Maps as Tools for Visual Analysis of Geospatial Data. Dr. Claus Rinner Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Ryerson University

Transcription

1 Maps as Tools for Visual Analysis of Geospatial Data Dr. Claus Rinner Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Ryerson University 1

2 Geography and data analytics 80% of all datasets are said to include geographic references What does this mean for the decisions made using these data? Geography The Secret Sauce of Data Analytics Jan Kestle, Environics Analytics Location as the integrator for multiple variables 2

3 Outline Map functions and map uses Work of art; storytelling Navigation and information storage Communication tool Analytical tool Cartographic principles and geovisualization Map-centred data analytics Spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) The role of maps in decision-making Maps as collaboration tools The impact of crowd-sourced and open data 3

4 Mapping as storytelling Chris Brackley, As The Crow Flies Cartography [Map and inset of North America with migratory species routes removed due to possible copyright issue] 4

5 Fantasy map of Canada makes us wish we all lived in Middle-Earth and 5

6 Navigation with the Mercator projection 6

7 Mercator today 7

8 Mercator today communication function of maps Chirowa et al. (2013) Gender inequality, health expenditure and maternal mortality in sub-saharan Africa: A secondary data analysis. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine 5(1), Art. #471, 5 pages 8

9 Cartographic principles Purpose of the map!? Nature of phenomenon => map type Measurement level Data distribution along the number line => graphic variables => classification Normalization 9

10 Cartographic principles nature of phenomenon Slocum et al. (2009) Thematic Cartography and Geovisualization 10

11 Cartographic principles nature of phenomenon Choropleth map: uses spatial units as the map symbols => perception of intensity rather than raw-count, raw magnitude => need to normalize/standardize 11

12 Cartographic principles measurement level Level of measurement and effectiveness of visual variables for mapping of areal data Slocum et al. (2009) 12

13 Cartographic principles measurement level, data distribution Sequential, spectral, and diverging colour schemes Slocum et al. (2009) 13

14 Cartographic principles data distribution Data classification Slocum et al. (2009) 14

15 Cartographic principles IPCC map critique 15

16 The role of maps in scientific investigation VISUAL THINKING VISUAL COMMUNICATION Exploration Confirmation Synthesis Presentation PRIVATE REALM PUBLIC REALM DiBiase (1990) Visualization in the Earth Sciences 16

17 The uses of maps MacEachren s (1994) map use cube ( cartography^3 ) Geovisualization: highly interactive, specialist tools for geospatial data exploration 17

18 Map-centred data analysis Demo of CommonGIS / V-Analytics (Gennady & Natalia Andrienko, Fraunhofer IAIS), 18

19 Map-centred data analysis An interactive mapping tool is worth a thousand numbers Rinner & Taranu (2006), p

20 Map-centred multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) AKA area-based composite indices 20

21 Map-centred MCDA Issues: Criterion (indicator) selection and directionality Normalization Rescaling Weighting Combination rule 21

22 Map-centred MCDA criterion selection, direction, & normalization 22

23 Map-centred MCDA criterion rescaling Heinrich, Huber, & Rinner (2016) Making Area-based Composite Indices Comparable across Time - The Role of Standardization and Outlier Removal

24 Map-centred MCDA combination rule McHenry & Rinner (2016) The Impact of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Parameters on an Urban Deprivation Index

25 Geovisualization and big data Extend visual exploration of big data to processed data Rinner (2007) A Geographic Visualization Approach to Multi Criteria Evaluation of Urban Quality of Life 25

26 Open-source ArcGIS plugin for MCDA 26

27 Maps as evidence in decisionmaking European Geosciences Union, 27

28 Maps as evidence in decisionmaking Decision support for hot weather outreach Toronto Public Health (2011) 28

29 Maps as evidence in decisionmaking Focus on social vulnerability to heat-related illness Toronto Public Health (2011) 29

30 Maps as evidence in decisionmaking Development of a spatial decision support tool Toronto Public Health (2011) Implementation of a Map-Based Heat Vulnerability Assessment and Decision Support System 30

31 Issue: Indicator weighting Heat vulnerability index composition Toronto Public Health (2011) 31

32 Issue: Normative (MCDA) vs. descriptive (e.g. PCA) modeling Index vs principal components Toronto Public Health (2011) 32

33 Issue: Ease of understanding of MCDA model Alternative index models Toronto Public Health (2011) 33

34 Issue: Purpose of index/map Toronto Public Health (2011) Implementation of a Map-Based Heat Vulnerability Assessment and Decision Support System 34

35 Maps as evidence in decisionmaking Locations and emissions from industrial facilities reporting to the National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) Kershaw, Gower, Rinner, Campbell (2013) 35

36 Maps as evidence in decisionmaking Identifying inequitable exposure to toxic air pollution in racialized and low-income neighbourhoods to support pollution prevention Kershaw et al. (2013) 36

37 Maps as evidence in decisionmaking Oiamo (in progress) for Toronto Public Health: comprehensive environmental noise study Inform updates of noise by-laws Develop equitable mitigation strategies [Maps of City-wide environmental noise levels (day vs night) removed due to possible confidentiality issue] 37

38 Maps as evidence in decisionmaking CAMH System Improvement through Service Collaboratives Hart et al. (2015) [Map of draft service collaborative boundaries removed due to possible confidentiality issue] 38

39 Maps as tools for collaboration Argumentation mapping Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) Rinner, Kessler, & Andrulis (2008) The use of Web 2.0 concepts to support deliberation in spatial decision-making 39

40 Maps as tools for collaboration 40

41 Maps as tools for collaboration Volunteered Geographic Information vs Data Fast & Rinner (2014) A Systems Perspective on Volunteered Geographic Information; Rinner & Fast (2014) A Framework for Implementing Volunteered Geographic Information Systems 41

42 Impact of open (geospatial) data Baculi, Fast, & Rinner (under review) The Geospatial Contents of Municipal and Regional Open Data Catalogues in Canada 42

43 Impact of open data Season s greetings card from Toronto traffic light locations DAVISxMARKIETA student exhibit 43

44 Impact of open data 3D-printed geographies 44

45 Summary: Maps, from art through communication to analytical tool 45

46 Thank you! Web: 46