Lecture 29: Soil Formation

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Lecture 29: Soil Formation"

Transcription

1 Lecture 29: Soil Formation

2 Factors Controlling Soil Formation 1. Parent material: Soil precursor 2. Climate: Temperature and precipitation 3. Biota: Native vegetation, microbes, soil animals, humans 4. Topography: Slope, aspect, landscape position 5. Time: Duration of exposure of parent material to weathering

3 Parent Material

4 Soils formed on Aeolian Deposits

5 Grassed Sand Hills of Nebraska

6 Loess Windblown silt deposits, typically found in areas near glaciers or draining glacial meltwater Becomes productive farmland after soil development Highly susceptible to erosion From: Schaetzl and Anderson (2005) Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology

7 Thick Loess Deposits in Central U.S.

8 Organic Deposits Accumulation of organic matter in wetlands leads to organic soil formation Forms in bogs, fens, swamps, and marshes Often called Peat

9 Key Concepts in Parent Material Parent material shows geographic variations across a country Multiple origins for parent material Residual (formed in place from rock weathering) versus transported Common transported parent materials include colluviums, alluvium, glacial material, and aeolian deposits (sand, dust, and loess)

10 Climate

11 Biomes of N. America

12 Soil Orders Vary with Climate

13 Global Atmospheric Circulation Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry

14 Variation in Weathering Depth with Latitude From: Schaetzl and Anderson (2005) Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology

15 Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

16 Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ): Zone of Oxisols

17 Aridisol-Mollisol-Alfisol Climosequence

18 Key Concepts in Climate Climate affects soil formation by controlling the amount of rainfall and the temperature This is reflected in the dominant vegetative cover Different soil types dominate different climate zones, but there are always exceptions The deepest weathering occurs in equatorial and temperate regions because that is where rainfall is concentrated Regions often display clear climosequences

19 Biota

20 Islands of Fertility in Arid Environments

21 Pedoturbation by Animals

22 Influences of Biota: Organic Matter Accumulation OM deposited by roots in A horizon OM deposited as leaves on the soil surface

23 Influences of Biota: Cation Cycling Conifer needles are low in Ca 2+ Little cation recycling occurs Organic matter on soil surface becomes acidic with low base saturation Lower uptake of Ca 2+ from deep in the soil may lead to slower weathering Deciduous leaves contain substantial Ca 2+ This is recycled into the surface soil, reducing acid saturation Deciduous trees effectively leach Ca 2+ from minerals, increasing weathering lower in the soil profile

24 Difference in Base Cation Cycling of Vegetation Affects Soil Formation Spodosol Alfisol Mollisol From: Schaetzl and Anderson (2005) Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology

25 Key Concepts in Biota Biota affect soil formation by: Localizing OM and soil development Mixing the soil Inputting OM and organic acids and removing water via transpiration Trees cycle cations through the soil Cation availability affected by ability of plants to cycle base cations

26 Topography

27 Upland Welldrained, thick soil Slope Well-drained, but thin from erosion Lowland Thick soil, but poorlydrained, shallow water table Topography

28 Interaction of Topography and Parent Material Residual, colluvial, and alluvial parent materials occupy distinct landscape positions

29 Interaction of Topography and Parent Material Typical Soil Association in the Appalachian Mtns., USA

30 Toposequence in Volcanic Terranes From: Schaetzl and Anderson (2005) Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology

31 Time

32 Approximate Time to Form Soil Features General formation curves compiled from studies of chronosequences The time required to form diagnostic horizons and their associated soil orders varies from 10 to 1,000,000 years From: Schaetzl and Anderson (2005) Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology

33 Soil Development on Granite Material in a Warm, Humid Climate Representative of Northern Georgia

34 Soil Development on Calcareous Loess in a Warm, Subhumid Climate Representative of Central Nebraska

35 Key Concepts in Topography and Time Topography acts as a large-scale control that modifies the other soil forming factors Affects rainfall and temperature, which affects the biota present and the extent of weathering Soil development is fundamentally a temporal process The more time the soil forming factors have to act, the greater the soil development Clear time-series progressions of soil development are seen in specific climates

36 Weathering: Making Soil from Parent Material

37 Weathering: Turning Parent Material into Soil

38 Physical and Biogeochemical Weathering A combination of physical and chemical weathering causes exfoliation Chemical weathering (mostly oxidation) produces concentric bands in this cobble

39 Relative Importance of Chemical and Physical Weathering depends on Climate Mollisols Alfisols Aridisols Ultisols Oxisols

