Families of Elements. Harley Defelice College Chemistry Period 6
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1 Families of Elements Harley Defelice College Chemistry Period 6
2 1 Valence electron Atomic number: 1 Symbol: H Hydrogen is the most abundant element it makes up 75% of the universe s mass. Hydrogen can produce either a positive or negative charge. Hydrogen is above group 1 but it is not considered to be in the group because it does not have any of the same properties or characteristics. However it does have 1 valence electron like the other members of group 1. The physical form is a gas. Hydrogen compounds are usually called hydrides. Hydrogen in it s liquid form is used in the study of superconductivity.
3 Sodium 1 valence electron A +1 cation is formed Alkali Metals are soft and shiny. They are also very reactive. Sodium is apart of group 1 because it has 1 valence electron and it also has the same properties as the other elements in this group. Atomic number: 11 Symbol: Na Sodium Chloride is an important part of the human diet. It is used during winter months to control the ice on the road. Sodium is used in nuclear reactors because it has a low boiling point. It is so dense, it can float on water.
4 Calcium 2 valence electrons A +2 cation is formed Less reactive than Alkali metals but, they are still very reactive. Calcium is apart of this group because it has the same properties and characteristics as those of other members of group 2. Atomic number: 20 Symbol: Ca Calcium is an important component in cement. The most common Calcium compound is calcium carbonate. This is a component of shells of living organisms. Calcium is the 5th most abundant element is the earths crust. Calcium in the presence of vitamin D is well known for building stronger bones.
5 Silver They usually have 1 or 2 valence electrons. They lose electrons to form positive ions. The transition metals of groups 3-12 are much less reactive than the first 2 groups. Silver is apart of this group because it falls under group 11 on the periodic table. Atomic number: 47 Symbol: Ag Silver is a soft, shiny metal that is a good conductor of electricity. For many years silver has been used to make jewelry, coins, utensils and various pieces of art. Silver is also used to make mirrors. Silver is very delicate and malleable.
6 Boron 3 valence electrons A +3 cation is formed Less reactive than the previous group Boron is apart of the Boron Family because it has 3 valence electrons and the other characteristics of this group. Atomic number: 5 Symbol: B Boron is used for cleaning in welding and washing powders. Boron compounds are also extensively used in the making of borosilicate glasses. Pyrex glass is tough and heat resistant because of the boric acid that is used to make it. Pure boron is a dark amorphous powder.
7 Lead 4 valence electrons It usually does not form ions it shares. The elements in the carbon family tend to be fairly unreactive. Lead is in the Carbon family because it has 4 valence electrons and it has the same properties of those elements in this group. Atomic number: 82 Symbol: Pb Lead is a soft malleable metal with a low melting point. It was widely used in water and sewage pipes. Lead is toxic to humans especially children. Even small amounts of exposure can cause nervous system damage and can prevent proper production hemoglobin (the molecule in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen through the body).
8 Nitrogen 5 valence electrons An anion with a -3 charge is formed Except for Nitrogen, the elements in this group are solid at room temperature. Nitrogen is apart of this group because it reacts with other elements to form a anion with a -3 charge and it has the same properties of the other elements in this family. Atomic number: 7 Symbol: N Nitrogen has no color, taste or odor and is present in nature as a noncombustible gas. Nitrogen makes up about 0.002% of the earths crust. It constitutes 78% of the earth s atmosphere by volume. Nitrogen has also been discovered in the atmospheres of Venus and Mars.
9 Sulfur 6 valence electrons A -2 anion is formed All of the elements in this group can be found in nature in both free and combined states. Sulfur is in this group because it is a nonmetal. Atomic number: 16 Symbol: S Sulfur is a solid at room temperature. It is usually yellow, tasteless and nearly odorless. It is the sixteenth most abundant element in the earth s crust. Sulfur is used in a variety of ways. 1 way it is used is a as fungicide to protect grapes and strawberries.
10 Iodine 7 valence electrons A -1 anion is formed Halogen elements only require one additional electron to form a full octet. This makes them more reactive than other non-metal groups. Iodine is in this group because it can exist in all 3 states at room temperature. Atomic number: 53 Symbol: I A small amount of iodine is essential for nutrition but, too much is toxic. Iodine gas is Violet (purple) colored. Iodine that is a solid is blue-black colored. It is shiny when it is a solid.
11 Neon 8 valence electrons Noble gases are already stable or inert. They don't interact with other elements. The outer energy is already full they don t lose or gain electrons to form ions. Neon is apart of this group because it is stable and doesn't have to interact with other elements. Atomic number: 10 Symbol: Ne Neon is very rare on earth but is very abundant in space. Neon is used to make neon signs Neon and helium are used to make gas lasers. Neon is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas.
12 Lanthanum Atomic number: 57 Symbol: La Ions with a positive 2 or 4 charge. They do not have a specific number of valence electrons. Lanthanum is apart of this group because it has the properties of this group and it does not fit into any of the groups above. Rare earth metal It is silvery-white in color. Compounds of lanthanum are considered to be moderately toxic. It is used in large quantities for for rechargeable batteries for automobiles.
13 Actinium Atomic number: 89 Symbol: Ac Actinides form oxo-ions They do not have a specific amount of valence electrons. Actinium is an actinide because it has the properties and Actinium is one of the 10 most rare elements. characteristics of those in this group. Actinium does not fit in Actinium is a soft metal. any other group. It is silvery white in color. Actinium is a product of the natural decay of Uranium.
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