ph and Liming Practices Kent Martin Stafford County 1/5/2010

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1 ph and Liming Practices Kent Martin Stafford County 1/5/2010

2 Outline What is ph Normal ph ranges Acid Soil Importance of soil ph Factors affecting soil ph Acid types and measurement Neutralizing value of materials Soil sampling and ph analysis Summary

3 What is ph A measure of the relative acidity of a substance Negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentraion ph Concentration or or or or 10-8

4 What is ph ph is a convenient notation (5.0 is easier to use than or 10-5 ) The H in ph stands for hydrogen ions A change in ph of one unit equals a 10 fold change in concentration A change of ph 6.0 to 5.7 doubles the acidity ph Range < 7.0 Acid >7.0 Alkaline

5 Normal ph Range ph Scale 14 Lye Solution Washing Soda Alkaline Milk of Magnesia 9 8 Hard Water Normal ph Range Neutral 7 6 Milk 5 Acid 4 3 Coffee Coca Cola 2 Stomach Acid 1 Battery Acid 0 Sulfuric Acid

6 Normal ph Range Neutrality Acidity Alkalinity Very Strong Strong Moderate Slight Slight Moderate Strong Very Strong Acid peat soils Humid region mineral soils Arid Region Mineral Soils Extreme range in ph for most mineral soils Alkali mineral soils

7 What is Acid Soil Ca +2 K +1 Mg Soil Al +3 1 Ca +2 Mg +2 Na +1 NH +1 4 Ca +2 Soils have a net negative charge Positively charged ions, cations, are retained, preventing their leaching. The balance of acidic and basic ions determines soil ph

8 Importance of Soil ph Low ph: Dissolves Al times more soluble at 4.5 ph than 5.5 ph Causes plant toxicity Interferes with microbe activity, which affects: Nutrient cycling Legume nodulation Residue decomposition Diseases Herbicide breakdown and carryover High ph: Low nutrient availability P, Zn, Fe

9 Reno County, KS 2008 Importance of Soil ph Low soil ph and Al toxicity ph 5.2 ph 4.5

10 Importance of Soil ph Wheat response to lime Lime ph Yield (bu( bu/a) Al (ppm( ppm) (ECC/a) Kansas State University

11 Importance of Soil ph Active Al Increased by Soil Acidity % Al saturation y = 3E+07x -9.6 R 2 = ph Oklahoma State University

12 Importance of Soil ph

13 Factors Affecting Soil ph Parent Material Annual Precipitation Higher rainfall Native Vegetation Crop Grown Lower ph Legumes remove more Ca and Mg than nonlegumes Microbial Nitrification 1-22 lbs of lime to neutralize 1 lb N

14 Factors Affecting Soil ph The process of nitrification creates soil acidity Ammonium conversion to nitrate = released NH O Nitrifying Bacteria 2 NO H 2 O Ammonium Oxygen Nitrate Hydrogen Water Lime required to neutralize acidity from N application N Source Lb ECC/lb N Ammonia, Urea, UAN 1.8 Ammonium Sulfate 5.4 DAP 3.6 MAP 7.2

15 Factors Affecting Soil ph N Rate Continuous Corn Sorn/Soybean Soil ph North Central Kansas Experiment Field, Dr. Barney Gordon

16 Acid Types and Measurement Active Acidity Affects soil chemical reactions and plant growth Measured as soil or water ph Neutralized by <1 pound calcium carbonate/acre Reserve Acidity The total acidity Affects the quantity of lime required Measured by buffer ph (buffer index)

17 Acid Types and Measurement Reserve Acidity Active Acidity Section of Soil Colloid H + + Soil Solution Ions (Active Acidity)

18 Acid Types and Measurement Soil ph is a measure of the acidity of the soil solution Buffer ph is a measure of the potential acidity due to the soil solution and the exchange sites Soil 1 Ca ++ K + Mg ++ Ca ++ Mg ++ H N + NH (Soil Water) (Soil Air) K + Mg ++ Ca ++ K + Mg ++ K + Ca ++ NH + 4 Exchange sites of Clay particles Mg ++ Ca ++ (Soil Water) Ca ++ (Soil Air) Same soil ph values, but different buffer ph; soil 2 will require more lime than soil 1. Soil 2 K +

