Families of Elements. Hannah Morrison College Chemistry period 6

Transcription

1 Families of Elements Hannah Morrison College Chemistry period 6

2 Hydrogen 1. Discovered in Most abundant element, takes Atomic # - 1 up ¾ % of the mass of the Symbol - (H) universe Valence Electrons - 1 Type of Ion - +1 Cation 3. Compounds are known as Group Characteristic - Hydrogen is in group hydrides one but isn't seen as so because it does not 4. Produce either a positive or share any of the properties or characteristics negative charge as the other elements in that group, besides 5. Used in rocket fuel and having 1 valence electron. hydrochloric acid

3 Group 1 Alkali Metals-Sodium Atomic # - 11 Symbol - (Na) Valence Electrons - 1 Type of Ion - +1 Cation Group Characteristic - Alkali metals have one electron in their outer shell, which is loosely bound. This gives them the largest atomic Radii of the elements in their respective periods. Sodium is an Alkali Metal because it has 1 valence electron Discovered in 1807 by Humphry Davy. Used to make glass One of the main elements used in the production of paper. Highly reactive alkali metal Important element in fertilizers

4 Group 2 Alkaline-Earth Metals-Calcium Atomic # - 20 Symbol - (Ca) Valence Electrons - 2 Type of Ion - +2 Cation Group Characteristic - Alkaline-Earth metals have smaller atomic radii than the alkali metals. The two valence electrons are not tightly bound to the nucleus, so the alkaline earths readily lose the electrons to form cations. Calcium is an alkaline-earth metal because it has 2 valence electrons Discovered 1808 Used as an reducing agent in preparing other metals. Compounds are widely used Essential to all living things Found in milk, green vegetables, fish, nuts and seeds.

5 Group 3-12 Transition Metals-Iron Atomic # - 26 Symbol - (Fe) Valence Electrons - 1 or 2 Type of Ion - +1 or 2 Cations Group Characteristic - Transition metals are very hard with high melting and boiling points. Iron is a transition metal because it has 1 or 2 valence electrons Essential for all forms of life Non-Toxic Anaemia can result in the body due to a lack of this element It is an enigma Cheapest available metal

6 Group 13 Boron Family-Boron Atomic # - 5 Symbol - (B) Valence Electrons - 3 Type of Ion - +3 Cations Group Characteristic - Boron family increases in size density and decreases in polarity. Boron is in the Boron family because it has 3 valence electrons in its outermost shell and reacts to form 3 positive cations. 1. Used in detergents 2. Pure form is an amorphous powder 3. Amorphous Boron is in pyrotechnic flares and in rockets as an ignitor. 4. Essential mineral for plants

7 Group 14 Caron Family-Tin Atomic # - 50 Symbol - (Sn) Valence Electrons - 4 Type of Ion - +2 Cation Group Characteristic - Carbon family elements tend to form covalent bonds, though tin and lead also form ionic compounds. Tin is in the Carbon family because it has 4 valence electrons. 1. Highly ductile and malleable 2. Is an Post-transition metal, tend to be softer than transition metals 3. Has a highly crystalline structure 4. Has a screaming sound when bent known as a tin cry.

8 Group 15 Nitrogen Group-Arsenic Atomic # - 33 Symbol - (As) Valence Electrons - 5 Type of Ion - -3 anions Group Characteristic - Nitrogen group, atomic radii increase in size down the group. Metallic character increases down the group. Arsenic is in the Nitrogen group because it s the only true semimetal out of the Nitrogen family, existing in compounds with both -3 and +5 charges. 1. Natural element which behaves like an metal 2. Found in the Earths crust in small quantities in rock, soil, water and air. 3. Industrial processes such as mining, smelting and coal fired power plants all contribute to arsenic in the air. 4. Most arsenic found in the body come from diet and is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream.

9 Group 16 Oxygen Family-Sulfur Atomic # - 16 Symbol - (S) Valence Electrons - 6 Type of Ion - -2 anions Group Characteristic - The oxygen family elements react with metals quite readily to form ionic compounds. Tend to form anions. They all react with other nonmetals to form molecular compounds. Sulfur is apart of this family because it shares these characteristics. 1. It is a pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid element 2. Essential to life 3. Minor component of fats, body fluids and skeletal minerals 4. Whether as a gas, liquid or a solid Sulfur has more than one allotropic form or modification.

10 Group 17 Halogen-Chlorine Atomic # - 17 Symbol - (Cl) Valence Electrons - 7 Type of Ion - -1 anions Group Characteristic - Halogen elements have 7 valence electrons, they only require one additional electron to form a full octet.this makes them more reactive than other non-metals. Chlorine is in this group because it has 7 valence electrons. 1. Is not flammable but may react explosively or form explosive compounds with many common substances 2. Is a yellow-green gas at room temperature 3. Among the ten highest volume chemicals manufactured in the U.S. 4. Has a pungent, irritating odor similar to bleach

11 Group 18 Noble Gases-Radon Atomic # - 86 Symbol - (Rn) Valence Electrons - 8 Type of Ion - 2 cation Group Characteristic - The noble gases make a group of chemical elements with similar properties: under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. Radon falls into this group because it has the same properties and 8 valence electrons. 1. Last gas in group Originally named nitron after the Latin word for shining, nitens 3. Second most frequent cause of living cancer, after cigarette smoking 4. Radiotherapy is an beneficial application of this element

12 Lanthanide - Neodymium Atomic # - 60 Symbol - (Nd) Valence Electrons - There is not a specific amount. Type of Ion - 2 or 4 cation Group Characteristic - The Lanthanide elements are all silverywhite metals that tarnish when exposed to air. Relatively soft metals. High melting and boiling points and are very reactive. Neodymium falls in this family because it is an rare earth metal and its compounds are ionic. 1. Discovered in Name comes from the Greek words neos meaning new and didymos meaning twin 3. Used in coloring glass and ceramics 4. Known as one of the rare earth metals

13 Actinide - Thorium Atomic # - 90 Symbol - (Th) Valence Electrons - There is not a specific amount. Type of Ion - oxo-ions Group Characteristic - The actinide group are all radioactive and tarnish easily. Actinides are very dense metals with distinctive structures. They also react to boiling water. Thorium is apart of this group because its radioactive metal. 1. Is a soft, paramagnetic, bright silvery metal 2. Is radioactive 3. Very flammable due to its pyrophoricity 4. Has 6 naturally occurring isotopes, but none of them are stable