40 Biogeochemical Weathering Reactions Congruent Dissolution: Mg 2 SiO 4,forsterite + 4H + = 2Mg 2+ + H 4 SiO o 4 Incongruent Dissolution: 2NaAlSi 3 O 8,albite + 9H 2 O + 2H + = Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4,kaolinite + 2Na + + 4H 4 SiO o 4 Oxidation-Reduction: 4Fe H 2 O + O 2 4FeOOH goethite + 8H + Complexation/Chelation: 2H 2 C 2 O 4 + NaAlSi 3 O 8,albite + 4H 2 O = Al(C 2 O 4 ) + + Na + + C 2 O H 4 SiO o 4

41 Weathering Changes Composition Granite Gneiss and the Soil Formed Above It

42 Weathering Alters Mineralogy

43 Soil Orders Vary with the Degree of Weathering

44 Key Concepts in Weathering Weathering occurs through both physical and biogeochemical processes These physically breakdown parent material into smaller pieces and transforms it into new minerals Weathering change the composition and mineralogy of a system Clay mineralogy reflect the extent of weathering and the climate Soil orders vary in the extent of weathering that has occurred

Lecture 7: Introduction to Soil Formation and Classification

Lecture 7: Introduction to Soil Formation and Classification Lecture 7: Introduction to Soil Formation and Classification Soil Texture and Color Analysis Lab Results Soil A: Topsoil from Prof. Catalano s backyard Soil B: Soil above beach at Castlewood State Park

More information

Igneous rocks + acid volatiles = sedimentary rocks + salty oceans

Igneous rocks + acid volatiles = sedimentary rocks + salty oceans The Lithosphere Weathering physical processes chemical processes biological processes weathering rates Soil development soil formation processes types of soils and vegetation soil properties physical chemical

More information

Colluvial debris: Rocks that have fallen down hills. Types of Parent Material

Colluvial debris: Rocks that have fallen down hills. Types of Parent Material Weathered Rocks from the lithosphere are the parent materials for soils Nature of the parent material will greatly influence time it takes to make soil and the nature of the soil that is formed Types of

More information

Unit E: Basic Principles of Soil Science. Lesson 2: Understanding Soil Formation

Unit E: Basic Principles of Soil Science. Lesson 2: Understanding Soil Formation Unit E: Basic Principles of Soil Science Lesson 2: Understanding Soil Formation Important Terms Alluvium Bedrock Chemical weathering Climate Glacial till Loess Native vegetation Organic matter Outwash

More information

Soil Formation. Lesson Plan: NRES B2-4

Soil Formation. Lesson Plan: NRES B2-4 Soil Formation Lesson Plan: NRES B2-4 1 Anticipated Problems 1. What are five different factors that affect soil formation? 2. What are some different types of parent material that affect soils? 3. What

More information

Physical Geology, 15/e

Physical Geology, 15/e Lecture Outlines Physical Geology, 15/e Plummer, Carlson & Hammersley Weathering and Soil Physical Geology 15/e, Chapter 5 Weathering, Erosion and Transportation Rocks exposed at Earth s surface are constantly

More information

Soil Formation. Parent Material. Time. Climate

Soil Formation. Parent Material. Time. Climate Soil Formation Parent Material Time Climate Topography Biota Main Objectives 1. Gain a general understanding of soil formation processes 2. Understand the importance of mineral weathering in soil formation

More information

Overview. Rock weathering Functions of soil Soil forming factors Soil properties

Overview. Rock weathering Functions of soil Soil forming factors Soil properties UN-FAO A. Healthy soils are the basis for healthy food production. B. A tablespoon of normal topsoil has more microorganisms than the entire human population on Earth. C. It can take up to 1,000 years

More information

Monday, Oct Field trip A1 & A2 signups: make sure you are where you think you should be

Monday, Oct Field trip A1 & A2 signups: make sure you are where you think you should be Monday, Oct. 4 1. Field trip A1 & A2 signups: make sure you are where you think you should be 2. 5 credit people, field trip introduction in lab today 1. If you are unable to attend THIS SATURDAY, let

More information

Weathering The effects of the physical and chemical environment on the decomposition of rocks

Weathering The effects of the physical and chemical environment on the decomposition of rocks Weathering The effects of the physical and chemical environment on the decomposition of rocks - Igneous rocks form at high temperatures and the constituent minerals reflect the conditions of formation.

