World Urbanization. % of World s Population But still great variation between Countries 30% 50% 14%

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1 URBANIZATION

2 World Urbanization % of World s Population % 14% 30% 50% But still great variation between Countries

3 World Urbanization Towns originally centers for Trade Cities grew with Industrialization 1st Urban Country England (late 1800s) Due to Industrial Revolution

4 Country Urbanization Where Highest? Where Lowest?

5 Country Urbanization Today MDCs 80+% of Pop. is Urban Industrialized Countries USA & Canada, Europe, Japan Poorer LDCs 5-20% of Pop. African countries

6 How to Define a City? Legal City Incorporated & self-governing AKA Central City Urbanized Area Built-up area Metropolitan Statistical Area Census Bureau

7 Megalopolis MSAs overlap Become one big urban area BosWash LA-OC-SD-TJ

8 Large Cities of World 22 Cities with over 10 Million pop. Know Name and Location

9 World s Largest Cities 1 Tokyo, Japan 34 million 2 New York, U.S.A. 20 million 3 Seoul, South Korea 4 Jakarta, Indonesia 5 Mumbai, India (Bombay) 6 São Paolo, Brazil 7 Mexico City, Mexico 8 Delhi, India 9 Osaka-Kobe, Japan 10 Manila, Philippines

10 3-Seoul 1-Tokyo 8-Delhi 5-Mumbai 9-Osaka 10-Manila 4-Jakarta

11 Los Angeles 2-New York 7-Mexico City 6-São Paolo São Paolo Rio de Janeiro Buenos Aires

12 Istanbul London Moscow Paris Beijing Cairo Kolkata Shanghai Lagos Guangzhou- Shenzhen

13 Origins of Cities 3500 BCE in Fertile Crescent Required a Food surplus People freed from farming 3 Theories for Origin

14 Origins of Cities Hydraulic Civilization Model Irrigation Developed Religious Model Linked with Astronomy Political Model Strong Leaders Power over Labor

15 Urban Hearths Middle East 3500 BCE Mesopotamia (Iraq) Egypt China Xian

16 Middle American Hearth Guatemala, Mexico 600 CE Maya Aztec Teotihuacan 100,000 people

17 European Cities Greek Cities 600 BCE Athens 300,000 Pop. in 500 BC 2 Main Areas: Acropolis Agora

18 Acropolis Athens High Point Temple & Government

19 Agora Athens Market/Meeting Place

20 Athens Today

21 Greek Colonial Cities Urban Planning Grid Pattern of Streets

22 Roman Cities 200 BCE Grid Street Pattern Forum Temple Government Market Amphitheatre

23 Roman Forum Roman Amphitheatre Roman Coliseum

24 Medieval Cities CE City Walls

25 Medieval Cities Cittadella, Italy

26 Medieval Cities Walls & Moats Dense & compact Narrow Streets Church in center & highest

27 Medieval Cities Market Plaza Piazza Place

28 Medieval Period When most European Cities 1st Established

29 Site for Medieval Cities P A R I S F R A N C E

30 Renaissance/Baroque Cities CE Strong Regional Powers Large-Scale City Planning Wide Boulevards Monuments Parks, Fountains Paris

31 Capitalist Cities 1800s CE to now Separation of Work & Residence Economic focus on Downtown Office Buildings

32 Capitalist Cities Residences segregated by class Formerly mixed & vertical Zoning Laws in 20th century to Legally separate Land Uses Control less desirable uses

33 Capitalist Cities Women in home associated with Domestic space Feminized Downtowns Middle Class Consumption & Leisure New York City Ladies Mile

34 Edge Cities 1970s to Now Away from Downtown Office Parks Shopping Housing

35 Indigenous Cities (Non-Western) Africa, Asia Like Medieval Cities City Walls

36 Winding Streets Outdoor Markets Mosque or Temple

37 Like Renaissance /Baroque City Planned

38 Spanish Colonial Cities Planned by Law of the Indies (1573 CE) Gridiron street pattern Central Plaza Church Government buildings Commerce

