Structure of sea ice and tidal current in the strait separating Braganzavagen from Sveabukta in Van Mijen fjord
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1 S.Barrault, F.Caline,K.Hoyland,A.Marchenko UNIS, Arctic Technology Structure of sea ice and tidal current in the strait separating Braganzavagen from Sveabukta in Van Mijen fjord
2
3 Svea the coal mine The main coal mine of Store Norske Spitsbergen Grubekompani (SNGS) 65 km from LYB snow-scooter Established infrastructure with airport, harbour, workshops, cantina etc Interesting and convenient place for ice investigations
4 Grounded ice Water flux area in summer Water flux area in winter Seasonal permafrost Water flux area in summer Water flux area in winter Shallow water covered by ice is very typical for the Arctic environmental conditions
5 Ice cover structure near the beach and over the fjord ~15 m Snow Snow Floating ice ~2m Soil Ice foot Water T=-2.1C, S=36.8 Water Beach Sea Sea water on the surface of ice foot Tidal cracks near the beach
6 Spatial distributions of ice strength in the vicinity of ice foot eg t[c ] ºC Comp cm 1,28 MPa -9,8ºC -5,3ºC -12ºC Comp ,5 cm 1,93 MPa 52 69,5 cm 2,28 MPa 82,5 99 cm 2,83 MPa -17,1ºC -7,7ºC -9ºC -6ºC Comp 3 Mapping of line C 2 19,5 cm 0,87MPa 23,5 41 cm 2,68 MPa 47 64,5 cm 3,48 MPa 71,5 89 cm 3,89 MPa -200,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00 14,00 16,00 18,00 Comp 4-15ºC -16,1ºC -15,8ºC -16,3ºC distance from shore [m] 2 19,5 cm 1,55 MPa 22,5 40 cm 4,88 MPa 44 61,5 cm 2,47 MPa 63 80,5 cm 2,88 MPa Comp 5-14,1ºC -12,8ºC -5,1ºC B B B 4,5-22 cm 4,80 MPa 26 43,5 cm 8,79 MPa 52,5 70 cm 3,99 MPa snow layer ice top ice bottom B= Brittle Failure = uctile Failure 2 19,5 cm : epth 1,55 MPa: Strength -6ºC: Temperature of the ice
7 Snow and ice across fjord at 13:00 Height level relative to tide water 1,00 0,50 0,00-0,500,00 100,00 200,00 300,00 400,00 500,00 600,00 700,00 800,00-1,00 v -1,50-2,00-2,50-3,00 istance from first measuring point Height of snow Height of ice top Height of ice bottom Sea bottom Snow and ice across fjord at 15:30 Height level relative to tide water 1,00 0,50 0,00-0,500,00 100,00 200,00 300,00 400,00 500,00 600,00 700,00 800,00-1,00-1,50-2,00-2,50-3,00 istance from first measuring point Height of snow Height of ice top Height of ice bottom Sea bottom Snow and ice across fjord at 13:00 and 15:30, 27 February 2007
8 10cm 50cm T=T a Cooling Ice Snow-water-ice-water layering structure and its influence on ice thickness and strength Snow T=T f =-1.93 C Ice growth Heat flux 40cm T=T a Cooling Ice strength versus the temperature 10cm T=T f =-1.93 C Snow Ice 50cm Ice melting T=T f =-1.93 C Freebord [cm] Freebord istance from first measuring point [m] -5 0,00 100,00 200,00 300,00 400,00 500,00 600,00 700,00 800, : :00 20 Heat flux 25 Measured free board
9 Scheme of measurements of water velocity and temperature from the ice
10 Pressure at the bottom Three components of water velocity during tidal cycle, cm/s Heat flux to ice bottom, W/m 2 Temperature below the ice Temperature at the bottom Water velocities, temperature and pressure over a tidal cycle, 14 February 2008
11 Water temperature and pressure on the bottom over two tidal cycles 20 March 2007
12 High frequency pressure oscillations at low water level, 20 March 2007
13 Components of water velocity, cm/s High frequency oscillations of water velocity components February 2008
14 The oscillations of floating drilling platform in Ob Bay (Smirnov et al., 2004)
15 The excitation of internal ice stresses near the beach by tides I. Snow Mean water level Compression Snow Compression High water level II. III. Local interaction between ice blocks in the ice foot Ice foot Block #1 Level ice rag force applied to ice bottom by tidal current
16 Buildup of internal ice stresses near ice foot in perpendicular direction to the shoreline
17 Buildup of internal ice stresses near ice foot in parallell direction to the shoreline
18 Summary We have measured: Ice and snow thickness, ice free board across the strait Water velocities, temperature and pressure below the ice and at the bottom Internal stresses in the ice foot Temperature, salinity and strength of the ice across the strait including ice foot The main conclusions are: Water flooding on ice surface influences the increasing of ice temperature and reduces ice strength Ice foot basically affected by tide and not thermal expansion Ocean heat flux to ice bottom depends on velocity and phase of tidal current, its maximal measured value is about 10 W/m 2 Oscillations of water pressure and sea current velocities with period min were measured in low tide The decreasing of hydraulic radius of strait cross-section in winter time due to the floating and grounded ice influences the increasing of tidal current velocities in the strait. Maximal measured values of tidal current velocity reach 1 m/s.
19 Acknowledgments SNSG for a lot of help with logistical and financial help UNIS logistic department All the students in UNIS course AT-208 Professor Ivar Langen, US
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