Chapter 12. Services

Transcription

1 Chapter 12 Services

2 Where di services originate? Key Issue #1

3 Shoppers in Salzburg, Austria

4 Origins & Types of Services Types of services Consumer services Business services Public services Changes in number of employees Origin of services Services in rural settlements Clustered rural settlements Dispersed rural settlements

5 Consumer Services Retail Services goods for sale Malls, stores, Wal-Mart Personal Services services for sale Hair Salons Hospitals Schools

6 Business Services Producer Services help business get done Banks Insurance Real Estate Transportation Services Trucking Shipping

7 Public Services Government Jobs Federal Government Army, Congress State Government Police, Legislature Local Governments Schools, Police, City Councils

8 Percent GDP from Services, 2005 Fig. 12-1: Services contribute over two-thirds of GDP in more developed countries, compared to less than one-half in less developed countries.

9 Employment Change in U.S. Fig 12-2: Growth in employment in the U.S. since 1970 has been entirely in the tertiary sector, with the greatest increase in professional services.

10 Eco-tourism in Costa Rica Costa Rica s Tortuguero National Park draws eco-tourists to the tropical rainforest.

11 Original Services Came with the first permanent settlements Grew to meet demand First services were church related, death and birth realted.

12 Growth of Rural Settlements Fig. 12-3: The establishment of satellite settlements in a rural landscape over time is illustrated by the number of places named Offley in this area.

13 Rural Settlement Patterns Fig. 12-4: Circular settlement patterns are common in Germany. Linear long lot patterns are often found along rivers in France, and were transferred to Québec.

14 Circular Kraal Villages in Southern Africa

15 Clustered New England Town Newfane, Vermont is a clustered settlement with public buildings built around a common.

16 Why are consumer services distributed in a regular pattern? Key Issue #2

17 Distribution of Consumer Services Central place theory Market-area of a service(hinterland) Size of market area Market area analysis Profitability of a location Optimal location within a market Hierarchy of services and settlements Nesting of services and settlements Rank-size distribution of settlements

18 Market Areas as Hexagons Fig. 12-5: Hexagons are often used to delineate market areas because they are a compromise between circles, which have edges equidistant from the center but leave gaps, and squares, which don t leave gaps but whose edges are not equidistant from the center.

19 Central Place Theory Uses geographic patterns. Range is used to determine how far people will travel for a service. Threshold minimum number of people needed to support a service.

20 Central Place Theory Fig. 12-7: Market areas are arranged into a regular pattern according to central place theory, with larger settlements fewer in number and further apart.

21 Market Area Analysis Profitability of a location Best Location in linear and non-linear locations

22 Optimal Location (for Pizza-Delivery Service) Fig. 12-6: The optimal location for a pizza delivery shop with seven potential customers in a linear settlement (top) and with 99 families in apartment buildings (bottom).

23 Market Areas for Stores Fig : Market areas, ranges, and thresholds for department stores in the Dayton, Ohio metropolitan area. Stores are closer together in areas with higher incomes.

24 Supermarket & Convenience Store Market Areas Fig. 12-8: Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets (left) and UDF convenience stores in Dayton, Ohio. Supermarkets have much larger areas and ranges than convenience stores.

25 Market Areas for Supermarkets Fig. 12-8a: Market area, range, and threshold for Kroger supermarkets in Dayton, Ohio.

26 Market Areas for Convenience Stores Fig. 12-8b: Market area, range, and threshold for UDF convenience stores in Dayton, Ohio.

27 City Size Rank size is where the nth city is the 1/n of population of the primate city. Primate cities are the largest city in a country.

28 Rank-Size Distribution of Cities Fig. 12-9: Cities in the U.S. closely follow the rank-size distribution, as indicated by the almost straight line on this log scale. In Romania, there are few settlements in two size ranges.

29 Why do business services locate in large settlements? Key Issue #3

30 Business Services & Settlements World cities Ancient world cities Medieval world cities Modern world cities Hierarchy of business services World cities Command and control centers Specialized producer-service centers Dependent centers Economic base of settlements

31 Ancient Cities Likely to be part of the largest civilizations

32 Ancient Ur Fig : Ur, in modern day Iraq, was one of the earliest urban settlements. The ziggurat, or stepped temple, was surrounded by a dense network of residences.

33 Athens, Greece Fig : The hilltop site of the Acropolis, dating to about 500 BC, still dominates the skyline of modern Athens.

34 Athens, Greece The hilltop site of the Acropolis, dating to about 500 BC, still dominates the skyline of modern Athens.

35 Ancient Rome

36 Medieval World Cities Places around palaces and large serfdoms.

37 Brugge, Belgium Fig : Brugge (or Bruges) was a major port and wool manufacturing center from the 12th century. It is marked by squares surrounded by public buildings.

38 Carcassonne, France Medieval European cities such as Carcassonne, in southwestern France, were often surrounded by walls for protection.

39 Paris Fig : Paris was originally surrounded by walls which were expanded to include new neighborhoods as the city grew.

40 Modern World Cities Determined by businesses as well as population. New York London Paris Tokyo Beijing

41 Primate City City that is the largest and capital city.

42 Hierarchy of World Cities Fig : London, New York, and Tokyo are the dominant world cities in the global economy. Other major and secondary world cities play lesser roles.

43 Business Service Cities in the U.S. Fig : Below the world cities in the hierarchy of U.S. cities are command & control centers, specialized producer-service centers, and dependent centers.

44 Economic Base of U.S. Cities Fig : Cities that have a high proportion of their labor force engaged in the specified economic activity shown.

45 Geography of Talent Fig : Cities with high levels of talent (measured by percent of scientists, professionals, etc.; left) are also often cities with high levels of diversity (measured by cultural facilities, % gay population, etc.; right).

46 Cities with High Talent Levels Fig a: Cities with high levels of talent (measured by percent of scientists, professionals, and college-educated).

47 Cities with High Diversity Fig b: Cities with high levels of diversity (measured by cultural facilities, % gay population, and a coolness index).

48 Why do services cluster downtown? Key Issue #4

49 Clustering of Services Central business district (CBD) Retail services in the CBD High land costs in the CBD Activities excluded from the CBD European CBDs Suburbanization of businesses Suburbanization of retailing Suburbanization of factories and offices

50 CBD of Charlotte, NC Fig : Charlotte s CBD is dominated by retail and office buildings. Public and semipublic buildings are also in the downtown area.

51 Charlotte, North Carolina

52 Faneuil Hall, Boston Faneuil Hall Marketplace was originally built in 1742 and was renovated in the 1970s into a popular retail center.

53 Dublin, Ireland Retail services in Grafton Street, Dublin. European cities have retained consumer services in the CBD.

54 London, England St. Paul s Cathedral, designed in 1673, dominates the skyline of central London

55 Retail Centers in Atlanta Fig : Most shopping malls in Atlanta and other cities are in the suburbs. The ideal location is near an interchange on an interstate highway beltway circling the city.

56 Shopping Center, Syracuse, N.Y. Suburban shopping mall in Syracuse, N.Y. Retail services in most American cities have moved to suburban malls.

57 Daily Urban Systems Fig : The Commerce Department divided the US into daily urban systems with functional ties, especially commuting to the nearest metropolitan area.