39 Spanish Colonial Plaza MEXICO CITY

40 Wide Boulevards New Delhi

41 Delhi vs. New Delhi Delhi Indigenous to India New Delhi Colonial Built by British

42 Fès (Fez), Morocco Ho Chi Minh City, (Saigon) Vietnam

43 Emerging Cities in LDCs Rapid Recent Growth Little urban planning & infrastructure

44 Emerging Cities in LDCs Crowded Density

45 Emerging Cities in LDCs Squatter Settlements

46 Emerging Cities in LDCs Poor Housing Construction

47 Favela Rio de Janeiro Little Infrastructure... Roads, water, sewers, electricity?

48 URBAN LOCATION

49 Urban Location Site Physical site Coordinates Topography Situation Location relative to Other cities Trade routes Hinterland

50 Urban Sites Defensive Protected from Attack

51 River-Island Site

52 Offshore Island

53 Peninsula Site

54 Sheltered Harbor & Peninsula

55 Acropolis Site

56 Trade-Route Sites

57 Bridge-Point Site Shallow or Narrow River Easy Crossing London Oxford Cambridge

58 Confluence Site Two Rivers join Lots of River Traffic St. Louis Pittsburgh

59 Portage Site Between 2 nearby rivers Moscow Between river & nearby lake Chicago

60 Head of Navigation Site Where Navigable waters begin for water Transportation Below Rapids Minneapolis

61 Economic Location Central Place Theory Developed by Christaller Germany 1930s Market Centers for exchanging Goods & services Functional Region Node is a City as Market Center

62 Economic Location Central Place Theory assumes Natural Environment is uniform (no disruptions) Transportation available Sufficient goods & services Describes pattern of towns & cities in MDCs

63 Central Place Theory Market Area Area of customers for service Trade Area Hinterland

64 Central Place Theory Threshold Population needed to support service Convenience vs. specialty store?

65 Central Place Theory Range Distance or Time customers willing to travel for service Fast Food vs. Concert?

66 Market Area Range is a radius for service Circles result in overlaps and gaps Hexagon is ideal theoretical shape No overlap or gaps

67 Optimal Location Profitability of Location Gravity Model for Optimal Location Directly related to Population (Threshold) Inversely related to Distance (Range) Pizza Shop?

68 Market Area Analysis Depends on Range (Distance) Threshold (Population) Varies due to scale of store Department Store Grocery Supermarket Convenience Store

69 Central Place Hierarchy Settlement Size Smaller Towns Smaller Market Area, Range & Threshold Less choice of Services Cities Larger area More Services

70 Central Place Hierarchy Settlements Nest in Size Hierarchy

71 Hierarchy of World Cities New York London Tokyo Centers of World s Power HDQ Finance Media

72 Hierarchy of U.S.A. Cities New York Los Angeles Washington Chicago San Francisco Houston Miami

73 Hierarchy of City Size Rank-Size Rule City Pop. = 1/rank of country s largest city NYC is # 1 LA is 1/2 Chicago is 1/3

74 Hierarchy of City Size Primate City Largest city is larger than ½ of 2 nd city Paris, France Capitals of LDCs

75 Economic Base of Cities Basic Industry Economic activity with employment above national average Produces excess good or service for export outside City Brings money into City Attracts workers to City

76 Economic Base of Cities Economic Base Basic Industries that make City unique Nonbasic Industry Common Consumer Services supporting resident population Stores Restaurants Gas Stations

77 Economic Base of Cities Los Angeles Now The Industry??? Clothing Manufacturing Past Tourism Oil Extraction & Refining Aerospace Research & Manufacturing

78 Economic Base U.S. Cities Manufacturing Midwest SE

79 Economic Base of Cities Manufacturing Detroit Autos Government Washington DC State Capitals Entertainment/Leisure Cities Las Vegas Orlando, FL

80 Cities & Talent Talent not evenly distributed Scientists R & D Centers

81 URBAN PATTERNS

82 Rural Settlement Patterns New England Public uses in center Houses surround Farms beyond

83 Rural Settlement Patterns Quebec & Louisiana French settlement Long narrow farm lots Lots perpendicular from river Linear towns either Parallel river Parallel inland road

84 Urban Culture Regions Neighborhoods Based on Land Use Social Class Ethnicity Religion

85 Diffusion in the City Centralization Businesses & Residents locate Downtown Decentralization Businesses & Residents locate away

