The Tree of Life. Metabolic Pathways. Calculation Of Energy Yields
|
|
- Terence Baldwin
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Tree of Life Metabolic Pathways Calculation Of Energy Yields OCN Biogeochemical Systems 8/27/09
2 Earth s History (continental crust) 170 Oldest oceanic crust Ga = billions of years ago
3 The Traditional Approach
4 A Modern Approach Determined from sequencing of ribosomal RNA (as opposed to morphology and physiology) Bacteria Archaea Eucaryotes Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota Last universal common ancestor Archaea most primitive, live in extreme environments Modified from Chan et al. (1997)
5 Bacteria Archaea Eucaryotes Crenarchaeota Euryarchaeota The lengths of the branches reflect how much the DNA of each lineage has diverged from their common ancestor Conclusions: Most of life's genetic diversity is microbial Multicellular organisms such as fungi, plants and animals evolved from unicellular organisms further down the tree
6 A further complication: endosymbiosis See handout for further information on the five branches of the Tree of Life
7 Metabolic Strategies for Sustaining Life We can classify organisms by function -- how they obtain energy and cell-carbon: 1. Method of energy generation (reactions that convert ADP to ATP): Photosynthesis -- Phototroph e.g.: Oxic photosynthesis: 6 CO H 2 O C 6 H 12 O O 2 + ATP Oxidation/reduction of inorganic compounds -- Lithotroph e.g.: Ammonia oxidation: NH ½ O 2 NO H + + H 2 O + ATP Oxidation of organic compounds -- Organotroph e.g.: Glucose oxidation: C 6 H 12 O O 2 6 CO H 2 O + ATP 2. Carbon source: Carbon dioxide -- Autotroph Organic compounds -- Heterotroph
8 Metabolic Strategies - Examples Photoautotrophs Green plants Cyanobacteria Autolithotrophs Most algae Some purple and green bacteria Methane oxidizing bacteria: CH 4 + O 2 CO 2 + 4H + + 4e - Hydrogen oxidizing bacteria Iron oxidizing bacteria Nitrifying bacteria: NO ½ O 2 NO - 3 Photoheterotrophs Most purple and green bacteria Some algae Some cyanobacteria Heterolithotrophs Sulfide oxidizing bacteria Organoheterotrophs Animals Most bacteria Fungi Protozoa
9 Aerobic and Anaerobic Modes of Organic Matter Respiration (Organoheterotrophy) In general: Reduced organic matter + oxidant CO 2 + reduced oxidant + energy ΔG r Mode of organic matter oxid Oxidant Reduced Oxidant (kj/mole) Aerobic respiration O 2 H 2 O Manganese reduction MnO 2 Mn Nitrate reduction HNO 3 N Iron reduction Fe 2 O 3 Fe FeOOH Fe Sulfate reduction SO 4 2- S Methanogenesis CO 2 CH 4-350
10 Linkage of Oxidations and Reductions Oxidized Reduced CH 2 O generic organic matter These are the most common redox reactions; many others are possible Reduced Oxidized CH 2 O CO 2 Aerobic Respiration O 2 H 2 O H 2 O O 2 NH 4 NO 3 H 2 S SO 4 CO 2 CH 2 O Oxygenic Photosynthesis Chemoautotrophic nitrification CO 2 CH 2 O Chemoautotrophic sulfur oxid CO 2 CH 2 O CH 2 O CO 2 Denitrification NO 3 N 2 CH 2 O CO 2 Anaerobic respiration SO 4 H 2 S In this course we will see that global biogeochemical cycles are driven by transformations of substances between oxidized and reduced forms in different environments
11 Calculation of Energy Yields Consider this general reaction: aa + bb cc + dd The free-energy change of the reaction at standard state can be calculated as: ΔG r = ( cg + dg ) ( ag + bg ) C D A B where G X is the free energy of formation for a product or reactant X at standard state (which can be looked up) Standard state: 1 atm pressure 25 C Concentrations = 1 mole/kg
12 If ΔG r < 0, then the reaction proceeds spontaneously as written (at standard state) If ΔG r > 0, then the reaction proceeds spontaneously in the opposite direction as written (at standard state) If ΔG r = 0, then the reaction is at equilibrium and will not proceeds spontaneously in either direction (at standard state) Thus, ΔG r is a powerful tool to predict if a reaction will occur! However, we are commonly interested in conditions other than standard state...
