Soil Fertility. Fundamentals of Nutrient Management June 1, Patricia Steinhilber
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1 Soil Fertility Fundamentals of Nutrient Management June 1, 2010 Patricia Steinhilber Ag Nutrient Management Program University of Maryland College Park
2 Main Topics plant nutrition functional soil model soil chemical properties relating to soil fertility
3 Plant Nutrition Topics growth factors plant nutrients mechanisms for nutrient delivery law of minimum
4 Growth Factors: What do plants need to grow? 1. water 2. oxygen 3. heat 4. carbon dioxide 5. mechanical support 6. nutrients
5 Definition of a Nutrient an element that has a direct effect on growth or metabolism required by plants to complete their vegetative and reproductive stages of life must be specifically required and can not be replaceable by another element
6 What elements do plants require? (Table 4-2, p. 56, MANMH) Nonmineral Nutrients carbon oxygen hydrogen macronutrients Mineral Nutrients micronutrients primary secondary iron cobalt nickel nitrogen calcium zinc phosphorus magnesium chlorine potassium sulfur Manganese boron copper Molybdenum
7 Forms in Which Nutrients Exist cation positively charged ion anion negatively charged ion neutral uncharged
8 So which nutrients exist in what form? (Table 4-1, p. 55, MANMH) ammonium NH 4 + potassium K + calcium Ca +2 magnesium Mg +2 iron Fe +2, Fe +3 zinc Zn +2 manganese Mn +2, Mn +4 copper Cu +2 cobalt Co +2 nickel Ni +2 nitrate NO 3 - phosphate H 2 PO 4-, HPO 4-2 sulfate SO 4-2 chlorine Cl - borate H 3 BO 3, H 2 BO 3-, B 4 O 7-2 molybdate MoO 4-2
9 Plant Nutrient Terminology mineral nutrients non-mineral nutrients macronutrients primary nutrients secondary nutrients micronutrients
10 Relationship between Plant Growth and Nutrient Concentration What happens when a nutrient or nutrients are inadequate in supply? Can the concentration of a nutrient be too high? The next diagram addresses these questions.
11
12 How can you tell if a nutrient is deficient? visual symptoms note location and type OMAFRA
13 How can you tell if a nutrient is deficient? visual symptoms note location and type deficiency is severe if noticeable diagnostics via plant analysis sample correct plant part at the correct time see Soil Fertility Guide, PL-1, Plant Tissue Analysis
14 hidden hunger
15 What happens when more than one nutrient is inadequate?
16 Liebig-Sprengel Law of the Minimum Growth is limited by the growth factor present in the least adequate amount. Yield is proportional to most limiting factor. Barrel stave example is the most common representation.
17
18 Penn State Agronomy Guide
19 Mechanisms for Nutrient Delivery mass flow the passive movement of nutrients in soil water to roots diffusion the movement of nutrient from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration root interception direct contact of nutrients with roots as roots grow and explore soil
20 Important Mechanisms of Delivery
21 Practice Question #1 Examples of macronutrients are the following: A) nitrogen, iron and potassium; B) phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium; C) sulfur, nitrogen and zinc; D) potassium, magnesium and cobalt.
22 Functional Soil Model beyond the pie chart expand our vocabulary & concepts 2-D slice of a soil
23 E F G A B D C
24 biomass soil solution primary minerals organic solids residues and by-products soil air inorganic solids humus pore space secondary minerals
25 Surface Area and Reactivity
26
27 Soil Chemistry and Soil Fertility ph soil clays and reactive surfaces managing soil ph
28 What is ph? p H
29 What is ph? p negative log a mechanism to make communication about very small numbers (decimal fractions) easier H hydrogen ion concentration (activity) [H + ] or (H + ) ph = -log [H]
30 Some ph Facts ph and hydrogen ion concentration are inversely related. As ph increases, hydrogen ion concentration decreases. descriptors acid (ph<7) basic or alkaline (ph>7) neutral (ph=7)
31 [H+] - ph relationship [H+] (moles/l) [H+] (moles/l) ph
32 ph of Soils and Other Materials
33 Practice Question #2 If the hydrogen ion concentration of a soil is , its ph is a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7
34 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) ability of a soil to hold cations on charged sites measure of the net negative charge of a soil expressed as meq/100g (old) or cmole/kg (new)
35 Importance and Consequences of CEC Exchange phase is the storehouse of cationic nutrients. Exchangeable cations are protected from leaching. Dynamic equilibria exist between nutrients in the soil solution and on exchange sites.
