AP Human Geography Unit 7a: Services Guided Reading Mr. Stepek Introduction (Rubenstein p ) 1. What is the tertiary sector of the economy?

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1 Public Business Consumer AP Human Geography Unit 7a: Services Guided Reading Mr. Stepek Introduction (Rubenstein p ) 1. What is the tertiary sector of the economy? 2. What is a service activity? a. How are services and settlements linked? b. What is the only locational factor critical for a service? c. Why do services cluster in MDCs instead of heavily populated LDCs like India and China? Key Issue 1: Where Did Services Originate? (Rubenstein p ) 3. Summarize the types and subtypes of services and trends in job growth. Understand the three major types, include examples so that you can connect this to real life, and note trends under Changes in Number of Employees p 376. Answer additional critical thinking questions (imbedded in the trends column) relating this content to earlier units. Purpose Subtypes Examples Trends in job growth, (read p 376) Retail and Wholesale Education Health Leisure and Hospitality Financial The growth of what company might now be causing a decline in this subsector? Why would this subsector be experiencing a rapid increase? Professional What might cause this subsector to decline in MDCs in the near future? Transport and Info. What effect do you think neoliberalism would have on this subsector? Why? Global Forces, Local Impacts (Rubenstein p 377) 4. How did the effect of the 2008 economic recession differ between MDCs and LDCs? Why do you think that is (critical thinking)? 5. Key Issue 2: Skip to Services in Urban Settlements (Rubenstein p ) Urban settlements Provide details in social behavior as theorized by Size Density Diversity How might urban resident end up feeling?

2 6. Define urbanization. a. Two dimensions (take from headings as they are discussed in reverse from paragraph): i. % urbanized globally, MDCs? LDCs? What global region is an exception to the pattern of a lower % of urban dwellers in LDCs? A world map of urban percentages correlates with what? Why are MDCs considered fully urbanized? Why has the % living in cities risen rapidly in LDCs in recent years? Where are the largest urban settlements in the world today? List 8 of 10 in LDCs. Only two of top ten located in MDCs? What are the two factors fueling the growth of cities in LDCs? Key Issue 3: Central Place Theory (Rubenstein p ) (You should also read de Blij p Where are Cities Located and Why? to further your understanding) (IMPORTANT!!! Mr. Lewis thinks this will be tested) 7. What does Central Place Theory help to explain? a. Who first proposed the Central Place Theory? 8. What is a central place? a. What creates the regular pattern of settlements found in the Central Place Theory? b. What are two terms for the area surrounding a service to which customers are attracted? i. This is what type of region? also known as (Review) i What shape do geographers draw around settlements to represent market areas? Based on Figure 12-17, what advantages do hexagons over circles and squares? 9. What 2 pieces of info (define below) about a service are needed to determine the extent of its market area? a. i. How do retailers modify this definition? i Instead of physical distance, how do most people express this? What affect does this have? b. 10. What is the gravity model? a. What two patterns are reflected in the gravity model? i.

3 World Hierarchy of Services and Settlements 11. What types of consumer services will small settlements have? Why? 12. What types of consumer services will larger settlements have? a. What will also exist within larger settlements? 13. Describe the spatial pattern that would develop across an MDC unless interrupted by physical features. a. What can this pattern described as ( like a Russian doll )? b. What are the four different levels of market areas are reflected in the differently sized hexagons? 14. Create a formula to represent the rank-size rule. 15. What alternative relationship may describe a country whose settlements don t follow a straight line on a logarithmic scale? _ a. What relationship found? i. (lecture) Other ways of looking at this relationship? b. Where do several of these countries exist? Why? (lecture) c. What does a regular hierarchy (such as the rank-size rule) or its absence (such as primate city) indicate? 16. What is a periodic market? a. What do role do periodic markets play in LDCs and MDCs? b. What is a form of a periodic market you may familiar with as a resident of a city in an MDC (lecture)? 17. Key Issue 4: Why Do Business Services Cluster in Large Settlements? (Rubenstein p ) (also read de Blij p What Role do Cities Play in Globalization to further your understanding). Save Now for lecture Subdivision Now? Describe functional clustering and/or services provided City examples Dominant Center of? Disproportionate concentration of? Convergence of? What decision-making bodies are located here? What financial instruments are bought and sold here? What kind of products are available for wealthy people? What kind of leisure activities? What kind of power is centered in world cities?