13 We calculate the in-situ ΔG r using this equation: In-situ ΔG Standard state = ΔG r r + RT ln [ ] c [ ] d C D [ ] a A [ B] b R = ideal gas constant = cal K -1 mol -1 = 8.31 J K -1 mol -1 T = K [ ] = concentration Thus, using the same criteria used on the previous slide, we can predict whether a reaction will occur under real-world conditions! See the Energetics handout for further details
14 The next lecture: Atmospheric deposition, atmospheric models This will begin our investigation of biogeochemical systems on Earth: Atmosphere Terrestrial systems Aquatic systems Lakes Streams and rivers Estuaries Oceans
Lecture 2 Carbon and Energy Transformations
1.018/7.30J Fall 2003 Fundamentals of Ecology Lecture 2 Carbon and Energy Transformations READINGS FOR NEXT LECTURE: Krebs Chapter 25: Ecosystem Metabolism I: Primary Productivity Luria. 1975. Overview
More informationAnaerobic processes. Annual production of cells a -1 Mean generation time in sediments
Anaerobic processes Motivation Where are they? Number of prokaryotes on earth 4-6 * 10 30 Cells in open ocean 1.2 * 10 29 in marine sediments 3.5 * 10 30 in soil 2.6 * 10 29 sub-terrestrial 0.5 2.5 * 10
More informationMicrobial Biogeochemistry
Microbial Biogeochemistry Chemical reactions occurring in the environment mediated by microbial communities Outline Metabolic Classifications. Winogradsky columns, Microenvironments. Redox Reactions. Microbes
More informationA word of caution about a little knowing Lab organisms limit the view of the world of microbiology
Diversity The world of living things (Figure from Madigan et al. 2002) Microbes in all three domains Two of the domains are exclusively prokaryotic and microbial The third contains both unicellular and
More informationThe Prokaryotic World
The Prokaryotic World A. An overview of prokaryotic life There is no doubt that prokaryotes are everywhere. By everywhere, I mean living in every geographic region, in extremes of environmental conditions,
More informationOxidation States. 1. Redox potential Oxic vs. anoxic Simple electrochemical cell Redox potential in nature
1. Redox potential Oxic vs. anoxic Simple electrochemical cell Redox potential in nature 2. Redox reactions Redox potential of a reaction Eh ph diagrams Redox reactions in nature 3. Biogeochemical reactions
More informationPhys 214. Planets and Life
Phys 214. Planets and Life Dr. Cristina Buzea Department of Physics Room 259 E-mail: cristi@physics.queensu.ca (Please use PHYS214 in e-mail subject) Lecture 16. Phylogenetic tree. Metabolism. Carbon and
More informationThe Global Carbon Cycle Recording the Evolution of Earth, from the origin of life to the industrialization of the planet
The Global Carbon Cycle Recording the Evolution of Earth, from the origin of life to the industrialization of the planet Celebrating 5 years of world-leading collaborative and multidisciplinary research
More informationBiochemical Pathways
Biochemical Pathways Living organisms can be divided into two large groups according to the chemical form in which they obtain carbon from the environment. Autotrophs can use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
More informationFirst, an supershort History of the Earth by Eon
HISTORY OF LIFE WRITTEN IN THE ROCKS (geological record): notice how at first no life, very simple if for billions of years, complex life only recently 600 mya In these chapters, two primary themes: History
More informationET Life #17. Today: Reminders: Energy of Life. Paper Proposal Due Friday First Mid-term Next Monday
ET Life #17 Today: Energy of Life Reminders: Paper Proposal Due Friday First Mid-term Next Monday Origin of Life: Summary 1. Early Organic Molecules 2. Complex organics developed (mineral templates?).