More information

Monument Valley, Utah. What weathering processes contributed to the development of these remarkable rock formations? Weathering Mechanisms

Monument Valley, Utah. What weathering processes contributed to the development of these remarkable rock formations? Weathering Mechanisms Monument Valley, Utah. What weathering processes contributed to the development of these remarkable rock formations? Weathering Includes Physical, Chemical, Biological processes WEATHERING CHAPTER 7 Weathering

More information

Lecture 6: Soil Profiles: Diagnostic Horizons

Lecture 6: Soil Profiles: Diagnostic Horizons Lecture 6: Soil Profiles: Diagnostic Horizons Complexity in Soil Profiles Soil Horizons Soils display distinct layering O Horizon: Partially decomposed organic matter (OM) A Horizon: Near surface, mineral

More information

Circle the correct (best) terms inside the brackets:

Circle the correct (best) terms inside the brackets: 1 Circle the correct (best) terms inside the brackets: 1) Soils are [consolidated / unconsolidated] [natural / artificial] bodies at the earth s surface. Soils contain mineral and organic material, which

More information

Classification according to patent rock material/origin, soil distribution and orders

Classification according to patent rock material/origin, soil distribution and orders Classification according to patent rock material/origin, soil distribution and orders Alluvial Soils Shales and Sandstone Soils Limestone Soils Chocolate Hills: Limestone formation Andesite and Basalt

More information

Understanding Earth Fifth Edition

Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Understanding Earth Fifth Edition Grotzinger Jordan Press Siever Chapter 16: WEATHERING, EROSION, AND MASS WASTING Interface Between Climate and Tectonics Lecturer: H Mohammadzadeh Assistant professors,

More information

Lecture 13 More Surface Reactions on Mineral Surfaces. & Intro to Soil Formation and Chemistry

Lecture 13 More Surface Reactions on Mineral Surfaces. & Intro to Soil Formation and Chemistry Lecture 13 More Surface Reactions on Mineral Surfaces & Intro to Soil Formation and Chemistry 3. charge transfer (e.g., ligand/donor sorption): Sorption involves a number of related processes that all

More information

Chemical Weathering and Soils

Chemical Weathering and Soils Chemical Weathering and Soils Fresh rocks and minerals that once occupied the outermost position reached their present condition of decay through a complex of interacting physical, chemical, and biological

More information

Soil-Forming Factors ESS 210

Soil-Forming Factors ESS 210 What should you know? Soil-Forming Factors ESS 210 Chapter 2 pages 31 74 Weathering processes - physical and chemical The five soil forming factors Types of soil parent materials Types of rocks and minerals

More information

Soil is, by far, the major resource for food production worldwide

Soil is, by far, the major resource for food production worldwide Soil is, by far, the major resource for food production worldwide Soils Function As: 1 Medium for plant growth 2 Recycling system for nutrients and organic waste 3 Habitat for soil organisms 4 System for

More information

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Weathering and Soil Earth - Chapter 6 Earth s External Processes Weathering the physical breakdown and chemical decomposition of rock Mass wasting the transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence

More information

2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Weathering and Soil Earth - Chapter 6 Earth s External Processes Weathering the physical breakdown and chemical decomposition of rock Mass wasting the transfer of rock and soil downslope under the influence

More information

Lecture 15: Adsorption; Soil Acidity

Lecture 15: Adsorption; Soil Acidity Lecture 15: Adsorption; Soil Acidity Surface Complexation (Your textbook calls this adsorption ) Surface Complexation Both cations and anions can bind to sites on the external surfaces of soil minerals

More information

Mechanical Weathering

Mechanical Weathering Weathering is the disintegration and decomposition of material at or near the surface. Erosion is the incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent, usually water, wind, or ice. Geologists

More information

The first step is accomplished by weathering (disintegration & decomposition) The second step is associated with the action of Soil Forming Factors

The first step is accomplished by weathering (disintegration & decomposition) The second step is associated with the action of Soil Forming Factors Soil formation factors The soil formation is the process of two consecutive stages. 1. The weathering of rock (R) into Regolith 2. The formation of true soil from Regolith The evolution of true soil from

More information

residuum resulting from weathering over an extended period of time has vertical layers called soil profile from surface down to fresh parent material

residuum resulting from weathering over an extended period of time has vertical layers called soil profile from surface down to fresh parent material Soil residuum resulting from weathering over an extended period of time has vertical layers called soil profile from surface down to fresh parent material time to develop soil profile varies with intensity

More information

Objectives. Introduction to Soils. Terms to know: What is soil? Study of Soils. The Soil Body 11/9/2012

Objectives. Introduction to Soils. Terms to know: What is soil? Study of Soils. The Soil Body 11/9/2012 Objectives Explain what soil is and where it comes from Define a soil body List examples of the five soil-forming factors Explain how soils develop Introduction to Soils Terms to know: What is soil? Alluvial

More information

Practice Questions for Lecture 5 Geology 1200

Practice Questions for Lecture 5 Geology 1200 Practice Questions for Lecture 5 Geology 1200 Use these questions to test your knowledge of Lecture5. The exams will be similar in format, except that they will deal with more than one chapter, and will

More information

The Lithosphere. Definition

The Lithosphere. Definition 10/23/2017 www.komar.de The Lithosphere Modified lecture of Dr. Ben Sullivan Definition io9.com tedquarters.net Lithos = rocky; Rocky sphere Skin of an apple Two basic types crust: oceanic, continental

More information

Chapter 6 9/25/2012. Weathering, Erosion and Soils. Introduction. How Are Earth Materials Altered? Introduction. How Are Earth Materials Altered?

