Across kingdoms and continents: being a grassland ecologist is AWESOME! Kimberly La Pierre University of California, Berkeley
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1 Across kingdoms and continents: being a grassland ecologist is AWESOME! Kimberly La Pierre University of California, Berkeley
2 What I know about being an ecologist we come from all backgrounds we use innovative approaches we learn incrementally we travel we study all kinds of things we collaborate
3 Ecologists come from all backgrounds
4 Ecologists come from all backgrounds
5 Ecologists use innovative approaches Black mustard (Brassica nigra) invasion in southern California grasslands The Suding Lab, UC Irvine Invasive milk snail (Otala lacta) often co-incident with invading mustard
6 What effect do invasive snails have on native and invasive plants? greenhouse feeding trials: mini-electric snail fences!
7 What effect do invasive snails have on native and invasive plants? greenhouse feeding trials field counts in monocultures growth rate assays plus leaf tissue chemistry
8 Invasive milk snail preferentially associates with and eats invasive mustard (+/- interaction) La Pierre et al, 2011, Biological Invasions
9 Invasive milk snail preferentially associates with and eats invasive mustard (+/- interaction) Invasional Antagonism! La Pierre et al, 2011, Biological Invasions
10 Ecologists learn incrementally
11 Grass Water makes the grass grow Rain
12 Aboveground Net Primary Production (gm -2 ) Precipitation Mean Annual Precipitation (mm) Sala et al 1988
13 space-for-time substitution used to predict ecosystem function under future global change scenarios Across space: R 2 = 0.94 R 2 = 0.48 R 2 = 0.76 Sala et al 2012
14 space-for-time substitution used to predict ecosystem function under future global change scenarios drought Across space: R 2 = 0.94 R 2 = 0.48 R 2 = 0.76 Sala et al 2012
15 space-for-time substitution used to predict ecosystem function under future global change scenarios Through time: R 2 = Across space: R 2 = 0.94 R 2 = 0.48 R 2 = 0.76 Sala et al 2012
16 Study Sites SGS MIX TGP SGS: Shortgrass Steppe (Shortgrass LTER) MIX: Mixed-grass Prairie (Saline Experimental Range) TGP: Tallgrass Prairie (Konza Prairie LTER)
17 Study System (semi-arid) (mesic) Shortgrass Steppe (~340 mm precip/yr) Mixed-Grass Prairie (~610 mm precip/yr) Tallgrass Prairie (~835 mm precip/yr)
18 What factors control ANPP? Abiotic Precipitation: total annual precipitation (October September) (La Pierre et al 2011) divided by phenologically relevant time periods: P1 Dormant period P2 Emergence P3 Vegetative growth P4 Flowering initiation P5 Anthesis Nutrients: N, P, K
19 What factors control ANPP? ANPP (g m -2 yr -1 ) Biotic Species Richness Species Identity dominant species always present no change Richness Tilman et al 1997 Richness Smith and Knapp 2003
20 % Variation in ANPP Explained TGP P1 - dormant P2 - emergence P3 - veg. growth P4 - flowering P5 - anthesis Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium A. gerardii combined model total annual precip only all factors: R 2 = 0.958, BIC = x S. nutans S. scoparium Tallgrass Prairie (TGP) Richness A. gerardii S. nutans S. scoparium y TOTAL total precip: R 2 = 0.450, BIC = Annual Precip La Pierre et al, 2015, Ecosystems
21 % Variation in ANPP Explained Cross Site P1 - dormant P2 - emergence P3 - veg. growth P4 - flowering P5 - anthesis Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium x Richness A. gerardii A. gerardii S. nutans S. nutans S. scoparium S. asper B. curtipendula B. gracilis C. eleocharis Cross-Site combined model total annual precip only S. scoparium S. asper B. curtipendula R B. gracilis C. eleocharis y TOTAL total precip: R 2 = 0.713, BIC = Annual Precip La Pierre et al, 2015, Ecosystems
22 Water Makes Grass Grow! Biotic factors both reflect and magnify the effects of precipitation through variation in species identity across a broad spatial scale To predict ANPP at regional scales, understanding of the community is critical Space-for-time substitution does NOT hold due to lower variation in biotic factors within sites than across sites Phenologically relevant precipitation periods explain variation in ANPP
23 Ecologists travel the world
24 Ecologists travel the world
25 Eukaryotes Bacteria Archaea Ecologists study all kinds of things Hug et al, 2016, Nature
26 How do species interactions influence invasion success?
27 Mutualism and Invasion Theory Mutualistic partnerships may allow hosts to overcome environmental or biotic barriers to invasion Lack of mutualists may be a barrier to invasion How do species with horizontally transmitted mutualists invade?
28 Legumes as a model system widespread invaders ecologically transformative problematic in many habitats partnership with rhizobia differentiates their N-niche from other plants
29 Rhizobia are not maternally transferred Seeds disperse to ground Rhizobia disperse into soil from senescing nodules
30 Rhizobia are not maternally transferred Seedlings are infected by soildwelling rhizobia
31 Rhizobia are not maternally transferred Seedlings are infected by soildwelling rhizobia Where do invading legumes get their rhizobial associates from?
32 Where do invading legumes get their rhizobial associates? (2) co-invade with rhizobial symbionts from native range (specialist) (1) form novel associations (generalist) (3) everything is everywhere (specialist) Native Range Invasive Range
33 NATIVE INVASIVE Genista monspessulana Spartium junceum Ulex europaeus Acmispon glaber A. heermannii A. micranthus A. strigosus Lupinus bicolor L. arboreous
34 514 native isolates 305 invasive isolates sequenced at ITS and nifd loci 19 unique genotypes
35 Native Invasive Invasive and native legumes do not share rhizobial genotypes.
36 Native Invasive 98% similar to two European isolates
37 Where do invading legumes get their rhizobial associates? (2) co-invade with rhizobial symbionts from native range (specialist) (1) form novel associations (generalist) (3) everything is everywhere (specialist) Native Range Invasive Range
38 Ecologists collaborate
39 Ecologists collaborate
40 Plant community responses to global change Kim La Pierre Meghan Avolio Forest Isbell Sally Koerner Kevin Wilcox Greg Houseman Emily Grman David Johnson + 49 others
41 Global change is happening Smith, Knapp & Collins, 2009, Ecology
42 Mean Plant Community Change Plant communities are relatively robust to simulated global change. Except, when many global change factors occur simultaneously.
43 Being an ecologist is awesome! ask questions discover new things meet all kinds of people help the world!
44
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