More informationEffect of Life on the Atmosphere: The Rise of Oxygen and Ozone
Some preliminary chemistry Chapter 11 Effect of Life on the Atmosphere: The Rise of Oxygen and Ozone Chemical reactions involve the giving and taking of electrons between atoms. the nucleus is not affected
More informationBiology. Slide 1 of 36. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biology 1 of 36 2 of 36 Formation of Earth Formation of Earth Hypotheses about Earth s early history are based on a relatively small amount of evidence. Gaps and uncertainties make it likely that scientific
More informationOrigin of Life. What is Life? The evolutionary tree of life can be documented with evidence. The Origin of Life on Earth is another
sparked by just the right combination of physical events & chemical processes Origin of Life 500 Paleozoic 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 ARCHEAN Millions of years ago 1000 PROTEROZOIC Cenozoic Mesozoic 4000
More information3. Evolutionary change is random because gene mutations are random. A. True B. False
Clicker Questions, Test 2 February 9, 2015, Outline 7 1. Darwin coined the term Natural Selection to contrast with what other term? A. Evolutionary Selection B. Competition C. Artificial Selection D. Survival
More informationLecture Summary. Physical properties of water exert profound control on nutrient cycling and NPP in lakes
Lecture Summary Physical properties of water exert profound control on nutrient cycling and NPP in lakes Lakes respond dynamically to seasonal climate change The biogeochemical character of lakes is directly
More informationText Readings. Chapter # 17 in Audesirk, Audesirk and Byers: The History of Life Pg. # Geologic Time...
Text Readings Chapter # 17 in Audesirk, Audesirk and Byers: The History of Life Pg. # 332-145. Geologic Time........ Geological Sources - 4.5 Billion Years Atmospheric Gases: Nitrogen (N 2 ) Water Vapor
More informationOrigin and Evolution of Life
Origin and Evolution of Life OCN 201 Science of the Sea Biology Lecture 2 The Handfish -BBC Blue Planet!1!1 Evolution Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution I am a creationist
More informationLecture 5. More Aqueous Geochemistry of Natural Waters OXIDATION/REDUCTION (aka Redox)
Lecture 5 More Aqueous Geochemistry of Natural Waters OXIDATION/REDUCTION (aka Redox) Redox state and ph are two fundamental controls on chemical make up of natural and non-natural waters. Pease read chapter
More informationLecture 16: Soil Acidity; Introduction to Soil Ecology
Lecture 16: Soil Acidity; Introduction to Soil Ecology Aluminum and Soil Acidity Aluminum Toxicity in Acid Soils Tolerant Sensitive Tolerant Sensitive Plants often are sensitive to the presence of dissolved
More informationchapter five: microbial metabolism
chapter five: microbial metabolism Revised 9/22/2016 oxidation-reduction redox reaction: coupled reactions e- donor oxidized donor Ox Red ADP + P i ATP Ox Red reduced A chemical A redox reactions aerobic
More informationCalculating extra credit from clicker points. Total points through last week: Participation: 6 x 2 = 12 Performance: = 26
Clicker Questions, Test 2 February 10, 2016, Outline 7 1. Darwin coined the term Natural Selection to contrast with what other term? A. Evolutionary Selection B. Competition C. Artificial Selection D.
More informationChapter 5. The Biogeochemical Cycles. Botkin & Keller Environmental Science 5e
Chapter 5 The Biogeochemical Cycles How Chemicals Cycle Biogeochemical Cycle The complete path a chemical takes through the four major components or reservoirs of Earth s systems 1. Atmosphere 2. Hydrosphere
More informationClassifying Prokaryotes: Eubacteria Plasma Membrane. Ribosomes. Plasmid (DNA) Capsule. Cytoplasm. Outer Membrane DNA. Flagellum.
