by fine hairs Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 58
59 Rock Jasmine* -Hairy Open slopes up to alpine Basal hairy, leaf rosette Mats
60 Western Pasqueflower* - Hairy South-facing up to alpine Petal-like sepals Very hairy Manitoba Floral emblem Western Copyright Anemone Pasqueflower 2006 Andy Fyon
61 Wedge-leaf Saxifrage - Hairy By brooks or below snowbeds < 2 cm tall Glandular and hairy Leaves wedgeshaped Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 61
62 Geology and You! Land-use Planning hrte
63 Alpine Plant Forms Alpine Rockcress - Narrow Leaves Normal and rust fungus-infected Scree in alpine Deeply cleft blue-grey leaves Hairy leaves + stems
64 Contorted Lousewort - Narrow-leaved Alpine meadows Downwardcoiled upper lip Feathery leaves Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 64
65 Arctic Thrift* Narrow-leaved Arctic - alpine Linear leaves Looks like mini bouquet of straw flowers or wild chives Nov. 11/06
66 Alpine Animals Columbia Ground Squirrel Hibernates 7-8 months Pika Does not hibernate Mountain Sheep Nov. 11/06 66
67 What Is This? Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 67
68 Grizzly Bears Eat Ground Squirrels Alpine Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 68
69 Soil Water-permeable Air-permeable No waterlogging Specific habitat Plants for dry, sunny conditions Plants for shady, moist soil Winter hibernation Rock Garden Lessons Thick snow pack protect from frost, cold, wet, dessication Early spring growth under spring snow 69
70 So What Does All This Mean? Conclusions Geology is very much part of our daily lives Geology controls plant communities (should control people communities) Plants use a variety of strategies, including Growth Forms, to survive in hostile Alpine conditions Indian Paintbrush Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 70
71 Thank You Nov. 11/06 OVRGHS - A. Fyon 71
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