S8 Trial Revision Guidance for Oundle Scholars Autumn 2016

Transcription

1 S8 Trial Revision Guidance for Oundle Scholars Autumn 2016 Your second Geography Trial Examination takes place in Week 10 of the Autumn Term The paper will be a full Oundle Scholarship Examination and will last for one hour and 30 minutes. As with all the Oundle papers in the past, your paper will be divided into three parts:- Section A: Applied mapwork Section B: Applied Physical and Human Geography (choose one from two) Section C: Essay Questions (Choose one from 6, 8 or 10) The amount of time spent on each section is down to the individual but I would aim to spend 25 minutes on Section A (Applied mapwork), a further 25 minutes on Section B (Applied Physical and Human Geography) and, finally, 40 minutes on Section C (Essays). You are expected to revise all the topics we have been studying from the beginning of Year 6:-

2 OS Map Skills Global Location Earthquakes and Volcanoes Weather and Climate Rivers In addition, you will need to know and understand aspects of Settlement for Section A: Applied mapwork. I have provided an overview of what you need to know in the notes further on in this document. As part of your preparation for the trial, you will need to undertake and complete the 2014 Oundle Geography Scholarship Paper. This st was given to you in the lesson on Friday 21 October You are not expected to complete the paper in the time allocated for the actual examination. Research the questions and provide detailed responses; some of the questions in your Trial Examination will be similar. In order to maximise the benefits of completing the paper, I have provided some notes to help you:- Guidance for completing the 2014 Oundle Scholarship paper in Geography Section A (compulsory): Applied mapwork The Applied mapwork section on the 2014 paper is fairly challenging. You will need to read through information on industrial location in your Revision Guide (pages ) and study carefully the OS map skills revision notes below.

3 For question 1a) (i), you are asked to study a map showing the location of Wilkinson shops in England and Wales. You are then required to describe the general distribution. Remember, distribution means spread. You must describe the distribution in a geographical way i.e. use cardinal points (N, E, S and W);include regions e.g. the Midlands, London; high and low density. In question 1 (a) ii, you are asked to study an additional map showing the location of Wilkinson distribution centres. You are then required to suggest reasons why the Manton Wood distribution centre is located where it is. Before answering, you will need to consider factors affecting the location of industry. Read through the applicable information in your Revision Guide (pages ). Think about transport, cost of land and employment costs. Moving onto question 1 (b) i, your visual interpretation skills are put to the test. You need to study an OS map of Worksop (where the Manton Wood distribution centre is located). You are then required to draw accurately the built up area of worksop onto a basic outline grid for the same area. Remember that you would not have a lot of time to complete this in an actual examination so do not waste time drawing every building; a pencil outline of the urban area will do. Highlight key landmarks on your drawn sketch. In part (ii) of question 1 (b), you are asked to identify two different examples of vegetation found within 1 km of the Manton Wood distribution centre. Use the key! Think woods! Also, make sure you pinpoint the vegetation type on the map i.e. give four/six grid references. For part (iii), you are asked to use the OS map extract to describe the relief of the land on which Manton Wood is built. Look at the contour lines and their height. Be precise here! If there is a slope, in which direction is the slope facing? Part (iv) of question 1 requires you to look at the OS extract and the map showing the location of Wilkinson distribution centres. You need to give reasons why the Manton Wood distribution centre was built at this location. You need to again consider factors affecting the location of industry (Revision Guide pages ; also look at the following website:- nge/characteristics_industry_rev3.shtml

