Harrow School Revision Guidance for the November Trial 2015

Transcription

1 Harrow School Revision Guidance for the November Trial 2015 Your Trial Geography Examination takes place in week 10 of the Autumn Term The trial will last 1 hour 30 minutes and will be made up from a mixture of questions from past Harrow papers. As part of your preparation for the Trial, I want you to:- 1. Complete two map work sections from two Ipswich papers (the map based questions are very similar to the Harrow paper) 2. The data response question from the 2011 paper (you already have this). 3. The following two essay questions:- Essay 1. Why do LEDCs suffer more than MEDCs as a consequence of either an earthquake event or a volcanic eruption. And Essay 2. Some countries are predicted to suffer more from global warming than others. What are the human and physical factors that cause these disparities? (you will need to do some internet based research for this one). The following is a breakdown of the Harrow paper. You will not be able to revise everything that is indicated below but look at the question topics over the last six years you will be able to work out what you need to revise. Revising the topics you have studied so far will be enough for this trial examination.

2 What does the Harrow paper look like? The Harrow paper is divided into three parts:- Part 1 compulsory map work question based on a 1:50000 OS map extract (all past papers have been based on a place in the UK). Part 2 compulsory data response question (usually based on one or more of a OS map extract, satellite image, photograph, graph, written statements). Part 3 essay question, usually you have to complete one essay question from a choice of five. Part 1 compulsory map work question You need to be able to do the following:- Use four and six figure grid references to identify features on the map. Identify compass directions (16 point) Identify simple relief features on a map e.g. a slope, a hill, a valley, a river etc. Work out the straight line distance between two points as well as being able to measure the distance along a winding road, river, railway etc. (use the straight edge of a piece of paper for the latter). Work out the range of height between two points on the map using contour lines or spot heights.

3 Describe the land use of a part of the map can be a whole host of things including coniferous/non-coniferous woods, ind est indicating industrial estate, housing, roads/railways, quarry, hotel, caravan and camping etc. Identify reasons for the location of settlements along a flat part of a valley, near a river for water, near woods for fuel (early settlement factors), near roads/railway lines/ports (settlement growth!), nodal points (particularly for Market Towns), away from flooding from a large river. Identify reasons for the location of land use such as industrial estates, airports, sea ports, retail parks, business parks etc. flat land for space and expansion, near urban area for source of labour, not too near an urban area as to cause too much disruption, near transport routes for bringing supplies/raw materials in and transporting finished products to other towns/cities, away from potential flooding of large rivers etc. Identify different types of economic activity on a map e.g. Primary (farm, Quarry, Coalmine, fishing port ), Secondary (In Describe the course of a river on a map from the source (where land is higher indicated by tighter contour lines), through the middle stage (where land becomes gentler indicated by wider contour lines) to the final mature stage (where the land is virtually flat indicated by very wide spacing in contour lines on a map). Please note that you may be asked to describe the changing shape of the channel as well as the changing shape of the valley. Identify which way a river is flowing on a map look at spot heights/contour heights along the course of the river; the river will always flow from the higher points towards the lower points. Identify general symbols on an OS map even though the Harrow paper usually provides a key, it saves time in the examination if you know some of the major symbols (see below).

4 Describe a route along a road, rail track or between two points this will involve you being able to identify natural features on the map (such as hills, valleys, meanders etc) and man-made features such as roads, pubs etc. You will need to use compass points e.g. turn east rather than left/right! Identify coastal features in case you get a map extract which includes coastline headlands, bays, beaches, spits etc. Part 2 data response question This question could be about any geographical topic but will focus primarily on the data shown e.g. a map or photograph. These are the topics covered in the last three papers within the Department (going back further the next paper I have dates back to would not inform us on the current trend in the Harrow examination. Older papers are quite different.): paper Eastern European migration in the UK. The question starts with a graph showing the increase in Eastern European workers in the UK between 1999 and There are two lines on the graph, one for Bulgarian and Romanian workers and one for the EU8 countries ( EU8 - As of 1 May 2011, there are no longer special restrictions on the free movement of citizens of the 2004 new EU member states : Malta, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary). You are then asked a