Bacteria The yellow band surrounding this hot spring is sulfur, a waste product of extremophilic prokaryotes, probably of the Domain Archaea, Kingdom Archaebacteria. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells (no
More informationLife on Earth Topic Test
Life on Earth Topic Test Multiple Choice Questions Select the best alternative and indicate your response on the answer sheet. (1 mark each) 1. The list below contains common substances that exist in Earth
More informationEndosymbiotic Theory
Endosymbiotic Theory Evolution of Prokaryotes The oldest known fossils are 3.5 bya = stromatolites which are rock like layers of bacteria and sediment. Earliest life forms may have emerged as early as
More informationProkaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes
The Microbial World Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes Mircrobes of the Ocean Primary Producers Are the organisms that produce bio-mass from inorganic compounds (autotrophs). -Photosynthetic autotrophs Phytoplankton
More informationGlobal Biogeochemical Cycles and. II. Biological Metabolism
Global Biogeochemical Cycles and Biological Metabolism I. Biogeochemistry & Biogeochemical Cycles A. Global cycles: nitrogen, water, carbon B. Carbon cycle through time II. Biological Metabolism A. Redox
More informationChapter 8.1. How Organisms Obtain Energy
Chapter 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Main Idea All living organisms use energy to carry out all biological processes. Energy Energy is the ability to do work. Quick Review: Heterotrophs are organisms
More informationvast metabolic diversity, mostly unique; - many sources of energy & matter
Bacteria are the most ancient life forms - signs from ~3,500 m.y.a. Bacteria can tolerate great physical extremes from ocean deeps to the stratosphere to inside rocks & earth's crust essentials = only
More informationStructure & properties of water
OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapter 7 Structure & properties of water Water accounts for 96.5 weight percent of seawater Innate characteristics affect nearly all properties of seawater
More informationChapter 1. Basics of Microbiology
Chapter 1 Basics of Microbiology Objectives How microorganisms are classified (taxonomy) What they look like (morphology) The major divisions among microorganisms based upon their function in the environment
More informationThe Classification of Life
You Never Know! The Classification of Life How would you do it and why? What can we learn from this exercise about the evolutionary relationships among organisms on earth? Classification Possibilities
More informationOrigins of Life & the Cambrian Explosion
Origins of Life & the Cambrian Explosion Impact Frustration period forces origins of life into a narrow time period to have gotten started! Hydrothermal vents may have served as zones of refuge. Origin
More informationOrigins of Life & the Cambrian Explosion
Origins of Life & the Cambrian Explosion Impact Frustration period forces origins of life into a narrow time period to have gotten started! Hydrothermal vents may have served as zones of refuge. 1 Origin
More informationBBS2710 Microbial Physiology. Module 5 - Energy and Metabolism
BBS2710 Microbial Physiology Module 5 - Energy and Metabolism Topics Energy production - an overview Fermentation Aerobic respiration Alternative approaches to respiration Photosynthesis Summary Introduction
More informationChapter 15 Organic Matter Diagenesis Jim Murray (5/09/01) Univ. Washington NO 3
Chapter 15 Organic Matter Diagenesis Jim Murray (5/09/01) Univ. Washington 15-1 Oxidation-reduction reactions Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. Oxidation states
More informationOBJECTIVES OUTCOMES FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
GOAL: A great diversity of metabolic and biochemical are seen among the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya yet some common metabolic pathways exist across all domains. OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
More informationAll Living Things Share Common Characteristics 1. Living Things are Composed of Cells: Single-cell organisms have everything they need to be self-sufficient. In multicellular organisms, some cells do only
More informationPhotosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Outline I. Energy and Carbon Cycle II. Photosynthesis A. Introduction B. Reactions II. Cellular Respiration A. Introduction B. Reactions Carbon Cycle All organisms
More informationKingdom Bacteria Kingdom Archaea
Section 5.1 Kingdom Bacteria Kingdom Archaea p. 132-139 Kingdom Bacteria General Characteristics: Cell Type: all are prokaryotic. Body Form: most are unicellular, some are colonial. Three main shapes are:
More informationOutline 10: Origin of Life. Better Living Through Chemistry
Outline 10: Origin of Life Better Living Through Chemistry What is Life? Internal chemical activity providing growth, repair, and generation of energy. The ability to reproduce. The capacity to respond
More informationLesson Overview. 9.1 Cellular Respiration: An Overview. Lesson Overview. Cellular Respiration: An Overview
Lesson Overview 9.1 Cellular Respiration: An Overview You feel weak when you are hungry because food serves as a source of energy. How does the food you eat get converted into a usable form of energy for
More informationOutcome: Explain the process of photosynthesis.