Chapter 6 9/25/2012. Weathering, Erosion and Soils. Introduction. How Are Earth Materials Altered? Introduction. How Are Earth Materials Altered? Chapter 6 Introduction Rocks and minerals are disintegrated and decomposed by the processes of mechanical and chemical weathering. Weathering, Erosion and Soils This breakdown occurs because the parent

More information

Jim Turenne. Soils on Social Media

Jim Turenne. Soils on Social Media Jim Turenne USDA-NRCS 60 Quaker Lane, Suite 46 Warwick, RI. 02886 401-822-8832 Jim.turenne@ri.usda.gov Soils on Social Media www.twitter.com/soilsne www.fb.com/soilsne www.nesoil.com U.S. Department of

More information

Limestone dissolved by naturally acidic rainwater. Weathering and Soils Lecture 5

Limestone dissolved by naturally acidic rainwater. Weathering and Soils Lecture 5 Last time Viscosity determines the ability of a melt to releases gasses coming out of solution Viscosity depends on silica content and TEMPERATURE Mafic (Basaltic) melts are extremely hot and have low

More information

Earth Science, 10e. Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens

Earth Science, 10e. Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens Earth Science, 10e Edward J. Tarbuck & Frederick K. Lutgens Weathering, Soil, and Mass Wasting Chapter 3 Earth Science, 10e Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke Southwestern Illinois College Earth's external processes

More information

Soil Development. Soils Sustain Life

Soil Development. Soils Sustain Life Soil Development Soils Sustain Life Right off the Bat!! A soil is not a geologic deposit, it is a product of in situ weathering. Engineers, archaeologists, and others have learned that anything that is

More information

Lecture 14: Cation Exchange and Surface Charging

Lecture 14: Cation Exchange and Surface Charging Lecture 14: Cation Exchange and Surface Charging Cation Exchange Cation Exchange Reactions Swapping of cations between hydrated clay interlayers and the soil solution Also occurs on organic matter functional

More information

The Lithosphere. Definition

The Lithosphere. Definition 10/12/2015 www.komar.de The Lithosphere Ben Sullivan, Assistant Professor NRES 765, Biogeochemistry October 14th, 2015 Contact: bsullivan@cabnr.unr.edu Definition io9.com tedquarters.net Lithos = rocky;

More information

Sedimentology & Stratigraphy. Thanks to Rob Viens for slides

Sedimentology & Stratigraphy. Thanks to Rob Viens for slides Sedimentology & Stratigraphy Thanks to Rob Viens for slides Sedimentology The study of the processes that erode, transport and deposit sediments Sedimentary Petrology The study of the characteristics and

More information

SOIL: DEFINITION, FORMATION! & LAYERS"

SOIL: DEFINITION, FORMATION! & LAYERS SOIL: DEFINITION, FORMATION & LAYERS" What Is Soil? soil - upper-most (relatively thin) layer of Earth s crust, which supports terrestrial plants, animals, & microorganisms basic natural resource that

More information

Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development

Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, and Landscape Development I. Weathering - the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles, also called sediments, by natural processes. Weathering is further divided into

More information

Summary. Weathering and Soils

Summary. Weathering and Soils Weathering and Soils Summary!! Weathering extends to whatever depth air, water, and microscopic forms of life penetrate the Earth s crust. Water solutions, which enter the bedrock along joints and other

More information

Surface Processes on the Earth. Rocks, Weathering, Erosion and Soil

Surface Processes on the Earth. Rocks, Weathering, Erosion and Soil Surface Processes on the Earth Rocks, Weathering, Erosion and Soil ROCKS AND ROCK CYCLE Rock types Three main types of rock Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary Igneous Form when magma or lava cools and hardens

More information

Soil. Soil in Our Environment

Soil. Soil in Our Environment Soil Soil in Our Environment What is soil? Or is it Dirt? Gold s father is dirt, yet it regards itself as noble. Yiddish Proverb Is it alive? Is it fragile? Formations of Soils How much time does it take

More information

STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY. Surface Water Movement

STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY. Surface Water Movement Surface Water SECTION 9.1 Surface Water Movement In your textbook, read about surface water and the way in which it moves sediment. Complete each statement. 1. An excessive amount of water flowing downslope

More information

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By Brett Lucas

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By Brett Lucas PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY By Brett Lucas SOILS Soils Soil and Regolith Soil-Forming Factors Soil Components Soil Properties Soil Chemistry Soil Profiles Pedogenic Regimes Global Distribution of Soils Distribution