4 The final part of question 1 requires you to study a photograph of Wilkinson s other distribution centre at Magor. You need to give two similarities between the sites of the Magor distribution centre and the one at Manton Wood. A straightforward question but make sure you use the correct geographical terminology. Section B: Applied Physical and Human Geography You are given a choice of answering ONE question from two. In your actual scholarship examination in 2017, you will need to read through both questions carefully but quickly in order to determine which one will give you the best shot at a higher mark. For your 2014 practice paper, you can only really do one question - B1 (this question is about your current unit of study on Rivers; B2 is about population - a topic we will cover in the Spring Term). At the beginning of question B1, you are asked to study a cross section of a river meander. The sketch gives basic information about the varying velocity found across the width of a river. For question B1 (i) you are required to describe (not explain!) how the velocity varies across the width of the river. Use figures from the diagram in your answer. In part (ii) you need state (not explain!) where deposition and erosion takes place within a meander. For part (iii) you now need to explain how differences in velocity across a river affect both deposition and erosion within a meander. See class notes in exercise book and the following website:- 20Land/Meanders/Landforms%20Meanders.htm Part b of question 1 asks you to study a photograph of a waterfall. For five marks, you need to draw labelled diagrams to explain how a waterfall is formed. Note that the question states diagrams and not a single diagram. Also, explain is the the control word here so your

5 labels need to really be annotations (labels with explanation). Look at the following website to help:- 20Land/Waterfalls/LandformsWaterfalls.htm Section C: Essays You are required to choose ONE question from this question. For the 2014 paper you have a broad choice with a total of ten to choose from. Note that in your Trial paper you will have less to choose from ( ONE from a total of eight). In order to maximise your preparation for the Trial, I want you to answer TWO essay questions from the 2014 paper but please remember you only have to answer ONE essay question in the Trial and the actual scholarship examination. As we have yet to complete the course, you can only realistically answer the following questions:- C1. Why does the dominant form of weathering vary from one part of the World to another? C3. Describe the main factors that influence and determine Britain s weather. C4 Why are volcanoes not evenly distributed around the World? C7 How and why do overnight temperatures vary within a town? Given the nature of the above questions, I would plump for questions C3. and C4. Do both of these questions. The topic guidance below will help you answer all the questions in your Trial.

6 Revision Notes for Section A: Applied mapwork You have a short section in your CGP Revision Guide on Ordnance Survey Maps (pages ) but you may find the revision notes below more helpful. Be aware that the Applied mapwork section of the Oundle paper may incorporate other aspects of geography, hence the additional notes on settlement and urbanisation ( we will be looking at these two topics in the Spring Term). For the Applied mapwork section of your paper, you need to be able to do the following:- Use four and six figure grid references to identify features on the map. Identify compass directions (16 point) Identify simple relief features on a map e.g. a slope, a hill, a valley, a river etc. Work out the straight line distance between two points as well as being able to measure the distance along a winding road, river, railway etc. (use the straight edge of a piece of paper for the latter). Work out the range of height between two points on the map using contour lines and/or spot heights.

7 Describe the land use of a part of the map can be a whole host of things including coniferous/non-coniferous woods, ind est indicating industrial estate, housing, roads/railways, quarry, hotel, caravan and camping etc. Identify reasons for the location of settlements along a flat part of a valley, near a river for water, near woods for fuel (early settlement factors), near roads/railway lines/ports (settlement growth!), nodal points (particularly for Market Towns), away from flooding from a large river. Identify reasons for the location of land use such as industrial estates, airports, seaports, retail parks, business parks etc. flat land for space and expansion, near urban area for source of labour, not too near an urban area as to cause too much disruption, near transport routes for bringing supplies/raw materials in and transporting finished products to other towns/cities, away from potential flooding of large rivers etc. Can you identify the reasons for the location of the Industrial Estate in the map extract below?

8 Identify different types of economic activity on a map e.g. Primary (farm, Quarry, Coal Mine, fishing port ), Secondary (Ind est which is an abbreviation for Industrial Estate, Sewage Works, Wks which is an abbreviation for any type of manufacturing activity, Mill) and Tertiary (Shopping Centre, Leisure Centre, Museum, Information Centre, Train Station etc.). Can you spot the economic activity in the map extract below? Describe the course of a river on a map from the source (where land is higher, indicated by tighter contour lines), through the middle stage (where land becomes gentler indicated by wider contour lines) to the final mature stage (where the land is virtually flat indicated by very wide spacing in contour lines on a map). Please note that you may be asked to describe the changing shape of the channel as well as the changing shape of the valley (look at recent work done on rivers in your exercise book).