Outcome: Explain the process of photosynthesis. Warm-up: 1. Compare the two types of cells. Give examples for each. 2. Using double bubble map, differentiate plants and animal cells. 3. What organelles
More informationAstrobiology. Joseph Spitale
Astrobiology Joseph Spitale 1 What is Astrobiology? Science that studies the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe - Combines many sciences: Biology, Chemistry, Planetary
More informationPhysiological diversity
Physiological diversity Principles Energetic considerations Biochemical pathways Organisms Ecological relevance Physiological diversity Sulfate- and nitrate reducers (5. Nov.) Methanogens and homoacetogens
More informationChapter 17B. Table of Contents. Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains. Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life Table of Contents Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity Section 3 Complex Multicellularity The Six Kingdoms of Life Living organisms are divided into six kingdoms and
More informationBiogeochemical Cycles
s. 16 2553 Hydrologic cycle cycle Carbon cycle Contents 2 Did you know? 3 (bio) (chemical) (geo;, ) biogeochemical cycles Biogeochemistry = the study of the exchange or flux of materials between living
More information11. What are the four most abundant elements in a human body? A) C, N, O, H, P B) C, N, O, P C) C, S, O, H D) C, Na, O, H E) C, H, O, Fe
48017 omework#1 on VVP Chapter 1: and in the provided answer template on Monday 4/10/17 @ 1:00pm; Answers on this document will not be graded! Matching A) Phylogenetic B) negative C) 2 D) Δ E) TS F) halobacteria
More informationSAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR GEOLOGY 103, TEST 2
SAMPLE QUESTIONS FOR GEOLOGY 103, TEST 2 The correct answers are listed at the bottom (no peeking!). These questions are to give you an idea of the type of questions that will be asked. They are not a
More informationPhotosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Lapbook Pre-test. SC.912.L.18.7: Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Lapbook Pre-test Covers Standards: SC.912.L.18.7: Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis. SC.912.L.18.8: Identify the reactants,
More informationDomains and Kingdoms. Images, from left to right: Cholera bacteria, Volvox colony, Strep bacteria
Domains and Kingdoms Images, from left to right: Cholera bacteria, Volvox colony, Strep bacteria THE DOMAINS A domain is the broadest level in the classification of life. All living organisms belong to
More informationPhotosynthesis (Chapter 7 Outline) A. For life based on organic compounds, two questions can be raised:
Photosynthesis (Chapter 7 Outline) Sun, Rain, and Survival A. For life based on organic compounds, two questions can be raised: 1. Where does the carbon come from? 2. Where does the energy come from to
More informationChapter 4: Oxidation Reduction Reactions
Chapter 4: Oxidation Reduction Reactions Oxidation Reduction Reactions involve the gain and loss of electrons. The species involved in these reactions may be atoms, molecules,or ions. Cation: a positively
More informationBIOLOGY 345 Midterm II - 15 November 2010 PART I. Multiple choice questions (4 points each, 32 points total).