5 series of questions based on the graph. The questions focus on the benefits and disadvantages of this migration for the host country (UK), the migrant him/herself and the country of origin paper The question starts with a graph on population change (the demographic transition model); changes in birth rate, death rate and total population for a country over time. The question continues by asking you to describe the changing pattern of death rate and explain why the death rate might decrease over time? Finally, you are asked to explain why poorer countries seem stuck at phase two of the model paper The Haiti Earthquake in January 2010 the question asked the candidate to look at two aerial photographs of Petionville tent city, one immediately after the earthquake and the other one year on. This was followed by three questions, all of which were concerned with the impacts of and responses to the earthquake. So you needed to know information about earthquake impacts and responses in general. The fourth and final question concerned the disadvantages of providing aid to LEDCs. Your work on trade and aid would have helped you here paper The Three Gorges Dam development in China the question asked the candidate to study a hand drawn map of the location of the Three Gorges Dam and the rivers feeding it followed by a written piece about the project. The first question asks for reasons behind rapid population growth in cities such as Beijing. The second question centres on the terrain shown on the map and why it might be difficult to complete routes to the west where all of China s neighbouring countries are located. The third question is more obvious it asks the candidate to fully explain the reasons behind people suffering due to the implementation of this scheme. The final question in this part of the paper focuses on a natural hazard. The candidate can choose the hazard; He/she is asked to demonstrate how this hazard has affected the level of development of the chosen area/country paper This question focused on the Pakistan earthquake of There was a basic map highlighting the epicentre of the earthquake in northern Pakistan and detailing neighbouring countries. This was accompanied by written details of the event as well as reasons why the rescue and relieve operation was hampered. The question itself was split into four parts with

6 the main focus being on the long term impacts and the inadequacies of the aid operation. Part 3 Essay Question You have a choice of answering one essay question from five. The topics do vary but there should be at least two questions that you can do from the choice of five. Credit is given to named and located examples, places and processes. Where appropriate, the use of well labelled sketch maps and diagrams is encouraged. The questions in this section are particularly challenging; wording can be complex e.g. What use is Geography to decision makers in government and private companies? You may think that you have not done any work on this because the topics you have studied are not referred to in the question but this could not be further from the truth! Your scholarship syllabus has incorporated Economic Geography and Industry geography has played a major part in the decision of Nike to manufacture their goods in Indonesia and other LEDCs/NICs. Also, in your unit on Settlement, decline in the inner cities of the UK during the 1950s and 1960s led to Government instigating a huge house/flat building programme this has subsequently declined and led to further Government led initiatives to regenerate the inner-city. These are just two examples from your studies that you can draw on to answer the question. Below you will find a breakdown of the topics covered by each of the last three examination papers (ticks indicate that you have studied this topic): paper Flooding and flood management started in week 7 of Autumn term Future geography what will geographers be most concerned with in 100 years time? Global warming would figure strongly here (completed essay). The relationship between level of economic development and the extent of impacts from either an earthquake event or volcanic eruption.

7 Urbanisation in the future will the future of economic growth be confined to urban areas? The role any one agent of erosion plays in altering the physical landscape you can take your pick here from the sea forming coastlines to rivers forming valleys paper The importance of water in creating different natural environments or landscapes. The importance of fieldwork in geography you can draw on your work on the microclimate of Holmwood House and the River Brett. Comparing the threat of hurricanes and earthquakes. The problems caused by urbanisation. Sustainable development and its role in solving environmental and economic problems very difficult one this but your work on the Yorkshire Dales urban renewal will help here paper UK energy supply and demand. (we do not study this). Global warming and its prospective impacts in different parts of the World. (you have completed an essay on this). How water creates different natural landscapes (i.e. the work of Rivers and the Sea you have spent a whole term in year 7 on this). Traffic problems and the relative success of different management schemes (You need to read through the revision information on Transport below) The role of Geography in the decisions made by Government and private companies (see the example above you have done a good deal of work on this) paper Advantages and disadvantages of a new runway at Heathrow (we have not done work on this). The relative success of river management schemes (you have a good deal on Bangladesh flooding protection and river management in the UK is covered in the revision notes below). The relative success of traffic management schemes (see revision notes on Transport found below). The relative merits of fieldwork (your fieldwork day at Walton-on-the-naze will help you here). The comparative impacts of volcanoes and earthquakes (whole unit of work on this in Year 7).