More information

Ecoregions Glossary. 7.8B: Changes To Texas Land Earth and Space

Ecoregions Glossary. 7.8B: Changes To Texas Land Earth and Space Ecoregions Glossary Ecoregions The term ecoregions was developed by combining the terms ecology and region. Ecology is the study of the interrelationship of organisms and their environments. The term,

More information

Ecology 312 SI STEVEN F. Last Session: Aquatic Biomes, Review This Session: Plate Tectonics, Lecture Quiz 2

Ecology 312 SI STEVEN F. Last Session: Aquatic Biomes, Review This Session: Plate Tectonics, Lecture Quiz 2 Ecology 312 SI STEVEN F. Last Session: Aquatic Biomes, Review This Session: Plate Tectonics, Lecture Quiz 2 Questions? Warm up: KWL KNOW: On a piece of paper, write down things that you know well enough

More information

Sedimentary Geology. Strat and Sed, Ch. 1 1

Sedimentary Geology. Strat and Sed, Ch. 1 1 Sedimentary Geology Strat and Sed, Ch. 1 1 Sedimentology vs. Stratigraphy Sedimentology is the study of the origin and classification of sediments and sedimentary rocks Mostly the physical and chemical

More information

STUDENT SOIL PRESENTATIONS

STUDENT SOIL PRESENTATIONS STUDENT SOIL PRESENTATIONS Soil Order (and informal name) Student Name(s) Alfisol = deciduous forest soil Andisol = formed on volcanic ash Aridisol = desert soil Entisol = alluvium soil Gelisol = tundra

More information

SOIL. The Exciting World Beneath Our Feet. J. Kenneth Torrance Professor Emeritus Geography and Environmental Studies Carleton University

SOIL. The Exciting World Beneath Our Feet. J. Kenneth Torrance Professor Emeritus Geography and Environmental Studies Carleton University SOIL The Exciting World Beneath Our Feet. J. Kenneth Torrance Professor Emeritus Geography and Environmental Studies Carleton University Learning in Retirement, Jan 12 Feb 9, 2015 Outline 1 Intro; Minerals;

More information

The Production of Sediment. Contents. Weathering. Chapters 1, 3

The Production of Sediment. Contents. Weathering. Chapters 1, 3 The Production of Sediment Chapters 1, 3 Contents Weathering Physical, chemical, biogeochemical processes Rates Products Carbon cycle and global change Erosion/Soils Sediment Texture Weathering General

More information

GEOL Lab #11 Information (Guidelines for Student Soil Presentations on April 8)

GEOL Lab #11 Information (Guidelines for Student Soil Presentations on April 8) GEOL 333 - Lab #11 Information (Guidelines for Student Soil Presentations on April 8) Assignment During Lab on April 8, you will give an oral presentation about one of the 12 soil orders (categories).

More information

(4) Give an example of important reactions that are responsible for the composition of river water.

(4) Give an example of important reactions that are responsible for the composition of river water. Lecture 12 Global Biogeochemical Cycles (1) If rivers are the chief source of the dissolved salts in seawater, why is seawater not simply a concentrated version of average composition of all rivers? The

More information

Weathering: the disintegration, or breakdown of rock material

Weathering: the disintegration, or breakdown of rock material Weathering: the disintegration, or breakdown of rock material Mechanical Weathering: no change in chemical composition--just disintegration into smaller pieces Chemical Weathering: breakdown as a result

More information

G470/570 Regional Landscapes of Oregon Basics of Soils and Rock Weathering

G470/570 Regional Landscapes of Oregon Basics of Soils and Rock Weathering G470/570 Regional Landscapes of Oregon Basics of Soils and Rock Weathering I. SOIL BASICS A. Soils Defined 1. Soils represent the weathered mantle of unconsolidated surficial material that covers land

More information

Chapter 7 Part III: Biomes

Chapter 7 Part III: Biomes Chapter 7 Part III: Biomes Biomes Biome: the major types of terrestrial ecosystems determined primarily by climate 2 main factors: Temperature and precipitation Depends on latitude or altitude; proximity

More information

Soils and Soil Minerals. Remember, most things can be too little or too much.

