Some experiences resampling and reanalyzing soils from old plots at the Turkey Lake Watershed
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1 Some experiences resampling and reanalyzing soils from old plots at the Turkey Lake Watershed
2 Outline the history, the opportunity the issues: re-sampling single pit surveys chemical analysis - archived samples sampling genetic horizons - organic C and cations site vs plot topography future prospects
3 Turkey Lakes Watershed Established in 1979 as a partnership between NRCan- CFS, Environment Canada, Fisheries & Oceans Canada to study the effects of acid rain on a forested ecosystem
4 Turkey Lakes Watershed uneven-aged old-growth maple-birch forest net accumulation of nutrients low due to mortality deposition SO4 and NO3 currently 14 and 15 kg/ha/yr early 198 s 3 and 2 kg/ha/yr input/output Ca and Mg deposition 3 and 1 kg/ha/yr / leaching 3 and 4 kg/ha/yr export 25 and 3 kg/ha/yr comparative watershed studies high soil nitrification, high base cation leaching 1986 sampling 7 nutrient cycling plots archived samples
5 Batchawana C5 C49 C46 S C47 S1 Wishart C42 C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 S5 S7 C37 C39 S4 C38 S2
6 Resampling single pits no plot level replication in initial sampling broad scope of topographic position for pits landscape scale and microscale (divergent/convergent) attempt to capture plot variance by resampling multiple pits hydrologic condition key factor controlling element accumulation or loss from the soil profile flow paths, depth to water table, groundwater residence time some relationship with topography (Buttle et al. 21, Monteith et al. 26)
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9 Turkey Lakes mineral soil change experiment 23/25 pits Contour lines -6 m -3 m 1986 pit 3 m 6 m 9 m
10 Lab analysis archived samples <2 mm, air-dried di d plastic jars unheated, uncooled building C original wet oxidation reanalysis combustion n=49 cations 1 M NH 4 Cl vacuum extraction ICAP upgrade n=3
11 Organic C (g 8 4 b= p=.2 m=1 p=.88 Ca (cmol c b= p=.2 m=1 p=<.1 Ca (cmol c b= p=.9 m=1 p= Organic C (g 1986 Ca (cmol c 1986 Ca (cmol c Regression differ in slope or Regression differ in slope or intercept from 1:1 line?
12 Mg (cmol c b= p=.3 m=1 p=<.1 25 Mg (cmol c b= p=.1 m=1 p= K (cmol c b= p=.5 m=1 p= Mg (cmol c 1986 Mg (cmol c 1986 K (cmol c Na (cmol c b= p=.33 m=1 p= Fe (cmol c b= p=.2 m=1 p=<.1 l (cmol c 25 A 4 2 b= p=.22 m=1 p= Na (cmol c 1986 Fe (cmol c 1986 Al (cmol c
13 Variable n Concentration difference % difference 1986 to to 25 Organic C all data Ca all data Ca < 1 cmol c kg Ca > 1 cmol c kg Mg all data Mg <.85 cmol c kg Mg >.85 cmol c kg K all data K<75cmol.75-1 c kg K >.75 cmol c kg Na all data Al all data Fe all data Fe <.2 cmol c kg Fe >.2 cmol c kg Organic C concentration difference expressed as g kg -1, all others cmol -1 c kg
14 ph.1 M CaCl 2 Organic C (g Ca (cmol c Mg (cmol c oil depth (cm) S Plot Soil depth (cm) Plot Soil depth (cm) Plot 15
15 ph.1 M CaCl 2 Organic C (g Ca (cmol c Mg (cmol c Soil depth (cm) Plot Soil depth (cm) Plot Soil depth (cm) Plot 15
16 ph.1 M CaCl 2 Organic C (g Ca (cmol c Mg (cmol c oil depth (cm) S Plot Soil depth (cm) original sampling archive calculated resampling 8 Plot Soil depth (cm) Plot 15
17 Soil storage statistical differences between original analysis and archive sample analysis, 19 years in storage magnitude of differences small (high range Fe exception), difference small in relation to spatial variation mechanisms for changes due to storage? same methods, ICAP quality assurance a determination of relationships between original and archived sample repeating identical lab protocols, instrument quality assurance, yield defensible long-term soil change comparisons
18 Sampling horizons: organic C and cations a particular pedon can only be sampled once, diffuse and irregular boundaries in these spodosols slight differences in sampling location and compositing can give different organic C concentrations, cation concentrations influenced by organic C calculate cu a normalized (cation:organic o c C ratio) concentrations (Johnson et al. 1994, Warby et al. 29 for organic horizons) assumes no change in organic C or small compared to difference due to sampling
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21 8 K (cmol c - Bat A horizons r=.74 r=.84 r=.76 r=.93 r=.95 r= K (cmolc kg-1 ) - Wis/Bat Mg ( cmolc kg-1 ) - Wis/Bat Ca (cmol c - Bat B horizons r=.62 r=.36 r=.62 r=.52 r=.69 r= K (cmolc - Wis Mg (cmol c - Bat Ca (cmol c - Bat Ca (cmolc - Wis Ca (cmolc kg-1 ) - Wis Mg ( cmolc - Wis Wishart Ah, Bhf Wishart Ae, Bf Batchawana Ah, Bhf Batchawana Ae, Bf
22 ph and cation concentrations 7plots ph H 2 O Ca Mg cmol c kg -1 Ae Bhf Bf IIC
23 ph and normalized cation concentrations - 7 plots Organic C Ca:OC Mg:OC % cmol c kg -1 organic C Ae Bhf Bf IIC
24 ph and normalized cation concentrations - 7 plots Organic C Ca:OC Mg:OC % cmol c kg -1 organic C Ae Bhf Bf IIC
25 ph and normalized cation concentrations - 7 plots Organic C Ca:OC Mg:OC % cmol c kg -1 organic C Ae Bhf Bf IIC
26 Site or plot level change? at site level l sample replication limited - variable initial condition, high standard deviation in paired differences minimum detectable differences high - in general differences for Na were lower subtle changes with deposition subtle changes with deposition or climate change rather than strong manipulative treatments
27 Site or plot level change? increase sample size or stratify sampling? spatial differences in soil change at plot level obscured by analysis of the site condition one sample t-test variance one sample t-test, variance from resampling
28 Ca (cmolc kg-1 ) Mg (cmolc kg-1 ) K (cmolc kg-1 ).5 * * * * * Ca:OC (cmolc kg organ ic C -1 ) Mg:OC (cmolckg organic C -1 ) K:OC (cmolckg organic C -1 ) * * * Plot Plot Plot Ae /25
29 Results/Conclusions storage impacts but less than 1% difference no declines in ph or base cations at the site level - exception Na topography playing a role in plot level changes base rich site total cations greater than other sites that have shown declines in exchangeable limited survey failure to reject the null hypothesis not evidence of acceptance of that hypothesis
30 Future prospects topographic feature classification (Webster et al. 28) linked with overstory accumulation, soil element content t other 198 s sampling Turkey Lakes, ARNEWS
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