KR bluestem: Restoration to native grasses and forbs. David L. Davidson
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1 KR bluestem: Restoration to native grasses and forbs David L. Davidson
2 Ecological Restoration, vol. 26, No. 4, 2008, pp
3 KR Bluestem Restoration Project update to present In 2007, at the Texas Invasives Conference, Dr. Barron Rector of Texas A&M put forth an hypothesis about the relation between species of grasses and the biotic condition of the soil. The essence of his hypothesis was that KR - in place for decades - had conditioned the biology of the soil to optimize its success, and to replace KR with native grasses, the biology of the soil would have to be changed to again favor native grasses. To make this change required going through the process of succession, as had occurred in the original formation of native grass prairie.
4 Between 2007 and 2009, efforts were made to kill KR Bluestem so that it could be replaced by native grasses. KR bluestem proved to be very difficult to kill. In 2009, a prescribed burn resulted in soil heating where previously cut juniper had been piled, killing the KR bluestem. This provided the opportunity to start succession in these burn scars with native grasses and forbs.
5 October 19, 2009 November 11, 2009 Soil Type 8 Restoration Plot #1 May 2010 May 2012
6 Restoration Plot #1 April 2015 The year of the thistle
7 November 2009 Restoration Plot #2 Soil Type 11 September 2012 May 2015
8 November September 2014 Restoration Plot #7 Soil Type 8 June 2012
9 Restoration steps 1. Heat the soil to kill the KR bluestem. 2. Clear all big rocks from area. 3. Spread organic matter- compost. 4. Till burn scar to about 4 in. (15 cm). 5. Reseed with native grasses* and forbs**. 6. Sow about 5X recommended density of seeds. 7. Wait for the rain. * Little bluestem, Indian grass, Grama sideoats, Windmill, other. ** Mixture of wildflowers and bluebonnets.
10 Partial list of uncontrolled variables (Affects the use of statistics to describe results) 1. Burning brush pile - Temperature and time profile (depends on age and density). 2. Time between burning and reseeding (2 weeks to 4 years). 3. Variations in soil type and unknown prior use (depth & color differences). 4. Soil moisture at reseeding (wet to extremely dry). 5. Rainfall - time after reseeding: 2 weeks, 1 month, 1 year. 6. Global warming and climate change (soil temperature and moisture). 7. Seed viability at time of reseeding - germination rate? 8. Seed mix used (Little bluestem, Windmill, Grama sideoats, wildflower mixes, other). 9. Level of rodent and bird predation of seeds (unknown). 10. Level of deer browse - Axis + White-tailed deer eating forbs (observed browse). 11. Variations in soil sampling and technique (difficult to be consistent). 12. Changes in soil testing techniques (Soil biotics, PLFA, Genetic).
11 Solarization [slow, controlled heating] 42 C See poster for more details
12 This restoration appears to be successful. Why?
13 Experimental evidence that invasive grasses use allelopathic biochemicals as a potential mechanism for invasion: chemical warfare in nature by M.J. Greer, G. W.T. Wilson, K.R. Hickman, and S.M. Wilson Oklahoma State University Plant and Soil, v. 385, December 2014, pp Key findings: Application of B. ischaemum leachate or litter significantly reduced the germination, growth, and survival of both A. gerardii and S. scoparium, but had no conspecific effects A. gerardii leachate was significantly greater in phenolic content compared to B, ischaemum. Comparison of the leachates (Na, Ca, Mg, K, S, B, P, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Al, Mo, As, Cd, Co, Cr & Pb) indicated that there were no significant differences for any of the elements in A. gerardii or B. ischaemum leachates. A. gerardii = Big bluestem B. ischaemum = KR bluestem S. scoparium = Little bluestem My interpretation of these results: 1. KR bluestem is allelopathic to some grasses and forbs. 2. The allelopathic agent is biological (not a chemical compound).
14 Hypothesis 1. Heat is necessary to kill the KR bluestem (plant and roots) and denature the allelopathic agent. 2. The allelopathic agent is probably fungal (not chemical).