Soils and Soil Minerals. Remember, most things can be too little or too much. Soils and Soil Minerals Remember, most things can be too little or too much. 1 2 3 Source of essential elements CO 2, O 2 from atmosphere H 2 0, O 2, minerals from soil NH 4, SO 4 can volatilize and be

More information

Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Weathering and Soil

Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Weathering and Soil Chapter 6 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Eleventh Edition Weathering and Soil Tarbuck and Lutgens Weathering Weathering involves the physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rock

More information

Weathering and Erosion

Weathering and Erosion Weathering and Erosion OBJECTIVE: Explain how erosion and deposition shape Earth s surface by matching and using models How do erosion and deposition shape Earth s surface? Deposition Formation Transported

More information

Marine Sediments EPSS15 Spring 2017 Lab 4

Marine Sediments EPSS15 Spring 2017 Lab 4 Marine Sediments EPSS15 Spring 2017 Lab 4 Why Sediments? Record of Earth s history - Tectonic plate movement - Past changes in climate - Ancient ocean circulation currents - Cataclysmic events 1 Classification

More information

Chapter 5: Weathering and Soils. Fig. 5.14

Chapter 5: Weathering and Soils. Fig. 5.14 Chapter 5: Weathering and Soils Fig. 5.14 OBJECTIVES Recognize that weathering breaks down minerals and rocks and occurs as a result of both mechanical and chemical processes. Explain the processes that

More information

Weathering, Soil, and Mass Movements

Weathering, Soil, and Mass Movements Tarbuck Lutgens Weathering, Soil, and Mass Movements 5.1 Weathering Mechanical Weathering Mechanical weathering occurs when physical forces break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the

More information

Chapter: Weathering and Erosion

Chapter: Weathering and Erosion Chapter: Weathering and Erosion Section 1: Weathering and Soil Formation Minerals form rocks Rocks form soil Weathering Weathering is a mechanical or chemical surface process that breaks rocks into smaller

More information

Earth s Major Terrerstrial Biomes. *Wetlands (found all over Earth)

Earth s Major Terrerstrial Biomes. *Wetlands (found all over Earth) Biomes Biome: the major types of terrestrial ecosystems determined primarily by climate 2 main factors: Depends on ; proximity to ocean; and air and ocean circulation patterns Similar traits of plants

More information

Biosphere. All living things, plants, animals, (even you!) are part of the zone of the earth called the biosphere.

Biosphere. All living things, plants, animals, (even you!) are part of the zone of the earth called the biosphere. Unit 1 Study Guide Earth s Spheres Biosphere All living things, plants, animals, (even you!) are part of the zone of the earth called the biosphere. Hydrosphere Water covers ¾ of the earth, made up mostly

More information

Chapter 02 Life on Land. Multiple Choice Questions

Chapter 02 Life on Land. Multiple Choice Questions Ecology: Concepts and Applications 7th Edition Test Bank Molles Download link all chapters TEST BANK for Ecology: Concepts and Applications 7th Edition by Manuel Molles https://testbankreal.com/download/ecology-concepts-applications-7thedition-test-bank-molles/

More information

Anticipation guide # 3

Anticipation guide # 3 Wind Anticipation guide # 3 Creep is a type of mass movement that happens slowly over many years Oxidation is a type of physical weathering A delta is a depositional feature that occurs with glaciers The

More information

Monday, October 15 th Grab a textbook! Objective: We will explain the formation of different soils and classify soils according to particle size.

Monday, October 15 th Grab a textbook! Objective: We will explain the formation of different soils and classify soils according to particle size. Soil Mr. Gilmore Monday, October 15 th Grab a textbook! Objective: We will explain the formation of different soils and classify soils according to particle size. Review: 1. The four limestone samples

More information

Mechanical Weathering

Mechanical Weathering Mechanical Weathering Objectives Students will be able to: Explain how weathering breaks down rock. Explain how a rock s surface area affects the rate of weathering. The Great Sphinx Of all the amazing

More information

Weathering & Soil. Chpt 6

Weathering & Soil. Chpt 6 Weathering & Soil Chpt 6 Some important processes that break-down and transport solid material at the Earth s surface Weathering the physical breakdown and chemical decomposition of rock Mass wasting the

More information

Maggie Payne Jim Turenne

Maggie Payne Jim Turenne Maggie Payne Jim Turenne USDA-NRCS 60 Quaker Lane, Suite 46 Warwick, RI. 02886 401-822-8832 maggie.payne@ri.usda.gov U.S. Department of Agriculture 1935: Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Natural Resources

More information

Introduction to Soil Science and Wetlands Kids at Wilderness Camp

Introduction to Soil Science and Wetlands Kids at Wilderness Camp Introduction to Soil Science and Wetlands Kids at Wilderness Camp Presented by: Mr. Brian Oram, PG, PASEO B.F. Environmental Consultants http://www.bfenvironmental.com and Keystone Clean Water Team http://www.pacleanwater.org

More information

Sedimentary Rocks and Processes

Sedimentary Rocks and Processes Sedimentary Rocks and Processes Weathering Sedimentary Processes Breakdown of pre-existing rock by physical and chemical processes Transport Movement of sediments from environments of relatively high potential

More information

Note: Feature B is waxy in appearance (not evident in the photo).