BIOLOGY 345 Name Midterm II - 15 November 2010 PART I. Multiple choice questions (4 points each, 32 points total). 1. Considering the multitude of potential metabolic processes available to Bacteria and
More informationBiology Reading Assignment: Chapter 9 in textbook
Biology 205 5.10.06 Reading Assignment: Chapter 9 in textbook HTTP://WUNMR.WUSTL.EDU/EDUDEV/LABTUTORIALS/CYTOCHROMES/CYTOCHROMES.HTML What does a cell need to do? propagate itself (and its genetic program)
More informationMICROBIAL GROUPS CE 421/521
MICROBIAL GROUPS CE 421/521 Chapter 10 in Vaccari et.al. www.ibuf.coartuja.csic.es www.environmentaleverage.com www.astrosurf.com www.lbl.gov www.library.thinkquest.org www.ecosys.uni-erlangen.de erlangen.de
More informationBiology Test 2 BIO.2c-d: Metabolic Processes. For questions 1 16, choose the best answer. Indicate your answer on the Scantron and on the test.
Name Block Date Biology Test 2 BIO.2c-d: Metabolic Processes For questions 1 16, choose the best answer. Indicate your answer on the Scantron and on the test. 1. Scientists hypothesize that oxygen began
More informationChapter 26. Origin of Life
Chapter 26. Origin of Life 1 The history tree of life can be documented with evidence as already discussed. The Origin of Life on Earth is another story 2 Origin of Life hypothesis Abiotic synthesis of
More informationCh. 9 - Cellular Respiration/Fermentation Study Guide
Ch. 9 - Cellular Respiration/Fermentation Study Guide A. Introduction 1. All living things need energy for metabolism. a. Plants produce glucose through photosynthesis; break down glucose during cellular
More informationPhylogeny & Systematics
Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny & Systematics An unexpected family tree. What are the evolutionary relationships among a human, a mushroom, and a tulip? Molecular systematics has revealed that despite
More informationsparked by just the right combination of physical events & chemical processes Life s Origin & Early Evolution (Ch. 20)
sparked by just the right combination of physical events & chemical processes Life s Origin & Early Evolution (Ch. 20) 2007-2008 ARCHEAN Millions of years ago PRECAMBRIAN PROTEROZOIC 0 500 1000 Cenozoic
More informationHow Cells Arose; Microbial Life
How Cells Arose; Microbial Life No one knows for sure Earliest life thought to be like today s bacteria The earth formed 4.5 bya The first life originated around 2.5 bya at least 3 possibilities for origin
More informationCHAPTER 5 WARM UPS. Mrs. Hilliard
CHAPTER 5 WARM UPS Mrs. Hilliard CHAPTER 5 VOCABULARY 1. Photosynthesis 2. Cellular respiration 3. Producer 4. Consumer 5. Decomposer 6. Food chain 7. Food web 8. Trophic level 9. Carbon cycle 10. Nitrogen-fixing
More informationPhotosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Outline I. Energy and Carbon Cycle II. Photosynthesis A. Introduction B. Reactions II. Cellular Respiration A. Introduction B. Reactions Carbon Cycle All organisms
More information7.014 Lecture 17: Carbon and Energy Metabolism
MIT Department of Biology 7.014 Introductory Biology, Spring 2005 7.014 Lecture 17: Carbon and Energy Metabolism March 14, 2005 Summary of the options for Life (the simplified view see also Freeman Ch
More informationOutline. Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea. Viruses Structure Classification Reproduction Prokaryotes Structure Reproduction Nutrition Bacteria Archaea
Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea Chapter 21 Viruses Structure Classification Reproduction Prokaryotes Structure Reproduction Nutrition Bacteria Archaea Outline The Viruses The Viruses Viruses are noncellular
More informationOceans: the cradle of life? Chapter 5. Cells: a sense of scale. Head of a needle
Oceans: the cradle of life? Highest diversity of life, particularly archae, bacteria, and animals Will start discussion of life in the ocean with prokaryote microorganisms Prokaryotes are also believed
More informationPhysiological diversity. Recommended text books. Physiological diversity. Sulfate and nitrate reducers. ! Principles. ! Energetic considerations
Physiological diversity Recommended text books! Principles! Energetic considerations! Biochemical pathways! Organisms! Ecological relevance Physiological diversity! Sulfate- and nitrate reducers (11. Nov.)!