8 2009 paper Global water shortages and sustainable solutions (we have not done work on this). Impacts of the Global financial crises on the UK s tourist industry (we have done work on Economic Geography but not this specific problem). Coastal defences (Lots of work done on this) Benefits and problems of urban development schemes (Unit of work done in Year 8) The threats posed to mankind by natural hazards (lots on this flooding, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes; work done in Years 7 and 8). As you can see, there will effectively be a choice between three/four possible questions you could do. We cannot possibly cover the breadth of topics the Harrow paper expects within the four and a half terms that have been available for teaching this is why we cannot cover all five options. This is why reading around the subject has been important. A reminder that you are only required to answer one essay question! Below is a quick revision summary of the topics you have covered in Years 6, 7 and 8. Plate Tectonics (i.e. Earthquakes and Volcanoes) How the tree main types of Rocks Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic are formed. The structure of the earth and what moves the Tectonic Plates (i.e. Convection Currents in the Mantle). The four different types of Plate Boundaries you need to know how to draw the Destructive Boundary in particular. The causes of earthquakes and Volcanoes. Advantages and Disadvantages of Earthquakes and Volcanoes. The reasons for the different impacts of Earthquakes and Volcanoes throughout the world (differences between MEDCs and LEDCs very important). Man s responses to Earthquakes and Volcanoes both in LEDCs (the Developing World) and MEDCs (the Developed World).

9 Rivers and Coasts How rivers erode the landscape, transport eroded material (load) and deposit this material. Changes in the river channel and valley shape from the source of the river, through the middle stage and onto the mouth of the river (i.e. small, narrow channel in a V shaped valley at the source; wider, deeper channel in a larger, gently sloping valley during the middle course; very wide, shallow channel in a wide, flat floodplain near to the mouth of the river as it enters the sea). Describe and explain the formation of V shaped valleys, Waterfalls (in the upper course), Meanders (in the middle course) and Floodplains and Deltas (in the lower course). How do people use rivers? How does man benefit from running water? We benefit in a number of ways including using water domestically and at work (Treated water from Reservoirs used in the home and in Industry), transporting raw materials and goods in boats and ships along rivers (e.g. the Rhine in Germany is still used for transporting coal in river/canal barges), producing Hydro-electric power from Dams (e.g. the Aswan Dam in Egypt), using attractive parts of the river as a focus for Tourism (e.g. pubs and cafes along rivers benefit from people walking dogs etc. and, finally, rivers are areas of leisure for millions of fishermen throughout the world. Problems created by rivers principally Flooding. What damage can a river bring to urban (town/city) areas in particular (case study on the 1998 flood in Bangladesh would be useful here; the urban area being Dakar; also, information sheet on flooding in the UK is relevant here). MEDC case study: causes and effects of flooding in Boscastle, UK (2004) Causes Over 60 mm of rainfall (typically a month's rainfall) fell in two hours. The ground was already saturated due to the previous two weeks of above average rainfall. The drainage basin has many steep slopes, and has areas of impermeable slate causing rapid surface run-off. Boscastle is at the confluence (where tributaries meet) of three rivers - Valency, Jordan, and Paradise. A large quantity of water all arrived within a short space of time causing the rivers to overflow. The flooding coincided with a high tide, making the impact worse.

10 Effects Homes, businesses and cars belonging to more than 1,000 people were swept away. Income from tourism was lost. This had an impact on livelihoods and the local economy. There were vast numbers of subsequent insurance claims. No lives were lost, partly due to the rapid response of the emergency services. How can the threat of flooding and the damage caused by flooding be reduced? methods include building Levees, flood gates across roads etc., Dams to limit the flow (e.g. Aswan Dam), sandbags, not building on floodplains etc. Steps can be taken to manage flooding. Often these steps involve trying to lengthen the amount of time it takes for water to reach the river channel, thereby increasing the lag time. Flood management techniques can be divided into hard- and soft-engineering options. Hard options tend to be more expensive and have a greater impact on the river and the surrounding landscape. Soft options are more ecologically sensitive. The tables summarise the main flood management techniques. Hard-engineering options Dam construction River engineering Dams are often built along the course of a river in order to control the amount of discharge. Water is held back by the dam and released in a controlled way. This controls flooding. Water is usually stored in a reservoir behind the dam. This water can then be used to generate hydroelectric power or for recreation purposes. Building a dam can be very expensive. Sediment is often trapped behind the wall of the dam, leading to erosion further downstream. Settlements and agricultural land may be lost when the river valley is flooded to form a reservoir. The river channel may be widened or deepened allowing it to carry more water. A river channel may be straightened so that water can travel faster along the course. The channel course of the river can also be altered, diverting floodwaters away from settlements. Altering the river channel may lead to a greater risk of flooding downstream, as the water is carried there faster.