Note: Feature B is waxy in appearance (not evident in the photo). NREM 301 9-22-09 Day 9 Quiz Answers from last Thursday up later Wrap up discussion on soil texture and porosity. Discuss weathering and soil chemistry/fertility Lab today Identifying Soil Bio- and Toposequences.

More information

Biomes Section 1. Chapter 6: Biomes Section 1: What is a Biome? DAY ONE

Biomes Section 1. Chapter 6: Biomes Section 1: What is a Biome? DAY ONE Chapter 6: Biomes Section 1: What is a Biome? DAY ONE What is a Biome? Biomes are large regions characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities. The climate

More information

The physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rocks and minerals at or near Earth s surface.

The physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rocks and minerals at or near Earth s surface. The physical breakdown and chemical alteration of rocks and minerals at or near Earth s surface. The material that is chemically and mechanically weathered to yield sediment and soil. Regolith consisting

More information

soils E) the Coriolis effect causes the moisture to be carried sideways towards the earth's oceans, leaving behind dry land masses

soils E) the Coriolis effect causes the moisture to be carried sideways towards the earth's oceans, leaving behind dry land masses MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A biome is characterized primarily by A) flora and fauna. B) soil structure and flora. C) temperature

More information

Weathering and Soil Formation. Chapter 10

Weathering and Soil Formation. Chapter 10 Weathering and Soil Formation Chapter 10 Old and New Mountains The Appalachian Mountains appear very different from the Sierra Mountains. The Appalachians are smaller, rounded, gently sloping, and covered

More information

Weathering and Soils

Weathering and Soils OCN 401-17 Aug. 29, 2016 KCR Weathering and Soils Biogeochemistry Chapter 4: The Lithosphere Introduction: the context Rock Weathering Soil Chemical Reactions Soil Development (see text) Weathering Rates

More information

Essentials of Geology, 11e

Essentials of Geology, 11e Essentials of Geology, 11e and s Chapter 5 Instructor Jennifer Barson Spokane Falls Community College Geology 101 Stanley Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Jennifer Cole Northeastern University Earth

More information

Part 1 Soil Its Nature and Origin

Part 1 Soil Its Nature and Origin Part 1 Soil Its Nature and Origin Soil is essentially a natural body of mineral and organic constituents produced by solid material recycling during a myriad of complex processes of solid crust modifications,

More information

Physical Geography A Living Planet

Physical Geography A Living Planet Physical Geography A Living Planet The geography and structure of the earth are continually being changed by internal forces, like plate tectonics, and external forces, like the weather. Iguaçu Falls at

More information

Chapter 5: Weathering and soils! Monument Valley, Utah!

Chapter 5: Weathering and soils! Monument Valley, Utah! Chapter 5: Weathering and soils! Monument Valley, Utah! weathering, erosion, and transportation! rocks on Earth s surface are constantly changed by "water, air, temperature changes and other factors! weathering

More information

The Lithosphere. Definition

The Lithosphere. Definition 10/14/2014 www.komar.de The Lithosphere Ben Sullivan, Assistant Professor NRES 765, Biogeochemistry October 14th, 2014 Contact: bsullivan@cabnr.unr.edu Definition io9.com tedquarters.net Lithos = rocky;

More information

Module 3. Basic Ecological Principles

Module 3. Basic Ecological Principles Module 3. Basic Ecological Principles Ecosystem Components Abiotic Biotic Species & Habitat The Biomes of North America Communities Energy & Matter Cycles in Ecosystems Primary Productivity Simple Ecosystem

More information

Climate Change and Biomes

Climate Change and Biomes Climate Change and Biomes Key Concepts: Greenhouse Gas WHAT YOU WILL LEARN Biome Climate zone Greenhouse gases 1. You will learn the difference between weather and climate. 2. You will analyze how climate

More information

Geology and New England Landscapes

Geology and New England Landscapes Geology and New England Landscapes Jim Turenne, CPSS USDA-NRCS Warwick, RI. http://nesoil.com Why Geology? Provides the big picture of site conditions. Major part of soil formation (parent material and

More information

Why study Weathering?

