REMEDIATION OF THE MILLTOWN DAM SEDIMENTS IN MONTANA
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1 REMEDIATION OF THE MILLTOWN DAM SEDIMENTS IN MONTANA Dennis R. Neuman, Principal Scientist Reclamation Research Group A Division of KC Harvey Environmental LLC 2014 Annual Conference Mine Design, Operations & Closure Fairmont Hot Springs Montana April 30, 2014
2 Underground Mining for Copper Ore Work force of 8000 men Supplied 1/3 of the Copper for the US from Butte Montana ~1900
3 Anaconda Copper Smelter 100 years of operation 22 Billion pounds of copper produced + many other metal based products and AsO 3
4 Multiple- Superfund Sites Butte-Silver Bow Creek Anaconda Smelter Clark Fork River - Milltown Dam
5 MILLTOWN DAM 1908 Flood caused by multi-day rain on snow event in the headwaters of the Clark Fork River
6 Fluvially Deposited Mine Wastes Phytotoxic tailings and contaminated soils deposited in the flood plain of Silver Bow Creek and the Clark Fork River
7 EPA Dam Removal
8 Opportunity Ponds- BP/ARCO Waste Management Area 2.2 million cubic yards for sediment trapped behind the Milltown Dam were excavated, moved by rail and truck and place over approximately 700 acres on the Opportunity Tailings Ponds
9 Sediments being spread on Opportunity Ponds Sediments Sediments spread over ~ 700 acres to a depth of ~ inches
10 BP/ARCO fertilized, pitted, and seeded the Sediments in 2008, and The initial vegetation response in the Milltown sediments has been less than typically observed in nearby covered and revegetation areas within the Opportunity Ponds. (ARCO, 2009).
11 The prevailing thought: Sediments are growth Media and can be used to cap the smelter tailings. Sediments will support lush vegetation because of the high amount of organic matter (1.9%), and with a neutral ph (6.9), metals won t be a problem Forensic Monitoring of Sediments and Vegetation
12 Initial Sediment Characteristics Texture Salts Variable loam to silty loam to sandy loam Evaporative surface salts upward movement Crusting Elevated NO 3 Up to 900 mg/kg soluble NO 3 Elevated Metals mg/kg Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As
13 BP/ARCO Forensic Monitoring Response Variables (measured in July 2010) Root morphology Plant cover Plant richness Co-located sediment samples and analysis for metals, ph, EC, nitrogen
14 Plant growth and root morphology
15 Perennial grass Primary root development energy stored in seed No secondary root development evident Primary roots
16 Alfalfa plants No secondary root development
17 Water Soluble Levels of Zn, Cu, and Mn in Sediments
18 Nitrogen Toxicity Before Excavation Sediments under water for ~ 100 years No oxygen reduced redox conditions Anaerobic bacteria in organic matter After Excavation and Placement Oxidizing Environment Aerobic bacteria Producing Excess nitrogen (Nitrate and Ammonium) Levels are phytotoxic to plants
19 Evaporative Salts Upward movement of salts into the surface sediments during dry climatic periods Salts contain soluble metals and nitrogen Creates phytotoxic environment for seeds EC (ds/m) < 4 Non Saline 4-8 Saline 8-16 Moderately Saline > 16 Very Saline
20 Phytotoxicity Metals Total Concentrations in the range of 10 2 to 10 3 mg/kg Soluble Concentrations up to 100 mg/l in saturated paste extracts Nitrogen Oxidation of Organic Matter 900 mg/kg soluble NO 3 Salinity Upward movement of salts into surface soils
21 Sustainable Revegetation of the Opportunity Mine Tailings Pond with Amended Milltown Sediments and Cover Soil Determine chemical and physical characteristics of Milltown sediment and Stewart Street borrow soil Determine effects of enhanced oxidation and various amendments on chemical properties of Milltown sediment and effects on plant growth Ascertain best combinations of locally available borrow soil and treated Milltown sediment for plant growth
22 EPA Goals for the Greenhouse Study Roots penetrate into treated sediments below the cover soil Shoot metal concentrations acceptable for livestock and wildlife (NRC, 2005) Shoot metal concentrations are sufficient or normal for plants by Kabata-Pendias (2011). Soluble metal levels of elements are greatly reduced in amended sediments Soluble concentrations of nitrate are greatly reduced in amended sediments Salinity levels in amended sediments acceptable for most plant species used in Opportunity Ponds seed mixes.