11 Soft-engineering options Afforestation Managed flooding (also called ecological flooding) Trees are planted near to the river. This means greater interception of rainwater and lower river discharge. This is a relatively low cost option, which enhances the environmental quality of the drainage basin. The river is allowed to flood naturally in places, to prevent flooding in other areas - for example, near settlements. Planning Local authorities and the national government introduce policies to control urban development close to or on the floodplain. This reduces the chance of flooding and the risk of damage to property. There can be resistance to development restrictions in areas where there is a shortage of housing. Enforcing planning regulations and controls may be harder in LEDCs. Different interest groups have different views about flood management techniques: (a) Governments and developers often favour large hard engineering options, such as dam building. Building a dam and a reservoir can generate income. Profits can be made from generating electricity or leisure revenue. (b) Environmental groups and local residents often prefer softer options, such as planting trees. Soft options cause little damage to the environment and do not involve the resettlement of communities. (c) Effective flood management strategies should be economically, environmentally and socially sustainable. Sustainable strategies allow management without compromising the needs of future generations. LEDC case study: coping with flooding in Bangladesh Bangladesh is an LEDC. The land is densely populated. Most of the land forms a delta from three main rivers - Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna - and 25 per cent of Bangladesh is less than 1 m above sea level. Flooding is an annual event as the rivers burst their banks. This seasonal flooding is beneficial as it provides water for the rice and jute (two main crops in the area) it also helps to keep the soil fertile. Bangladesh also experiences many tropical cyclones. The low-lying land means it is easily flooded. Half the country is less than 6m above sea level. The snowmelt in the Himalayas adds water into the main

12 rivers. There are human causes too - building on the floodplains and cutting down trees both increase the effects of flooding. There are advantages to living here: Rice farmer in Bangladesh The flat floodplains of the delta are very fertile. Rice is grown. The area can also be used for shrimp farming. There are disadvantages too: The low-lying islands are very vulnerable and flood easily. It is difficult to protect them. There are poor communications. Many locals do not own their own telephone or television so it is difficult to give successful flood warnings. How can the risk of flooding be reduced? Bangladesh is an LEDC and therefore does not have money to implement large schemes. It is always going to be threatened with flooding, so the focus is on reducing the impact. The Flood Action Plan is funded by the world bank. It funds projects to monitor flood levels and construct flood banks/artificial levees.

13 More sustainable ways of reducing the flooding include building coastal flood shelters on stilts and early-warning systems. House on stilts, on low lying land Coastal processes erosion (attrition, abrasion, hydraulic action and corrosion), depositional (longshore drift, swash, backwash). Coastal landforms Headlands, bays, caves, arches, stacks, beaches, spits, bars, deltas. Coastal protection - Management strategies involve the physical management of the coast and can involve attempts to control natural processes such as erosion and longshore drift. Hard engineering Hard engineering options tend to be expensive, short-term options. They may also have a high impact on the landscape or environment and be unsustainable. Hard engineering solutions Type of defence Building a sea wall A wall built on the edge of the coastline. Waves in Porthleven during a storm Pros and cons Advantages Protects the base of cliffs, land and buildings against erosion. Can prevent coastal flooding in some areas. Disadvantages Expensive to build. Curved sea walls reflect the energy of the waves back to the sea. This means that the waves remain powerful. Over time the wall may begin to erode. The cost of maintenance is high.

14 Type of defence Building groynes A wooden barrier built at right angles to the beach. Hopton Sea Wall, Norfolk Rock armour or boulder barriers Large boulders are piled up on the beach. Pros and cons Advantages Prevents the movement of beach material along the coast by longshore drift. Allows the build up of a beach. Beaches are a natural defence against erosion and an attraction for tourists. Disadvantages Can be seen as unattractive. Costly to build and maintain. Advantages Absorb the energy of waves. Allows the build up of a beach. Disadvantages Can be expensive to obtain and transport the boulders. A boulder barrier in Nice, France Soft engineering options Soft engineering options are often less expensive than hard engineering options. They are usually more long-term and sustainable, with less impact on the environment. There are two main types of soft engineering. 1. Beach management This replaces beach or cliff material that has been removed by erosion or longshore drift. The main advantage is that beaches are a natural defence against erosion and coastal flooding. Beaches also attract tourists. It is a relatively inexpensive option but requires constant maintenance to replace the beach material as it is washed away.