Why study Weathering? Why study Weathering? Weathering process of disintegrating solid rock & producing loose debris To understand geol process (like hydrologic systems) and how landscapes evolve (topo maps, landforms) Weathering

More information

Chapter 6. Weathering, Erosion, and Soil

Chapter 6. Weathering, Erosion, and Soil Chapter 6 Weathering, Erosion, and Soil Introduction Rocks and minerals disintegrate and decompose by the processes of physical and chemical weathering. This breakdown occurs because the parent material

More information

Fundamentals of THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. David Briggs, Peter Smithson, Kenneth Addison and Ken Atkinson

Fundamentals of THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT. David Briggs, Peter Smithson, Kenneth Addison and Ken Atkinson Fundamentals of THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Second Edition David Briggs, Peter Smithson, Kenneth Addison and Ken Atkinson LONDON AND NEW YORK Contents L,ISI Of colour piates List of black and white plates

More information

WEATHERING. Turning Rock to Sediment and Solutions 10/22/2012

WEATHERING. Turning Rock to Sediment and Solutions 10/22/2012 WEATHERING Turning Rock to Sediment and Solutions Igneous rocks form at high temperatures; at the Earth s surface they are chemically unstable and will begin to disintegrate and decompose in a process

More information

Bell Ringer. Are soil and dirt the same material? In your explanation be sure to talk about plants.

Bell Ringer. Are soil and dirt the same material? In your explanation be sure to talk about plants. Bell Ringer Are soil and dirt the same material? In your explanation be sure to talk about plants. 5.3 Mass Movements Triggers of Mass Movements The transfer of rock and soil downslope due to gravity is

More information

Earth systems the big idea guiding questions Chapter 1 & 2 Earth and Earth Systems review notes are in purple

Earth systems the big idea guiding questions Chapter 1 & 2 Earth and Earth Systems review notes are in purple Earth systems the big idea guiding questions Chapter 1 & 2 Earth and Earth Systems review notes are in purple How can you describe Earth? What are the composition and the structure of the atmosphere? How

More information

Day 3 Weathering and Erosion.notebook. October 02, Section 7.2. Erosion and Deposition. Objectives

Day 3 Weathering and Erosion.notebook. October 02, Section 7.2. Erosion and Deposition. Objectives Objectives Describe the relationship of gravity to all agents of erosion. Contrast the features left from different types of erosion. Analyze the impact of living and nonliving things on the processes

More information

CHAPTER 6 & 7 VOCABULARY

CHAPTER 6 & 7 VOCABULARY CHAPTER 6 & 7 VOCABULARY 1. Biome 2. Climate 3. Latitude 4. Altitude 5. Emergent layer 6. Epiphyte 7. Understory 8. Permafrost 9. Wetland 10.Plankton 11.Nekton 12.Benthos 13.Littoral zone 14.Benthic zone

More information

Section I: Multiple Choice Select the best answer to each question. Mark your final answer on the answer sheet. (1 pt each)

Section I: Multiple Choice Select the best answer to each question. Mark your final answer on the answer sheet. (1 pt each) Sedimentary Rocks & Surface Processes Quest Name: Earth Science 2013 Block: Date: Section I: Multiple Choice Select the best answer to each question. Mark your final answer on the answer sheet. (1 pt each)

More information

THE SCIENCE OF MAPS. ATL Skill: Critical thinking - Use models and simulations to explore complex systems and issues

THE SCIENCE OF MAPS. ATL Skill: Critical thinking - Use models and simulations to explore complex systems and issues THE SCIENCE OF MAPS 8.9C interpret topographic maps and satellite views to identify land and erosional features and predict how these features may be reshaped by weathering ATL Skill: Critical thinking

More information

Environmental Science

Environmental Science Environmental Science A Study of Interrelationships Cui Jiansheng Hebei University of Science and Technology CH06 Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities Chapter Objectives After reading this chapter, you

More information

Chapter 16 Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting. Chapter 16 Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting. Mechanical Weathering

Chapter 16 Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting. Chapter 16 Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting. Mechanical Weathering Weathering, Erosion and Mass Wasting Weathering is the the breakdown of solid rock at or near the Earth's surface. Chapter 16 Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting Does weathering of rock remove or add CO

More information

UNIT SEVEN: Earth s Water. Chapter 21 Water and Solutions. Chapter 22 Water Systems. Chapter 23 How Water Shapes the Land

UNIT SEVEN: Earth s Water. Chapter 21 Water and Solutions. Chapter 22 Water Systems. Chapter 23 How Water Shapes the Land UNIT SEVEN: Earth s Water Chapter 21 Water and Solutions Chapter 22 Water Systems Chapter 23 How Water Shapes the Land Chapter Twenty-Three: How Water Shapes the Land 23.1 Weathering and Erosion 23.2

More information

Name Date Class. biota climate decomposition horizon organic matter parent material pore sediment soil topography. Clues

Name Date Class. biota climate decomposition horizon organic matter parent material pore sediment soil topography. Clues Content Vocabulary Directions: Use the clues and the terms listed below to complete the puzzle. NOTE: There is no empty square in the puzzle between the words of two-word terms. Some words may not be used.

More information

Weathering and Erosion

Weathering and Erosion Weathering and Erosion Weathering the disintegration and decomposition of material at the surface Erosion the transportation of weathered material by water, wind, or ice Weathering Two kinds of weathering

More information