23 Greenhouse Treatments cover soil sediment Sediment+ Lime Sediment + Lime+ Bark Low quality soil Sediment + Lime+ sawdust Sediment + Lime Growth columns were 12 tall (PVC) Each Treatment replicated six times
24 Greenhouse Watering Scheme The average annual precipitation for Anaconda is 13.4 inches, with most precipitation occurring in May and June An attempt to mimic this precipitation regime in the green house tests is appropriate. A progressive reduction in watering over time was used The objective was to force the plant roots to explore the amended sediments below the cover soil and to obtain water from this part of the root zone. Soil Water Content
25 Texas A&M Greenhouses Weighing column to determine water to be added, July 28, 2011
26 PVC growth tubes at Texas A&M Three plant species tested Smooth brome Great basin wild rye thickspike wheatgrass 6 replications per grass/treatment combination.
27 Thickspike Wheatgrass 2 weeks after germination Treat 1 Treat 2 Treat 3 Tre at 4 Treat 5 Treat 6
28
29 11 Weeks after germination
30 Cover soil over unamended sediments Cover soil over lime amended sediments Cover soil only
31 Cover soil over Unamended sediments Cover soil over lime amended sediments Cover soil only
32 Rooting Depths T1 = cover soiluntreated sediments T2 = cover soiltreated sediments T3 = coversoil treated sediments + bark T4 = coversoil treated sediments + sawdust T5 = cover soilsubsoil- treated sediments T6 = coversoil only
33 Rooting Depths T1 = cover soil-untreated sediments T2 = cover soil- treated sediments T3 = coversoil treated sediments + bark T4 = coversoil treated sediments + sawdust T5 = cover soil-subsoiltreated sediments T6 = coversoil only
34 Plant top dry weight, g/column Treatment effect on plant aboveground dry weight a Aboveground Biomass b Treatment P<0.001 Species P<0.001 Trt x Spec P<0.001 d d c c T1 = cover soiluntreated sediments T2 = cover soil- treated sediments T3 = coversoil treated sediments + bark T4 = coversoil treated sediments + sawdust Treatment Treatment Means followed by the same 1-4" SS ROD + 8" Untreated D Cell letter are not different at P< " SS ROD + 8" D Cell w/ LKD 3-4" SS ROD + 8" D Cell w/ LKD, 1% Sun Mtn Reclaim 4-4" SS ROD + 8" D Cell w/ LKD, 3% Wheat Straw 5-4" SS ROD + 4" SS non-rod + 4" D Cell w/ LKD 6-12" SS ROD T5 = cover soil-subsoiltreated sediments T6 = coversoil only
35 Cu and Mn Levels in Plant Tissue Maximum Tolerable levels in Animal Feed (NRC 2005) Generalized Concentrations for Mature Leaf Tissue (Kabata-Pendias 2001) Element Cattle Horses Deficient Sufficient Excessive Copper 40* Manganese * assumes normal Mo and S levels
36 As and Cd Levels in Plant Tissue Maximum Tolerable levels in Animal Feed (NRC 2005) Generalized Concentrations for Mature Leaf Tissue (Kabata- Pendias 2001) Element Cattle Horses Deficient Normal Excessive Arsenic Cadmium
37 Water Soluble Mn and Zn Mn Zn
38 Agency Goals of the Study Roots penetrate into treated sediments below the cover soil Shoot metal concentrations acceptable for livestock and wildlife (NRC, 2005) Shoot metal concentrations are sufficient or normal for plants by Kabata- Pendias (2011). Arsenic Soluble metal concentrations of elements are greatly reduced Soluble concentrations of nitrate are greatly reduced in amended sediments Salinity levels in amended sediments acceptable for most plant species used in Opportunity Ponds seed mixes.
39 Texas A&M Greenhouse Studies Recommendations To ensure long-term viability of the remedy, it is recommended that 8 to 12 inches of cover soil be placed over 6 inches of lime-amended Milltown sediment. Hons, F. and H. Shahandeh Sustainable Revegetation of the Opportunity Tailings Pond with Amended Milltown Sediments and Cover Soil: Greenhouse Study. Texas AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University
40 Large Scale Reclamation of the Sediments EPA approved remedy is to treat the sediments to a depth of 6 inches with Lime (CaO and CaCO 3 ), then add a coversoil cap, meeting chemical and physical specification, 12 inches in depth; seed and fertilize. As of February 2013, 220 acres of the sediments have been treated with lime 155 acres were seeded in Fall acres will be seeded in the Spring of 2013 The rest of the sediments will be treated, covered and seeded in Fall 2013/Spring 2014
41 D Cells with Milltown sediments in place September 2009
42 August 2013
43 Acknowledgements Texas A&M Team EPA MDEQ Frank Hons Hamid Shahandeh Richard Loeppert Courage Bangira Charles Coleman BP/ARCO CDM Smith Terry Moore Shannon Dunlap Gunnar Emilsson Bureau of Reclamation Ken Brockman Joel Chavez
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