Plant Nutrition and Transport. Chapter 29

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1 Plant Nutrition and Transport Chapter 29

2 Overview: Underground Plants The success of plants depends on their ability to gather and conserve resources from their environment. The transport of materials is central to the integrated functioning of the whole plant. Diffusion, active transport, and bulk flow work together to transfer water, minerals, and sugars.

3

4 Transport in Plants H 2 O & minerals transport in xylem transpiration evaporation, adhesion & cohesion Sugars transport in phloem bulk flow Calvin cycle in leaves loads sucrose into phloem

5 Transport in Plants Gas exchange photosynthesis CO 2 in; O 2 out stomata respiration O 2 in; CO 2 out roots exchange gases within air spaces in soil Why does over-watering kill a plant?

6 Ascent of Xylem Fluid Transpirational pull generated by leaf

7 Water & Mineral Absorption Water absorption from soil osmosis aquaporins Mineral absorption active transport proton pumps active transport of H + aquaporin root hair proton pumps H 2 O

8 Mineral Absorption Proton pumps active transport of H + ions out of cell chemiosmosis H+ gradient creates membrane potential difference in charge drives cation uptake creates gradient cotransport of other solutes against their gradient

9 Water Flow Through Root Porous cell wall water can flow through cell wall route & not enter cells plant needs to force water into cells

10 Root Anatomy

11 Mycorrhizae Symbiotic relationship between fungi & plant increase surface area increased absorption of water & minerals increases volume of soil reached by plant increases transport to host plant

12 Mycorrhizae

13 Sugar Transport Occurs in the phloem flows through cells called plasmodesmata proton pumps cotransport of sucrose into cells down proton gradient

14 Maple Sugaring

15 Control of Stomata Uptake of K + ions by guard cells proton pumps water enters by osmosis guard cells become turgid Loss of K + ions by guard cells water leaves by osmosis guard cells become flaccid

16 Control of Transpiration Balancing stomata function always a compromise between photosynthesis & transpiration leaf may transpire more than its weight in water in a day this loss must be balanced with plant s need for CO 2 for photosynthesis

17 Soil and Plant Nutrition

18 The Nation that Destroys Its Soil Destroys Itself Farmland productivity often suffers from chemical contamination, mineral deficiencies, acidity, salinity, and poor drainage Healthy soils improve plant growth by enhancing plant nutrition Phytoremediation

19 Plants require essential elements to complete their life cycle Organic mass: Most from CO2 in air Water and minerals from soil

20 Macronutrients and Micronutrients >50 elements identified among the inorganic substances in plants Not all are essential Essential nutrients Required for the plant to complete its life cycle Hydroponics Used to determine which elements are essential

21 TECHNIQUE Control: Solution containing all minerals Experimental: Solution without potassium

22 Table 37-1

23 Macronutrients Essential 9 Required in large amounts Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium, and magnesium

24 Micronutrients Required in small amounts 8 Chlorine, iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper, nickel, and molybdenum

25 Symptoms of Mineral Deficiency Symptoms depend on the nutrient s function and mobility within the plant Mobile nutrient deficiency Usually affects older organs more than young ones Less mobile nutrient deficiency Usually affects younger organs more than older ones Most common deficiencies: Nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus

26 Fig Healthy Phosphate-deficient Potassium-deficient Nitrogen-deficient

27 Soil is a living, finite resource Plants obtain most of their water and minerals from the upper layers of soil Living organisms play an important role in these soil layers This complex ecosystem is fragile

28 Soil Texture Soil particles are classified by size: Sand (largest), silt, and clay (smallest) Stratified into layers Called soil horizons Topsoil Consists of mineral particles, living organisms, and humus, the decaying organic material

29 Heavy Rainfall Water drains from larger spaces into the soil Smaller spaces retain water Attracted to clay/other particles Available to plants

30 Topsoil Composition A soil s composition refers to its inorganic (mineral) and organic chemical components Loams are the most fertile topsoils Contain equal amounts of sand, silt, and clay

31 Inorganic Components Cations (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) adhere to negatively charged soil particles Prevents them from leaching out of the soil through percolating groundwater

32 Cation Exchange Cations are displaced from soil particles by other cations Displaced cations enter the soil solution and can be taken up by plant roots Negatively charged ions do not bind with soil particles and can be lost from the soil by leaching

33

34 Organic Components Humus builds a crumbly soil that retains water but is still porous increases the soil s capacity to exchange cations and serves as a reservoir of mineral nutrients Topsoil contains bacteria, fungi, algae, other protists, insects, earthworms, nematodes, and plant roots organisms help to decompose organic material and mix the soil

35 Soil Conservation and Sustainable Agriculture Agriculture depletes the mineral content of soil, taxes water reserves, and encourages erosion The goal of sustainable agriculture is to use farming methods that are conservation-minded, environmentally safe, and profitable

36 Fertilization Nutrients are depleted from soil Fertilization replaces mineral nutrients that have been lost Commercial fertilizers: N, P, K Organic fertilizers: manure, fishmeal, or compost

37 Phytoremediation Some areas are unfit for agriculture contamination of soil or groundwater with toxic pollutants Phytoremediation a biological, nondestructive technology that reclaims contaminated areas Plants capable of extracting soil pollutants are grown and are then disposed of safely

38 Plant nutrition often involves relationships with other organisms Plants and soil microbes have a mutualistic relationship Dead plants provide energy needed by soil-dwelling microorganisms Secretions from living roots support a wide variety of microbes in the near-root environment

39 Bacteria in the Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen can be an important limiting nutrient for plant growth The nitrogen cycle transforms nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds Most soil nitrogen comes from actions of soil bacteria

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41 Plants absorb nitrogen as either NO3 or NH4+ Bacteria break down organic compounds or use N2 to produce NH3, which is converted to NH4+ Nitrification is carried out by bacteria that convert NH3 into NO3

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43 Fungi and Plant Nutrition Mycorrhizae are mutualistic associations of fungi and roots Fungus: benefits from a steady supply of sugar from the host plant Host plant: benefits because the fungus increases the surface area for water uptake and mineral absorption

44 Epiphytes, Parasitic Plants, and Carnivorous Plants Some plants have nutritional adaptations that use other organisms in nonmutualistic ways An epiphyte grows on another plant and obtains water and minerals from rain

45

46 Parasitic plants absorb sugars and minerals from their living host plant

47 Carnivorous plants are photosynthetic but obtain nitrogen by killing and digesting mostly insects

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