2050; flying at 700m; average point density of 8. Aerial lidar using Optech ALTM

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1 Supporting Information Kulawardhana R.W., Popescu S.C., Feagin R.A., Airborne lidar remote sensing applications in non-forested short stature environments: a review. Ann. For. Res. 60(1): _-_. Table 1. Elevation estimates using lidar in short stature environments Reference Study site Vegetation & terrain characteristics Characteristics of lidar data Elevation measurements Adams & Chandler (2002) Bowen & Waltmire (2002) Chassereau et al. (2011) Cobby et al. (2001) Estornell et al. (2010) Gopfert & Heipke (2006) Gould et al. (2013) Hladik et al (2013) Coastal mudslide area (Black Ven), Dorset, UK Rangelands, Northeast Utah, Coastal salt marshes, South Carolina, Herbaceous river floodplain, Severn, UK Shrub lands, Valencia, Spain Coastal vegetated areas, East Frisia, Germany Shrub lands, Southwest Coastal marshes of Georgia, Grasslands; 0-20m elevation range; mild slope Sagebrush dominated with open areas; m elevation range; variable terrain including steep slopes Spartina alterniflora dominated marshes; elevation range; flat terrain with steep slopes along creeks Mixed of short herbaceous cover & dense woodlands Shrub dominant (Oak -Quercus coccifera) with mean shrub heights of 1.25m; m elevation range; steep terrain with mean slope of 45 0 Grass and shrub land with mixed, heights <2 to 6m; slope <5 0 Low height, mountainous Shrubs (Ceanothus velutinus); m elevation range; mean slope of 14 0 Spartinal alterniflora dominated, heights from <0.5 to 2m 1020; flying at 1000m; average point density of 5 ; 2m Aerial lidar - details on system or data characteristics not provided 1233; flying at 1219m; average point density of 0.5 ; 0.24m 1020; flying at 800m; average point density of ; flying at 700m; average point density of ; flying at 600m; average point densities of 2.9 Leica ALS50; flying at 900m; point densities of 4 to 9 ; 0.20 m Scanner: Optech ALTM Gemini; flying at 800m; average point density: 9 ; : 0.6m Sample Error statistics size (n) Mean error (m) RMSE (m) 2m DEMs 0.1±0.17* 0.26 lidar points m DEMs ±0.28 2mDEMs lidar points and 1m DEMs DEMs (grid size not specified) m DEMs m DEMs ±0.1* 0.1

2 Hodgson & Bresnahan (2004) Hodgson et al. (2003) Kulawardhana et al. (2014) Kraus & Pfeifer (1998) Mixed land cover, Richland county of South Carolina, Mixed land cover, Piedmont region of North Carolina, Coastal salt marshes, Galveston, Texas, Woodlands (Vienna woods), Austria) Mitchell et al. (2011) Sagebrush steppe, Southeast Montane & Torres (2006) Coastal salt marshes, South Carolina, Raber et al. (2002) Mixed land cover of agriculture and forest, eastern North Carolina, Schmid et al. (2011) Coastal salt marshes, Charleston County of South Carolina, Spaete et al. (2011) Bork & Su (2007) Toyra et al. (2003) Sagebrush steppe, Southwest Mixed land cover, Alberta, Canada Herbaceous wetland, Alberta, Canada Mixed land cover of forests, urban, woodlands and agricultural areas; rolling hill topography Mixed land cover of forests, forest clear-cuts, and agricultural areas; m elevation range, slope S. alterniflora dominated marshes; plant heights of 0.3-1m; m elevation range; mild slope Shrub dominated woodlands, with slopes Sagebrush dominated shrub lands; mountainous area with m elevation range, extremely flat terrain S. alterniflora dominated marshes; plant heights of 0.5-2m; m elevation range; mild slope Mixed land cover of coastal plan, primarily with agriculture, and forest; m elevation range; gently rolling plains Mixed land cover of marsh ; crop lands, scrub/ shrub lands, forest, open and built up areas; flat terrain Sage brush dominated rangelands mixed with herbaceous cover, mountainous area with m elevation range, steep slopes Mixed land cover of riparian meadows, grasslands, shrub lands and aspen forests; 5-10m terrain relief Mixed land cover of shrubs and grasses with heights of 0.3 to 7m; flat terrain Aerial lidar (details on the system not provided); flying altitude m; average point density of 0.25 Aerial lidar (details on the system not provided); flying altitude m; average point density of 0.08 ; 0.79m Leica ALS50 II; flying at 900m; average point density of 1.4 ; 0.20m 1020; flying at 1000m; average point density of 0.1 Leica ALS50 II; flying at 2286m; average point density of 9.46 ; 0.18m 2025; flying at 1150m; average point density of 16 ; 0.25m Aerial lidar (details on the system not provided); flying altitude m; average point density of 0.1 Leica ALS50; flying at 1400m; average point density of 0.5 Leica ALS50 II; flying at 900m; average point density of 5.6 ; 0.18m 2025; flying at 1700m; average point density of 0.75 ; 0.3m 1225; flying at 1300m; average point density of 16 lidar points and DEMs DEMs (grid size not specified) m DEMs m DEMs m DEMs lidar points ± DEMs (grid size not specified) m DEMs ± m DEMs ± m DEMs m DEMs * 0.22