15 2. Managed retreat Areas of the coast are allowed to erode and flood naturally. Usually this will be areas considered to be of low value - eg places not being used for housing or farmland. The advantages are that it encourages the development of beaches (a natural defence) and salt marshes (important for the environment) and cost is low. Managed retreat is a cheap option, but people will need to be compensated for loss of buildings and farmland Case study: coastal management in Holderness The Holderness coast is in the north east of England. This is one of the most vulnerable coastlines in the world and it retreats at a rate of one to two metres every year. The problem is caused by: Strong prevailing winds creating longshore drift that moves material south along the coastline. The cliffs are made of a soft boulder clay. It will therefore erode quickly, especially when saturated. The village of Mappleton, perched on a cliff top on the Holderness coast, has approximately 50 properties. Due to the erosion of the cliffs, the village is under threat. In 1991, the decision was taken to protect Mappleton. A coastal management scheme costing 2 million was introduced involving two types of hard engineering - placing rock armour along the base of the cliff and building two rock groynes. Mappleton and the cliffs are no longer at great risk from erosion. The rock groynes have stopped beach material being moved south from Mappleton along the coast. However, this has increased erosion south of Mappleton. Benefits in one area might have a negative effect on another. The increased threat of sea level rise due to climate change, means that other places will need to consider the sustainability of coastal defence strategies for the future.

16 Economic Geography/Industry The four main sectors of economic/industrial activity Primary (extracting raw materials from the land and sea), Secondary (making a product), Tertiary (selling goods or providing a service) and Quaternary (research and development). The reasons why industry (or a company) locates where it does you have to know the variety of factors that companies consider such as Market (who buys the products), Raw Materials (if it is a Steel Maker, then being close to Iron Ore and Coal for furnaces is very important OR being next to a port where the raw materials can be imported easily by large ships from countries around the world), Transport (being near a good transport network is one of the major locational factors for modern industry (money is lost if deliveries are delayed by congestion in towns and cities), Labour (being near to skilled and semi-skilled workers is very important for many companies in this country see case study of Toyota in Derby - but in LEDCs the cheapness of workers is an important locational factor see Nike case study). The process of industrialisation from a rural economy to an industrial economy the reasons why Britain changed from a nation of farmers (Primary) to a nation of manufacturers (Secondary) and then onto a nation of sellers (Tertiary and Quaternary). The influence of transport on patterns of industry:- Increasing traffic congestion - has forced industry to locate on the outskirts of town/city due to loss of income (delays in raw materials/supplies reaching the factory/company). Modern industry now locates near to transport hubs such as the M25 and M4. Building high access ring roads - such as the M25 around London has attracted companies from town/city centre due to cost savings and improved surroundings for workers (less pollution, improved working conditions). Grants from Government - have attracted companies/industry to deprived parts of the city/town e.g. London Development Corporation provided grants to companies to locate to Canary Wharf in the east end of London during the 1980s and 1990s. The differences between Heavy Industry (steel making) and lighter, more Footloose industries (Mobile Phones) Heavy industry still needs to locate near to raw materials or ports so raw materials can be brought in at a lower cost. Footloose industries can locate virtually anywhere but other locational factors are important

17 e.g. Mobile phone assemblers in Cambridge still need to locate near to sources of skilled labour. Benefits and problems brought by Tourism to an area you can use your case study on The Yorkshire Dales National Park to help you answer a possible question on this. Tourism has helped bring wealth and jobs to villages such as Malham (which is a Honeypot site in the dalkes) but it has also brought problems of congestion (leading to pollution) and affordability of housing (rise in second homers). Settlement and Urbanisation Site, Function and Situation of a settlement. Relief of land which a settlement is built on. Each settlement has attractive site features e.g. flat land to build and expand, near to a river for easy access to drinking water and transport for early settlers etc. Settlement patterns nucleated, linear and dispersed. Settlement Hierarchy the ordering of settlements based on size of population and the amount of low, middle and high order services available. The Hierarchy ranges from thousands of smaller settlements (Hamlets with few services) to just a few cities and conurbations. Urbanisation - means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. An urban area is a built-up area such as a town or city. A rural area is an area of countryside. As a country industrialises, the number of people living in urban areas tends to increase. The UK and many other MEDCs urbanised during the 18th and 19th centuries. People migrated from rural areas (due to the mechanisation in farming) to urban areas where there was employment in the new factories. The area of cities known as the inner city developed during this time as rows of terraced housing were built for workers. Today the UK is a mostly urban society, with 90 per cent of the population living in towns or cities. On a global scale, urbanisation is taking place rapidly, particularly in LEDCs. Although the UK is an urban society, more and more people are choosing to live on the edge of urban areas - with many relocating to the countryside. This is called counter-urbanisation. Inner City - you need to explain why inner city areas in MEDC countries such as Britain are often areas of decline? This is known as