4 a. What are Specialized Producer Service Centers? i. Example? Business Services in LDCs 18. What functions do off-shore financial services provide? a. b. i. What British Crown Colony is an example of offshore centers that provide havens for tax dodges and other illegal schemes? Biggest tax haven (lecture)? 19. (think!) What industry concept can also be applied to back offices? a. Why did companies start to move their business services outside of the CBD? b. What two factors have led companies to engage in business-process outsourcing (BPO)? i. 20. Economic Base of Settlements a. Who are the consumers of an area s basic industries? b. Who consumes of an area s non-basic industries? i. A community s unique collection of basic industries defines its i Which(basic or non-basic) is likely to stimulate growth in an area? Why? _ What economics term refers to this phenomenon (lecture)? c. How can a communities basic industries be identified (be specific)? d. Read Specialization of Cities in Different Services (Rubenstein p ) 21. Distribution of Talent a. What is MOST likely to attract talented individuals to cities? b. Why is attracting talent important to the economic growth of a city? The Development of Cities (historical background) 22. Read only Services in Early Rural Settlements (Rubenstein p ) 23. Services in Early Urban Settlements (Rubenstein p ) a. Urban settlements (cities) either diffused from Mesopotamia or developed independently in what 3 other hearths? i. i 24. What is a city-state? a. Using Athens as an example, why were urban settlements more important in comparison to rural or smaller settlements?

5 Beginning circa 3500 BCE 10 12,000 years ago ( BCE) In what region was the earliest evidence of this development found? 25. Development of Cities Timeline Organizer (de Blij ) Directions: I created the following chart, so that you can organize info about the development of cities chronologically. De Blij skips around a bit, so it is IMPORTANT that you read pages before completing the following. When? Where? Facts I should know! What is the general opinion among archeologists about which came first, agriculture or cities? BUT, what agricultural village, dated to 12,000 years ago, is sometimes cited by geographers as evidence that urbanization may have come before agriculture? What form of permanent settlement predated advanced cities in human society? Describe fully how people in these settlements lived? What characteristics differentiate the society of cities from that of agricultural villages? What two characteristics of cities allowed them to stabilize and grow? Who were the leadership class and what role did the leadership class take with regards to agricultural surpluses? What innovations and societal organization developed from their leadership? What do we call the innovation of the city? Urban Hearths Dates Describe unique characteristics How was social inequality reflected? What class developed a religious-political ideology, levied taxes, and demanded tribute from agricultural workers? Besides religion and political power, what other roles did ancient cities serve?

6 Mid-1700s Present What three changes (beginning in late 18 th century Great Britain) are closely connected? We should familiar with two already. Now we are adding a third! 1400s 1700s Age of European Exploration AD The Middle Ages 500 BCE 500 AD Greco-Roman Civilization When? Facts I should know! Why are Greek cities considered secondary hearths of urbanization? Based on the above, what then is a secondary hearth? What is an acropolis and what function did it play in Greek cities? What is an agora and what function did it play in Greek cities? What is urban morphology? What is functional zonation? Into what did the Romans combine the functions found in the Greek acropolis and agora? Describe the pattern of urban growth in Europe during the first two-thirds of this period (identified to the left)? What areas outside of Europe experienced urban growth during this period? Give examples. Where were most cities sited before the rise of European exploration? Describe the situation of West African cities in the time period before European exploration (careful this is a little out-of-order in the text)? How did the location of cities change after European exploration took off during the 1400s? Thereafter, cities connected to what activity became centers of wealth, prosperity, power and influence? List examples. Describe conditions in early industrial cities. Beginning in the mid-1800s, what changes were made to address these problems? The results (skip back to the introductory section beginning on p 291) What is urban? List the many benefits of urban agglomeration.

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