3 Wang et al. (2009) Coastal salt marshes, lagoon of Venice, Italy Salt marsh and open lands; elevation range of 0.01 to 0.68m; flat terrain Note: not reported, *negative values (underestimates of elevation), indicates points per m 2 Aerial lidar with FALCON II sensor; flying at 450m; average point density of 8 ; 0.225m 3.5m DEMs * 0.06

4 Table 2. Classification accuracies, data and study area characteristics reported in and land use/land cover classification studies that integrated multiple variables derived using passive optical remote sensing data and/ lidar data in short stature environments. (Only the studies that reported details on classification accuracies are included) Reference Study site Land cover/ type Alexander et al. (2015) National park area characterized by alkali landscapes of Europe Chust et al. (2008) Coastal salt marshes in the boarder of Spain and France Collin et al. (2010) Coastal salt marshes of Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec, Canada Garcia et al. (2011) Natural parkland area of central Spain Hladik et al. (2013) Coastal marshes of Georgia, Mixed: grasslands, marshes, and short woody Mixed land cover of marsh, mud-flats, open sand, woodlands, riparian and open water marshes, mudflats, upland grasslands, cultivated areas, and open water bodies Mixed cover of shrub, trees, & herbaceous Spartinal alterniflora dominated coastal salt marshes Data characteristics Classification accuracies (Overall accuracy - % & Kappa coefficient) Lidar Passive optical Passive optical Lidar Integrated Waveform lidar using N/A N/A 0.79 N/A RIEGLLMS-Q680i airborne laser scanner. Flying altitude: 613 &633m; Point density: laser Multi-spectral imagery, 81, 0.77 NA 89, 0.93 Optech ALTM 3025 system using a digital aerial (flying details or point camera (0.5m pixel size, densities not reported) 4 bands in blue, green, red and near-infrared Dual wavelength (red and near-infrared nm and 1064 nm, respectively) lidar from Scanning Hydrographic Operational Airborne lidar Survey (SHOALS) - Flying altitude 273m; Point density 0.25 Scanner: Optech-ALTM3033 sensor (nominal flying height of m AGL; point density of ) Scanner: Optech ALTM Gemini; flying at 800m; average point density: 9 ; : 0.6m regions) N/A N/A 92, 0.92 Multispectral data from airborne thematic mapper (2m pixel size, 10 bands in the range of 420 to 2350 nm) Hyperspectral data from Airborne Imaging Spectrometer for Applications (AISA) Eagle imagery 91, , 0.86 N/A 93, , N/A 90, 0.88

5 Koetz et al. (2008) Mediterranean wild land-urban interface, Aix-en Provence, France Mundt et al. (2006) Sagebrush communities of Southern Mutlu et al. (2008) Woodland areas of East Texas, Sankey et al. (2010) Yang et al. (2010) Sagebrush dominated rangelands, southwestern Tidal salt marshes of New Jersey, Note: not reported; indicates points per m 2 Mixed land cover of builtup, grasslands, agricultural, shrubs and trees Sagebrush dominated communities mixed with grass cover mixed land cover of forests, grasslands, & brush Juniper encroachment in sagebrush dominated rangelands marshes, mudflats and open water Airborne scanner(flying altitude - 800m; point density ) - lidar system information not provided Airborne lidar (point density ; Flying altitude or lidar system information not provided) Aerial lidar (average point density ) - lidar system characteristics or flying altitude not reported) Airborne scanner(flying altitude or sensor details not provided); point density 5.6 Airborne lidar from Leica ALS50 lidar sensor (Flying altitude 914 m; point density - 3 ) Hyperspectral data from imagine spectrometer (1m pixel size, 244 bands in the range of nm) Hyperspectral data (4.6m pixel size, 126 spectral bands in the range of 450 nm and 2500 nm) Multispectral data from Quickbird ( 2.5m pixel size, four bands in the Blue, green, near infrared and red regions) Multispectral and multitemporal (summer and fall) data from Landsat 5 (30m pixel size, red, green, blue and NIR bands) Hyperspectral data from airborne imagine spectrometer (2m pixel size, 128 spectral bands in the range of nm) 69, , , 75, 0.72 N/A 89, 77, 0.68 N/A 90, , 60, 94, 83, N/A 68,

