8/28/2011. Contents. Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS. Dr. Bo Wu Learning Outcomes. Map A Geographic Language.

Transcription

1 Contents Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS Dr. Bo Wu Department of Land Surveying & Geo-Informatics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 1. Learning outcomes 2. GIS definition 3. GIS examples 4. Brief history of GIS 5. GIS categories 6. GIS and other disciplines 7. GIS applications 8. GIS in Hong Kong 8/28/ Learning Outcomes By the end of this lecture you should be able to: Explain what GIS is Outline the characteristics of GIS Give examples of the applications of GIS Know where to find more information about GIS Map A Geographic Language A geographic language, which can be used to present our understanding of the real world. Map Real World 8/28/ /28/ Map of China Map of Hong Kong (1679, Qing Dynasty) Hong Kong 1970 (2001) 8/28/2011 ( 5 Guang Dong 1878 Hong Kong 1984 Hong Kong & Kowloon /28/2011 ( Hong Kong

2 From Map to GIS Characteristics of maps A 2D presentation Hardcopy A presentation for a certain time/period Static information Need better ways to represent, understand, manage, and communicate our natural world Geospatial information technology A technology covers of geospatial data and information capture, process, management, visualization and distribution. 8/28/ GIS Definition Geographic Information System (GIS) is an information system able to encode, store, transform, analyze, and display geospatial information Geotechnology identified as "one of the three most important emerging and evolving fields," along with Nanotechnology and Biotechnology. (Nature, 427: , 2/1/2004) 8/28/ GIS Example 1: Google Map GIS Example 2: Hong Kong Pubilc Transport Enquiry Service Sytem 8/28/ /28/ GIS Example 3: iphone Maps GIS Components Five components Hardware Software Data People Methods Hardware Software Data People Methods ( 8/28/ /28/

3 GIS Functions Data Input Data management (data storage and retrieval) Manipulation and analysis Result output Development of GIS Definitions Map view: focuses on the cartographic aspects and here GIS is seen as a map processing or analysis system (McHarg, 1969; Berry, 1987; Tomlin, 1990, 1991). Database view: emphasizes the importance of a well designed and implemented database (Frank, 1988). A sophisticated database management system is seen as an integral part of GIS. Spatial analysis view: focuses on analysis and modeling and GIS is seen more as a spatial information science than a technology (Goodchild, 1990; Openshaw, 1991). 8/28/ /28/ The Father of GIS Public Lecture by Dr. Roger Tomlinson in Sep 2010 In 1963, the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS) was initiated to serve the needs of the Canada Land Inventory to map current land uses and the capability of these areas for agriculture, forestry, wildlife and recreation. Roger Tomlinson the Father of GIS Key developments: Optical scanning of maps Raster to vector conversion A spatial database management system 8/28/ /28/ ArcInfo Launched The 1 st Issue of IJGIS Jack Dangermond president and founder, ESRI In 1981, ESRI ( launched the first commercial GIS ArcInfo in the world, starting a stage of strong competition among different vendors (Intergraph, ERDAS). ArcInfo ArcView ArcGIS In 1987, the first issue of IJGIS (International Journal of Geographical Information Systems) published, which facilitated the systematic research on GIS. In 1997, IJGIS changed its name from System to Science. 8/28/ /28/

4 GIScience The 14 th Spatial Data Handling Conference In July 1990, Michael F. Goodchild made a keynote speech to the 4th Spatial Data Handling conference in Zurich, Switzerland. Goodchild s talk was entitled Spatial Information Science. This prompted the change from geographic information "systems" to "science." Professor Goodchild is acknowledged as the progenitor of this switch. Michael F. Goodchild University of California, Santa Barbara The 14 th Spatial Data Handling Conference was held here in PolyU in May 2010! May 26 to 28, 2010, Hong Kong 8/28/ /28/ From GI- Engineering to System to Science GIS and Other Disciplines Geographic Information Engineering: Concerns the design and construction of specific spatial information solutions such as in predictive modelling, spatial decision support and location-based services. Cartography Geography GIS Geodesy Geographic Information Systems: Concerns the use of specialist software in mapping and data mining applications in such diverse areas as the environment, crime, health, education, transport and business. Geographic Information Science: Concerns generic issues in the handling and analysis of geo-spatial data such as data structures, visualization, spatial data analysis, spatial data quality and the propagation of uncertainty. 8/28/ Software Engineering Database Computer Science GIS is a multi-disciplinary technology Each related field provides some of the techniques which make up GIS As the integrating field, GIS often claims to be the science of spatial information 8/28/ CAD Computer Graphics Geography Understanding the real world and mankinds' place in it Geographic research and forecasting Provides techniques for conducting spatial analysis A spatial perspective on research Cartography To represent and display of spatial information One of the major data sources for GIS: maps On design of maps - an important form of output from GIS Computer cartography (also called "digital cartography ) provides methods for digital representation and manipulation of cartographic features and methods of visualization 8/28/ /28/