36
37 Mechanisms/Types of Charge Development isomorphic substitution (permanent charge) main mechanism for clay minerals protonation and deprotonation of surfaces (variable or ph-dependent charge) gain or loss of a H + at a surface main mechanisms for hydrous oxides and organic matter occurs broken edges of clay minerals
38 Building Blocks of Aluminosilicate Clays
39
40
41 Aluminosilicate Clay Minerals Name Structure Layers CEC kaolinite 1: montmorillonite 2: illite (hydrous 2: mica) vermiculite 2: chlorite 2:1:
42
43
44 Variable (ph-dependent) Charged Sites hydrous oxides of iron, aluminum and manganese, humus, and edges of aluminosilicate clays.
45 How does ph-dependent charge arise?
46 On a Humus Molecule
47 Cation Exchange Capacities of the Common Soil Colloids Soil Colloid Cation Exchange Capacity (cmol c /kg of colloid) humus vermiculite montmorillonite illite iron oxides 0-3* *at ph 7
48 Soil Texture and Cation Exchange Capacity Soil Texture Cation Exchange Capacity (cmol c /kg) sands 1-5 fine sandy loams 5-10 loams and silt loams 5-15 clay loams clays >30
49 Factors Affecting CEC of Soils amount of clay-sized particles (texture) kind of clay amount of humus ph
50 Just how much does a change in ph affect CEC? Pratt & Bair, 1962
51 Base Saturation percentage of the exchange capacity occupied by basic cations calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sodium (Na) hydrogen (H) and aluminum (Al) are acidic cations greater base saturation, the more fertile the soil
52 Base Saturation routine analysis by some soil testing labs Example: exchangeable cations were extracted and measured (cmoles per 100 grams soil) H 3 Ca 12 Mg 5 Na 1 K 4 What is the CEC of this soil? What is the base saturation (%)?
53 Types of Soil Acidity active acidity reserve acidity
54 Where/How does soil acidity originate? nitrification (oxidation) of ammonium most fertilizers and all organic sources 2 H + per 1 NH 4 +1 organic acids produced by plant roots and microbes rainfall carbonic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid hydrolysis of aluminum 3 H + per 1 Al +3 oxidation of sulfur 2 H + per 1 S
55 Nature and Properties of Soils, Brady and Weil similar diagram on p. 67 of the MANMH
56 Why Liming to Reduce Soil Acidity is Helpful
57 Many crops prefer a specific ph range for optimal growth.
58 Target ph in Maryland ph 7.0 alfalfa establishment ph 5.6 tobacco ph 5.2 potatoes, sweet potatoes ph 6.5 most other agronomic and horticultural crops
59 Adjusting Soil ph Lime materials are used to neutralize acidity and raise ph. Acid-forming materials are used to produce acidity and decrease ph. elemental sulfur, iron sulfate, aluminum sulfate
60 Is lime required? Depends upon crop and its optimal ph range ph of the soil solution (active acidity)
61 How much lime is required? Depends upon target ph ph of soil solution reserve acidity lime requirement (LR) is a process or chemical test which estimates the amount of pure, fine limestone needed
62 Soil Tests for LR: Soil-Buffer Equilibrations mix soil and a carefully-designed buffer solution equilibrate (15 30 min.) measure ph of soil-buffer mixture the more the soil lowered the ph of the buffer mixture, the greater the lime requirement
63 Popular Buffers SMP buffer (ph 7.0) named for Shoemaker, McLean and Pratt developed in mid-west for soils with high LR high organic matter content and medium to fine textures, 2:1 clays Adams-Evans buffer (ph 8.0) developed in southern U.S. for soils with low CEC and small amounts of 2:1 clays and OM Mehlich buffer (ph 6.6) developed in North Carolina
64 From Adams-Evans Buffer to LR (target ph = 6.5, pounds of limestone) ph buffer ph H 2 O
65 Texture and Lime Requirement
66 How often is lime required? Brady & Weil, 13th edition
67 When should lime be applied? 2-6 months before most sensitive crop data from Alley at VPI indicate that application at planting improved yield lime rate alfalfa yield (tons/a) (pounds/a) , , ,262
68 Review Question #3 Cation exchange is affected by a) amount of clay b) type of clay c) amount of humus d) ph e) all of the above
69 Questions? Lemke, UWSP
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