9 Can you describe the course of the river in the map extract below? Identify which way a river is flowing on a map look at spot heights/contour heights along the course of the river; the river will always flow from the higher points towards the lower points. Identify general symbols (please note that the Oundle map extract has always contained a key!

10 General symbols you need to know - this speeds up map interpretation Describe a route along a road, rail track or between two points this will involve you being able to identify natural features on the map (such as hills, valleys, meanders etc) and man-made features such as roads, pubs etc. You will need to use compass points e.g. turn east rather than left/right!

11 As well as the usual questions testing your understanding of grid references, height on maps, distances, scale and bearings (N,S,E and W), you may also be asked questions related to industry, settlement and urbanisation. Below you will find some helpful notes. Also, read through relevant pages in your Revision Guide. Settlement site and situation Settlement characteristics The piece of land upon which a settlement is built is the settlement site. Each settlement has attractive site features e.g. flat land to build and expand, near to a river for easy access to drinking water and transport for early settlers etc. (see exercise book and handout on Site and Situation). There are many reasons why a site might be chosen for the development of a settlement and some factors will be more important than others. How many features can you spot in the maps of Southampton below?

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14 Some common site factors include: Wet point sites - these have a good water supply. Many settlements grew around wet point sites, eg villages in the South Downs. Dry point sites - these are away from the risk of flooding, eg Ely in Cambridgeshire. Defensive sites - often found on higher ground so that in the past enemies could be seen from a distance, e.g. Corfe Castle, Dorset, or in the loop of a meander, e.g. Durham. Aspect - settlements are often found on the sunny side of a deep valley. This is common in settlements in the Alps. Shelter - from cold prevailing winds and rain. Gap towns - Lincoln is found in a gap between two areas of higher ground. Resources - important for industry, eg villages such as Aberfan in the Welsh valleys is close to coal reserves. Bridging point - settlements with 'ford' in their name often grew around a fording point or bridging point, eg Watford is found on the River Colne. Trading centres - often settlements grow where natural route ways and rivers meet, which helps the development of roads, railways and canals.

15 The importance of many of these functions diminish as technological advances enable people to overcome difficulties. The situation of a settlement is its position in relation to the surrounding human and physical features, many of which will have an impact on the settlement's type, size and function. With modern settlements, remember that decisions about location and situation have been made by planners, but that their priorities may differ from those that determined the location of a historical settlement like Southampton. For example, a modern settlement does not need to be close to a river because drinking water is now piped to our homes and waterways are no longer important for transport. Settlement functions Most large settlements in MEDCs are multifunctional and perform a range of functions such as retail, education and industry. When settlements first started to grow, most had only one distinct function, and others developed as the settlement grew. Examples of functions Port - the original function of cities such as Liverpool and Southampton. Both are still ports, but this function has diminished in importance and they are now multifunctional. Market town - Watford was originally a market town, and although it still holds a regular market, it is now a thriving multifunctional centre. Resort - Southport was a popular Victorian seaside resort, although it now has many functions and is a commuter settlement for Liverpool. Natural resources in the area enabled Sheffield to develop as an important centre in the iron and steel industry. Although steel is still produced, its prominence has declined and Sheffield is a thriving multifunctional city.

16 Settlement hierarchies If we group and classify a number of settlements according to their size and shape, the result is settlement hierarchy. Pyramid showing relationship between population and services As you move up the hierarchy, the size of the settlement and the distance between similar sized settlements increases. As you can see from the diagram above, there are more cities than conurbations, more towns than cities and more villages than towns. The number of services that a settlement provides increases with settlement size. Small settlements will only provide low-order services such as a post offices, doctors and newsagents. Large towns, cities and conurbations will provide low and high-order services such as leisure centres, chain stores and hospitals. Larger settlements and conurbations have a much larger sphere of influence than smaller ones. This means they attract people from a wider area because of the facilities they offer. Cities such as London have a global sphere of influence, whereas a small hamlet or village may only have a sphere of influence of a couple of kilometres. Services such as department stores selling high order goods have a higher threshold than those selling low order goods such as newsagents. This means they need a higher number of people to support them and make them profitable,