5 Geodesy Surveying: provides high quality data on positions of land boundaries, buildings, etc. Remote sensing: Images from space and the air are major source of geographical data. Photogrammetry: Using photographs and techniques for making accurate measurements from them. GPS (Global Positioning System): Utilization of information broadcasted from satellites to determine location of a specific point on earth s surface. 8/28/ Computer Science CAD (Computer-Aided Design) provides software, techniques for data input, display and visualization, representation, particularly in three-dimensions. Computer Graphics provide hardware, software for handling and displaying graphic objects, techniques of visualization. DBMS (Database Management Systems) contribute tib t methods for representing data in digital form, procedures for system design and handling large volumes of data, particularly access and update. Software Engineering help to implement the actual software system 8/28/ Why Can GIS be Widely Used? Integrated spatial information from different data sources, including satellite imagery, aerial photography, maps, ground surveys and statistical censuses. Integrated expert knowledge in focused areas and generic knowledge over a wide range of topics. Offer a variety of scientific and professional disciplines the opportunity to collaborate and exchange information within the framework of a common generic tool. Common platform spatial framework Basic Questions Can be Investigated Using GIS 1. Location: where is it...? 2. Attribute: what is it...? 3. Trend: what has changed...? 4. Routing: which is the best way...? 5. Pattern: what is the pattern...? 6. Modelling: what if...? 8/28/ /28/ Three Stages of GIS Applications Stage 1: Inventory - initial development phase of assembling, organizing and undertaking an inventory of features of interest Stage 2: Analysis - more complex analytical operations which require access to data spread across several data layers and the use of statistical and spatial analytical techniques Stage 3: Decision Support - emphasis on sophisticated spatial analytical and modelling activities. Major GIS Application Fields Environment monitoring of forestation monitoring seasonal floods management of sea water temperature changes Transportation management of traffic congestion optimal traffic route selection Urban Cadastre management and static analysis Urban planning and design Virtual Reality 8/28/ /28/

6 GIS Applications: Queries Application of Mobile GIS searching possible fast food restaurants within 400 m ranges GIS Applications: Spatial Analysis Flood Drowning Analysis Source pt. dest. Pt. category buffer 8/28/ /28/ GIS Applications: Spatial Analysis Transportation GIS Shortest path from Shatin to HKG Airport 8/28/ /28/ Digital Wuhan Digital Wuhan: Indoor & Outdoor Routing The largest real 3D city model Covering the whole city area of 8494km 2 6

7 Digital Wuhan: Urban Planning/Design GIS Applications in NASA s Mars Exploration Rover Mission (MER 2003) Launch of Spirit in June 2003 Night launch of Opportunity in July /28/ Seven Months Later Mars Rover in MER 2003 Mission Spirit: launched: June 10, 2003 Spirit landed on Mars January 4, 2004 Opportunity: launched: July 7, 2003 Opportunity landed on Mars January 25, /28/ /28/ Rover Track for Spirit & Opportunity Spirit Traverse Map 8/28/ /28/

8 Opportunity Traverse Map MER Web GIS 8/28/ /28/ GIS in HK Government Departments Lands Department (Land Information System) Planning Department (Town Planning Information System) Civil Engineering and Development Department (Slope Information System) Census and Statistics Department (Statistical Information Retrieve System) Highways Department (Utility Management System ) Transport Department Rating and Value Department Fire Service Department Police Force 8/28/ Town Planning Information System Hand-held PC was used to capture data in field (Source: 8/28/ Slope Information System Web GIS (Source: 8/28/ /28/2011 (Source:

9 Web GIS SpeedOnRoad 8/28/2011 (Source: 51 (Advanced Research Centre for Spatial Information Technology, PolyU) 8/28/ Utility Companies Review The Hong Kong Electric Company Hong Kong Telecom The Hong Kong and China Gas Company Ltd. Further readings Open Source GIS Applications ( Summarization of the main ideas presented in this lecture: Questions? 8/28/ /8/