18 the spiral of decline. The inner city has been improved in Britain through Government assistance and private company investment. Brownfield sites A derelict industrial pottery site, due to be redeveloped Brownfield sites are often on disused or derelict land. There are more available in the North and Midlands (but most housing demand is in the south east). These sites are valuable as existing buildings can be split up into more homes on any one site. The site has already been developed so reduces urban sprawl. These are unsightly areas for building developments, so improves the urban environment. Brownfield sites are found in urban areas, so building housing there reduces demand on car use. This land is more expensive to build on as often the land needs to be cleared first (especially if land is contaminated from previous industrial use). Greenfield sites A residential housing development at Priors Park, Tewkesbury, Gloucester. Greenfield sites which have not previously been built on. This includes the greenbelt land around cities. The land is cheaper to build on. However, developing these areas are not favoured by environmentalists, as it encourages urban sprawl and will mean that countryside is built on. Also, building on Greenfield sites encourages commuting and traffic congestion as people travel into urban areas from the countryside

19 Transport problems and solutions As more people move to the edge of towns and cities, traffic congestion may get worse. Many people will drive their cars into the city centre to get to work. It is compounded by people being brought into city on large roads or motorways. These roads then link up with smaller, older, narrower roads in the city centre. This causes a bottleneck and congestion. Some cities have tried to manage this problem by introducing traffic management schemes. These schemes may include: park and ride schemes cycle lanes congestion charging schemes, such as those in Durham and London car-pooling, as used in the USA, to encourage people to share cars Low Emission Zones, as in London Local councils have also tried to make the roads in urban areas safer by introducing traffic calming, pedestrian zones, vehicle-exclusion zones and permit-only parking schemes. Reducing congestion in cities The introduction of Park and Ride schemes. People park in car parks on the edge of a settlement and catch regular buses into the centre. Park and Ride scheme operating in Plymouth Pedestrianised areas are designated as 'pedestrian only' zones. Pedestrian shopping streets,

20 Liverpool Permit holder parking - certain parts of the city, particularly near the centre, are designated as permit parking only. This means that people must have a permit to park in that area. This reduces the number of people driving in to towns and cities as parking opportunities are restricted. Permit holder parking in Westminster Vehicle exclusion zones - certain types of vehicles are excluded from certain parts of a city, eg large vehicles may not be allowed to enter narrow roads or residential areas. Vehicle exclusion sign Car pooling - people are encouraged to share cars. This has been used in a lot in the USA. Taxi cabs on a New York street Traffic calming - roads narrowing and speed bumps make traffic move slower around narrower streets. Narrow roads may restrict the type of vehicle that can enter certain parts of the city. Speed bump in a residential area in London Counter urbanisation the process of people moving from the city to the Urban-Rural Fringe, made possible by improved road/rail networks, increase in car use due to lowering of costs and telecommunication improvements. The spread of people from the

21 city is known as urban sprawl. Green Belts have helped to control this. Why is the urban-rural fringe an attractive location for many out-of-town shopping centres? And that s it! Remember to target your revision you cannot possibly remember everything. Break down the information into bite size bits e.g. write on an A5 revision card - three reasons for the location of Olympics in east London, five benefits to the area and country, five disadvantages for the area and country. In the map section, remember to use grid references to pinpoint features! Look at the marks allocated to each question in the data response question this will indicate how much you need to write. Answer the question directly e.g. if a question is asking you about impacts of an earthquake, do not waste time discussing the cause. And finally, effective preparation will maximise your chances in the examination. Good luck!