17 therefore they will only be found in larger settlements. It also means that there are fewer big department stores than small newsagents. The range of a service or product is the maximum distance people are prepared to travel to purchase it. The range of a newspaper is much lower than an item of furniture for example. Settlement patterns nucleated, linear and dispersed. Urbanisation - means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. An urban area is a built-up area such as a town or city. A rural area is an area of countryside. As a country industrialises, the number of people living in urban areas tends to increase. The UK and many other MEDCs urbanised during the 18th and 19th centuries. People migrated from rural areas (due to the mechanisation in farming) to urban areas where there was employment in the new factories. The area of cities known as the inner city developed during this time as rows of terraced housing were built for workers. Today the UK is a mostly urban society, with 90 per cent of the population living in towns or cities. On a global scale, urbanisation is taking place rapidly, particularly in LEDCs. Although the UK is an urban society, more and more people are choosing to live on the edge of urban areas -

18 with many relocating to the countryside. This is called counter-urbanisation. Inner City - you need to explain why inner city areas in MEDC countries such as Britain are often areas of decline? This is known as the spiral of decline. The inner city has been improved in Britain through Government assistance and private company investment. Brownfield sites A derelict industrial pottery site, due to be redeveloped Brownfield sites are often on disused or derelict land. There are more available in the North and Midlands (but most housing demand is in the south east). These sites are valuable as existing buildings can be split up into more homes on any one site. The site has already been developed so reduces urban sprawl. These are unsightly areas for building developments, so improves the urban environment. Brownfield sites are found in urban areas, so building housing there reduces demand on car use. This land is more expensive to build on as often the land needs to be cleared first (especially if land is contaminated from previous industrial use. Greenfield sites

19 Greenfield sites which have not previously been built on. This includes the greenbelt land around cities. The land is cheaper to build on. However, developing these areas are not favoured by environmentalists, as it encourages urban sprawl and will mean that countryside is built on. Also, building on Greenfield sites encourages commuting and traffic congestion as people travel into urban areas from the countryside

20 Revision notes for Section B: Applied Physical and Human Geography AND Section C: Essays Both of these sections require prior knowledge and understanding. Section B questions will have a photo or other data type to prompt you but, intrinsically, you need to know your geography for both sections. Remember! You choose ONE question to answer from each section. The information below is meant as a guide to the topics you need to revise for both sections. You will need to revise from both your Revision Guide and Exercise Books. Relevant page numbers from the Revision Guide follow most of the topics listed below. Be aware that your Exercise Book may be better for some topics. Of course the essentials sheets and the geography web sites listed on the school s web site will also help. RG = Revision Guide EB = Exercise Book Plate Tectonics (i.e. Earthquakes and Volcanoes) How the three main types of Rocks Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic are formed (RG pages 27 and 28). The structure of the earth and what moves the Tectonic Plates i.e. Convection Currents in the Mantle (Yr 6 EB). The four different types of Plate Boundaries you need to know how to draw the Destructive Boundary in particular (Yr 6 EB and RG page 16 note that the RG only covers three).

21 The causes of earthquakes and Volcanoes (RG pages and EB). Advantages and Disadvantages of Earthquakes and Volcanoes (RG pages and your A4 Case Study sheets Mount St Helens, the Asian Tsunami of 2004, the earthquake of 2015 and the Japanese Tsunami of 2011). The global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. Make sure you know where the Pacific Ring of Fire and Mid-Atlantic Ridge are located! (RG page 17 your EB is better for this). Volcanoes Extinct, Dormant or Active; Composite and Shield Volcanoes (RG page 19). An example both of an earthquake and a volcano to show the nature, causes, environmental and human effects and human responses - examples from an MEDC (Mount St Helens in the USA, Japanese earthquake of 2011) and from an LEDC (The Asian Earthquake and Tsunami of 2004, the Nepal earthquake of 2015). The reasons for the different impacts of Earthquakes and Volcanoes throughout the world (RG pages 22 and 23). Man s responses to Earthquakes and Volcanoes both in LEDCs - the Developing World - and MEDCs - the Developed World (RG pages and EB). Weather and Climate The difference between weather and climate (EB). The Hydrological Cycle (RG pages 45 and 46). The five different elements of the weather Temperature, Air Pressure, Wind, Precipitation and Clouds (RG page 41). How these elements of the weather are measured (RG page 41).