15 Examination of hypothesis 1. Use the apparent success of the restoration plots as a reference for restored native prairie. (I have not found any other local native prairie) 2. Test soil for pathogenic fungi.
16 Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis PLFA PLFA and NLFA were first used by Oklahoma State University on two commercial Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) Fungal innoculants that I had been using. The innoculants were found to contain large amounts of bacteria, in addition to AM fungi. AM fungi were found also in soil from KR bluestem and from the Restoration Plots. I have stopped using the commercial AM fungi innoculants because of these results. Additional analyses were performed by Microbial ID Laboratory Newark, Delaware
17 PLFA results Conclusion: There is not much % difference.
18 X X
19 Peak Numbers
20 How do these results compare with others? Restoration Plots (180) Total biomass KR (76) Various Restorations Agriculture Land Undisturbed Prairie Microbial community PLFA.. in... ecosystem restoration in tallgrass prairie soils V.L. McKinley, et al. Soil Biology & Biochemistry (2005) pp
21 KR (0.91) Restoration Plots (0.39) Agriculture Land Various Restorations Undisturbed Prairie Microbial community PLFA.. in... ecosystem restoration in tallgrass prairie soils V.L. McKinley, et al. Soil Biology & Biochemistry (2005) pp
22 KR (1.76) Restoration Plots (2.2) Microbial community PLFA.. in... ecosystem restoration in tallgrass prairie soils V.L. McKinley, et al. Soil Biology & Biochemistry (2005) pp
23 Restoration Plots (0.42) KR (0.17) Microbial community PLFA.. in... ecosystem restoration in tallgrass prairie soils V.L. McKinley, et al. Soil Biology & Biochemistry (2005) pp
24 Conclusion: The restoration process is successful. Soil conditions and vegetation are similar to native prairie, Why is KR bluestem allelopathic?
25 Examination of KR plants for pathogenic fungi University of Nebraska (Lincoln) Department of Plant Pathology Kevin Korus, Plant Pathologist Sent KR grass plant samples August 6, 2015 Fusarium fungi were identified either in (or on) the leaves. If found on the leaves, fungi probably infect the roots also.
26 University of Nebraska (Lincoln) Department of Plant Pathology Results from SOIL sample From soil in KR bluestem rhizome
27 KR bluestem P. ultinum G. gramines The common name is Take All and it is very detrimental to grasses
28 Fungi pathogen analysis summary ---- Restoration Plots ---- Pathogen KR bluestem Burn Scar (Plot #2) Solarized #5 dethatched Solarized #5 thatched Time 40 years 6 years 1 year 1 year Phythum ultimum not detected High High Very High Is this related? Fusarium oxysporum Moderate low low low Rhizoctonia solani AG-8 low low low low Gaeunomanomyces gramines Moderate not detected not detected not detected Phytophthora not detected not detected not detected not detected G. gramines is thought to be the most damaging pathogen, particularly in conjunction with R. solani and F. oxysporum
29 Interactions between diseases are very common where one disease increases the effects and damage from other diseases. -- Harry Kreeft -- Conclusion: Pathogenic fungi are associated with KR bluestem. G. gramines may be the most damaging > Association does not prove causation. < However, I have no other hypotheses to test.
30 Conclusions as of Nov Heat is needed to kill KR bluestem prior to reseeding with native grasses and forbs because: 1. The allelopathic nature of KR limits restoration options. 2. The allelopathic agents are probably soil pathogens. 3. Soil pathogens are killed by heating the soil. 4. High density seeding is required to prevent KR reinvasion. 5. When heat and compost are used to restore the soil, reseeding success is limited by rainfall.
31 What I would like to know (Maybe you can help) 1. What is the effect of the pathogens identified on native grasses and forbs? 2. Does soil type influence the pathogens related to KR bluestem? 3. Does brush pile burning kill all of the soil pathogens? 4. What is the necessary minimum reseeding density? 5. How can the reseeding weather be better predicted? 6. Is succession accelerated by the restoration process? 7. Where did the Pythium ultinum originate and is it of concern? There is more to be learned
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