19 Acid Types and Measurement Could we use this as an example of sandy loam vs. clay loam Soil 1 Ca ++ K + Mg ++ Ca ++ Mg ++ H N + NH (Soil Water) (Soil Air) K + Mg ++ Ca ++ K + Mg ++ K + Ca ++ NH + 4 Exchange sites of Clay particles Mg ++ Ca ++ (Soil Water) Ca ++ Soil 2 K + (Soil Air)

20 How Does Lime Work? Calcium Carbonate + CaCO 3 Ca + H 2 O + CO 2 Gypsum + CaSO 4 Ca SO 4

21 Neutralizing Value of Materials Liming Material Composition Relative Neutralizing Value Calcium Carbonate Calcitic Lime Dolomitic Lime Quicklime (burned lime) Hydrated lime (slaked lime) Ground shells Wood ashes CaCO 3 CaCO 3 + Impurities CaCO 3 + MgCO 3 +Impurities CaO Ca(OH)

22 Neutralizing Value of Materials Determined by: Purity calcium carbonate equivalent % liming agent vs. % inert materials Fineness particle size Determined by dry sieves (8 and 60 mesh) Fine particles dissolve more quickly than coarse Expressed as Effective Calcium Carbonate Equivalent (ECCE)

23 Neutralizing Value of Materials Size Fraction Dissolved After 1 Year (%) < 60 mesh mesh 50 >8 mesh 0

24 Neutralizing Value of Materials Example: Size Fraction Material (%) Effectiveness Factor Effectiveness > < Fineness = 70 If a quarry has 80% CCE, the ECC is = 60.2 (Combination of purity and fineness)

25 Neutralizing Value of Materials Pros Typically lowest cost Residual benefits Highest producer profitability Ag Lime Cons Difficulty of uniform application Hard on equipment Small margins for vendors Uniform application Quick effect on ph Profit for vendors Uniform application Quick effect on ph Profit for vendors Fluid Lime Pel-Lime Higher cost than ag lime High rates not practical Applied as fluid slurry Highest cost Adequate rates not practical Too attractive marketing

26 Soil Sampling and ph Analysis Soil sampling should match the depth of incorporation No-till depth should be about 3 inches Sample analysis 1:1 water slurry measured with ph probe Buffer ph measured after addition of solution (SMP, Mehlich, Sikora) Soil test results: ph and buffer ph (if ph < 6.0)

27 Soil Sampling and ph Analysis 1:1 Soil ph (% of total samples submitted) 5.0 or lower 5.1 to to to to to to or higher North Central Central South Central KSU Soil Testing Lab,

28 Soil Sampling and ph Analysis

29 Soil Sampling and ph Analysis Know and adjust for incorporation depth Incorporation Depth (inch) Adjustment Factor

30 Soil Sampling and ph Analysis Timing and application of lime Apply months before planting Mix with soil if possible (if no-till, allow more time for activity) Adjust for tillage depth

31 Soil Sampling and ph Analysis Know assumptions of lime recommendations Lime quality Incorporation depth Rotational tillage No-till Crop Target ph Crop Geography Financial considerations

32 Variety Response to Soil ph Limed Not Limed Custer, Ok101, Jagalene, Jagger, 2174, AP502Cl, Ok102, 2137

33 Soil Acidity Effect on Wheat ph Relative Yield Yield bu/a % % % % % 40 Oklahoma State University

34 Effect of ph on Alfalfa

35 Summary Soil ph is dropping in Kansas, in large part due to the use of N and P fertilizers Soil ph is becoming low enough to cause crop issues in many areas, but especially in Central Kansas Current fertilizer prices and production economics suggest liming, even if lime has to be hauled some distance should be considered.

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