6 Table 3. Vegetation height models using lidar in short stature environments Reference Study site Vegetation/ LULC Characteristics of lidar data Lidar variables used in height estimates Sample size (n) Error statistics MSE (m) RMSE (m) R 2 Regression parameters (for the best model) Model Brown & Hugenholt z (2011) Saskatchewan, Canada Grassland prairie Aerial lidar (system details not reported); flying altitude 2400 m; average point density of 0.57 of detrended lidar (Lsd) Filtering window size not specified Cobby et al. (2001) Severn, UK River flood plain (Grasses and crops) Laser scanner: Optech ALTM 1020; flying altitude:800m; average point density of 0.14 of detrended lidar (Lsd) of 10m*10m h=0.87*ln(lsd)+2.57 Davenport et al. (2000) Oxford, UK Croplands herbaceous cover Laser scanner: Optech ALTM; flying altitude: m; average point density: 0.11; 0.15 : 0.23 m of detrended lidar (Lsd) of 10m*10m h= *Lsd Gaveau & Hill (2003) Eastern UK Broad leaf woodlands with mean shrub heights of 4m to 8m Laser scanner: ALTM 1210 (flying height not reported); average point densities of ; 0.25m Digital canopy height models at 1m*1m Glenn et al Southwest ern Semi-arid sagebrush steppe with ALS50 II flying at 900m; average point

7 mean shrub heights <1.85m on slope terrain densities of 4.28 & 4.77 ; 0.2m 0.5m*0.5m filtering Gould et al. (2013) Southwest Mountainou s low height dense shrubs (Ceanothus velutinus) Leica ALS50 II flying at 900m; average point densities of 4-9 ; 0.2m 0.5m*0.5m filtering Hopkinson et al. (2004) Alberta, Canada Mixed land cover(grass & herbs, and low shrubs <2m) of lowland wetland area ALTM 2050 flying at 1200m; average point density of 1 ; 0.3m of lidar height distributions (Lsd) within local window of 1m*1m h=2.7*lsd Hopkinson et al. (2005) Alberta, Canada Mixed land cover(grass & herbs, and low shrubs <5m) of lowland wetland area ALTM 2050 flying at 1200m; average point density of 1 ; 0.3m 0.5m*0.5m filtering h=1.00lmax Kulawardhana et al. (2014) Galveston, Texas Spartina alterniflora dominated coastal salt marshes (plant Leica ALS50 II; flying at 900m; average point density of 1.4 ; 0.20m Local maxima (Lmax), mean (Lmean) and % returns (Lcd) of 3m*3m h = 0.56*Lmax * Lmean Lcd cm

8 heights of 0.3m -1m) Mitchell et al. (2011) Southeastern Cold desert sagebrush steppe ALS50 II flying at 2286m; average point density of 9.46 ; 0.18m 1m*1m filtering h=0.93lmax Riano et al. (2007) Central Portugal Shrub lands (dominated by Erica australis spp)with mean shrub heights of 0.5m to 1.7m Toposys II flying at 1000m; average point density of 3.5 ; 0.5m 90th percentile of detrended lidar (L90) of 1m*1m h=1.5*l Sankey & Bond (2011) Southwestern Sagebrush dominated rangelands, with mean heights of 0.7m to 4.7m Leica ALS50 II flying at 900m; average point density of 5.6 ; 0.17m 3m*3m filtering h= 1.06*Lmax Sankey et al. (2010) Southwestern Juniper in sagebrush dominated rangelands Aerial lidar (system details not reported); average point density of 5.6 3m*3m filtering Only the values >3m included h=0.84*lmax

9 Straatsma & Middelkoo p (2007) Netherlands River flood plain herbaceous (heights from 0.26 to 1.66m) FLI- MAP system flying at 55-80m; average point densities of th percentile of detrended lidar (L95) of 1.5m*1.5m h=1.06*l Streutker & Glen (2006) Northeast Semi-arid sagebrush steppe ALTM 2025 flying at 750m; average point density of 1.2 ; 0.2m of detrended lidar within 5m*5m (Lsd) h=1.5*lsd+25 Su & Bork (2007) Alberta, Canada Mixed rangeland ( of riparian meadows, upland grasslands, shrub lands and forests; mean heights from 0.05 to 10 m) Aerial lidar flying at 1700m (lidar sensor details not provided); average point density of 0.54 ; 0.3 m foot prints Local mean of detrended lidar heights at different height bins (Lmean) using filtering window of 12 m diameter h = * Lmean Note. indicates points per m 2

Global Biogeography. Natural Vegetation. Structure and Life-Forms of Plants. Terrestrial Ecosystems-The Biomes

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