86 Reasons for Centralization Downtown is Accessible Public Transportation Focus

87 Reasons for Centralization Businesses Like to Cluster Agglomeration Can share customers Close to Suppliers Support services

88 Reasons for Centralization Downtown prestige High-Rise buildings Historical momentum #1 is Face-to-Face Communication Business Services

89 Downtown Agglomeration Activities that cluster Downtown Public Offices & Courts Professional Services Administrative Financial Legal

90 Downtown Agglomeration Activities that cluster Downtown Specialty Retail Fashion District Jewelry District Toy District Convention Center & Hotels Sports & Entertainment Staples Center Nokia Theatre

91 Decentralization Downtown is Expensive Traffic congested Downtown loses prestige Crime, Homelessness

92 Decentralization New Employment Patterns Jobs in Suburbs Preference for Single-family detached homes

93 Preference for Suburbs Detached Single Home with Yard Parking Home ownership Retreat from urban stress

94 Costs of Decentralization Loss of Farmland Leap-frog development Infrastructure costs AKA Suburban Sprawl Inner City Poverty

95 Models of Land Use Concentric Zone Model Sector Model Multiple Nuclei Model

96 Concentric Zone Model (1925) Socio-Economic Status Zone 1 CBD Downtown Zone 2 Transition Zone Industry & Poor Housing Rundown

97 Concentric Zone Model (1925) Zone 3 Lower Income Zone 4 Middle Income Zone 5 Higher Income Can afford commute & newer home

98 Sector Model (1939) CBD High Income Within Corridor to edge Middle Income Next to High Income Low Income Industry

99 Multiple Nuclei Model (1945) City has more than one focus CBD less important Decentralization Edge Cities Auto-oriented

100 Multiple Nuclei Model Long Beach

101 Los Angeles Nuclei Downtown Beverly Hills Westwood/UCLA Glendale Pasadena LAX Airport Del Amo Plaza Long Beach

102 Urban Transportation Personal Urban Trips More than ½ Work related Only 5% by Public Transit ¼ Shopping or personal business ¼ Social journeys Urban Land Use ¼ Streets & Parking Lots

103 Urban Transportation Transportation Modes Walk Bicycle Auto Bus Rail Transit Cable Car Light Rail Subway San Francisco

104 Rail Transit Los Angeles Multimodal Transit system Buses Subway (underground) Red Valley Purple Wilshire Blvd.?

105 Rail Transit Los Angeles Light Rail Blue Long Beach Gold Pasadena East LA Green LAX Aqua WLA

106 Rail Transit Los Angeles Metrolink Commuter Busway I-10 El Monte I-110 Harbor Orange Valley Future Light Rail?

107 Post-Industrial City Shift to Service jobs since 1970 Manufacturing less important Car mobility for most Pop. in MDCs Freeways widespread

108 Post-Industrial City Journey-to-Work changed due to Two-worker households Multi-direction commutes Complicated by childcare Increased electronic communication More work from home

109 Post-Industrial Land Use Deglomeration from CBD Businesses & residents move out Civic & specialized functions remain Improved Mobility increases Cross-town commuting for Journey-to-Work Not to CBD

110 Post-Industrial Land Use Older residential neighborhoods deteriorated Worsened by Redlining by Lenders Corporate Commercial Disinvestment Recycling of Housing...

111 Post-Industrial Housing Filtering Trickle-Down Market Vacated homes are occupied by the next lower-income population Housing Chain continues down income levels until Home is Abandoned or demolished

112 Post-Industrial Housing Gentrification Vacant or low-cost home acquired by Higher income population Sweat Equity Pioneers

113 Post-Industrial Housing Adaptive Re-Use Abandoned Commercial or Industrial buildings Tax & Building Code incentives To recycle vacant use Lofts in Downtown L.A. Above first floor Younger with $$$

114 European Cities Best Areas Close to Center Urban amenities Worst Areas Distant Suburbs Long Commutes Hi-Rise Housing Estates (Poor)

115 Latin American Model Best Areas Near CBD & Spine Water, Sewers Transportation Electricity Worst Areas Distant from facilities Squatters

116 Los Angeles Ethnic Areas

117 Los Angeles Ethnic Areas