22 Microclimates how Colour of Surface, Aspect, Shade, Vegetation and Buildings affect the climates of local areas such as school grounds(rg page 40 and EB). You need to review the work you completed on the Microclimate of Holmwood House (Google Slides presentation). Causes of temperature and rainfall variation from place to place in the British Isles these include Latitude, Altitude, Prevailing Wind and Distance from the sea to include the impact of the North Atlantic Drift (RG page 38 and EB). The three different rainfall types Convectional, Relief and Frontal (RG page 42). Air Masses affecting the British Isles (EB). Low and High air pressure systems (RG page 43 and EB). Weather Fronts (EB). Rivers Use Exercise Book and RG to revise; recent work on your River Brett Coursework will also aid understanding) How rivers erode the landscape, transport eroded material (load) and deposit this material (most recent EB and RG pages 50-55). Weathering of the river valley. You need to know how the three major types of Weathering (Physical - Freeze Thaw and Onion Skin, Chemical and Biological) break down the rock along the valley sides, making slopes gentler. You also need to know why biological and chemical weathering are rapid in hot and wet areas - Plants grow quicker and bigger; more water, so more chemical reactions between the water and rock (recent EB and RG pages 29 and 30). Changes in the river channel and valley shape from the source of the river, through the middle stage and onto the mouth of the river i.e. small, narrow channel in a V shaped valley at the

23 source; wider, deeper channel in a larger, gently sloping valley during the middle course; very wide, shallow channel in a wide, flat floodplain near to the mouth of the river as it enters the sea (most recent EB and Revision Guide pages 52-55). Describe and explain the formation of V shaped valleys, Waterfalls in the upper course, Meanders in the middle course and Floodplains and Deltas in the lower course (RG pages 54 and 55). How do people use rivers? How does man benefit from running water? We benefit in a number of ways including using water domestically and at work (Treated water from Reservoirs used in the home and in Industry), transporting raw materials and goods in boats and ships along rivers (e.g. the Rhine in Germany is still used for transporting coal in river/canal barges), producing Hydroelectric power from Dams (e.g. the Aswan Dam in Egypt), using attractive parts of the river as a focus for Tourism (e.g. pubs and cafes along rivers benefit from people walking dogs etc.) and, finally, rivers are areas of leisure for millions of fishermen throughout the world. Look at the following Slideshare for water uses:- oint-presentation?qid=aeb096cf-7dfc-4ab5-9e08-6b302bd62 9ec&v=&b=&from_search=20 Problems created by rivers principally Flooding. What damage can a river bring to urban (town/city) areas in particular (case study on the 1998 flood in Bangladesh would be useful here; the urban area being Dakar). How can the threat of flooding and the damage caused by flooding be reduced? methods include building Levees, flood gates across roads etc., Dams to limit the flow (e.g. Aswan Dam), sandbags, not building on floodplains etc. (RG 56 and 57). Also look at following Google Slideshares on the Somerset Floods of 2015 and Flooding in Bangladesh:- merset-levels

24 cse-aqa-a?qid=acf96b17-ecd aa32-5ef56a78be40&v= &b=&from_search=1 It is important for you to adopt an effective way to revise which suits you. Given my experience to date, I find that those students using a card system tend to fare better in examinations. This is where the student writes key points/draws diagrams from their notes/textbook onto a small card (size of a postcard) and revises these. It is impossible to revise everything so you have to be smart identify the key points! For the case studies, I have done this for you but you can still break down the information further. A final note Examinations are important and people get nervous over them. The best way to approach examinations is to be well prepared. Your responses to questions will be more effective if you are relaxed and confident in your preparation. Good luck!

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