More informationCh. 4 Cells and Energy. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Ch. 4 Cells and Energy Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 1 2 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Living organisms need energy Most comes indirectly from sun! Some change sunlight into organic compounds Others
More informationMicrobial Diversity. Yuzhen Ye I609 Bioinformatics Seminar I (Spring 2010) School of Informatics and Computing Indiana University
Microbial Diversity Yuzhen Ye (yye@indiana.edu) I609 Bioinformatics Seminar I (Spring 2010) School of Informatics and Computing Indiana University Contents Microbial diversity Morphological, structural,
More informationStudy of Biology. copyright cmassengale
Study of Biology 1 What is Biology? Biology is the study of all living things Living things are called organisms Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals 2 All Living Things Share
More informationUnit 5. Organisms C H A P T E R 1 5. Bacteria: Unicellular R E A D P
Unit 5 Bacteria: Unicellular Organisms C H A P T E R 1 5 R E A D P. 2 9 3-305 Bacterial Cell Structure: Prokaryotic Single cellular no membrane bound organelles primitive Parts of Bacteria 1. Cell membrane
More informationPhotosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Survey
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Survey Multiple Choice - Choose the best and most complete answer. 1. Which type of energy transformation occurs in photosynthesis? A. heat to electrical B. light
More informationLife: Levels of Organization, Cell Structure & Function, Major Processes for Fueling Life s Activity
1 EVPP 110 Lecture Dr. Largen - Fall 2003 Life: Levels of Organization, Cell Structure & Function, Major Processes for Fueling Life s Activity 2 Levels of Organization of Life Levels of organization of
More informationS Illustrate and explain how carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are cycled through an ecosystem.
Biogeochemical Cycles S2-1-01 Illustrate and explain how carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are cycled through an ecosystem. Biogeochemical Cycles Let s take a closer look at the interactions between LIVING
More informationReview Questions - Lecture 5: Metabolism, Part 1
Review Questions - Lecture 5: Metabolism, Part 1 Questions: 1. What is metabolism? 2. What does it mean to say that a cell has emergent properties? 3. Define metabolic pathway. 4. What is the difference
More informationWrite the events about the origins of life on Earth in order from oldest to youngest
Write the events about the origins of life on Earth in order from oldest to youngest 1. Earth forms 2. First organic molecules (such as amino acids) appear 3. First anaerobic prokaryotic cells appear 4.
More informationMineral and Organic Components. Soil Organisms, Biology, and Nutrients. Homework III: The State Soil of Florida. Posted on website.
Homework III: The State Soil of Florida Posted on website 5 bonus points Type all answers Soil Organisms, Biology, and Nutrients Mineral and Organic Components Functions of soils: recycler of raw materials
More information1. Evolution and Classification
1. Evolution and Classification 1.1 Origin of Life and Plants 1.2 Animal Evolution 1.3 Human Evolution 1.4 Mechanisms of Evolution 1.5 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium 1.6 Mechanisms of Speciation 1.7 Classification
More informationThe Tree of Life. Living stromatolites. Fossil stromatolites 3.5 bya. Fossilized cellular life
The Tree of Life The Earth is at least 4.5 billion years old. Although the oldest rocks on Earth that can be aged date to 3.9 billion years, other objects in our solar system (the Moon and asteroids) date
More informationMITOCW L17
MITOCW 7.014-2005-L17 So today we are going to continue where we left off last time talking more specifically about variations on the theme of life. And last year I tried to do this lecture using PowerPoint
More informationNutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption
Nutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 8 and 9 Formation and respiration of organic matter DINutrients POM Primary Producers Autotrophs
More informationSCOPE 35 Scales and Global Change (1988)
1. Types and origins of marine sediments 2. Distribution of sediments: controls and patterns 3. Sedimentary diagenesis: (a) Sedimentary and organic matter burial (b) Aerobic and anaerobic decomposition
More informationsparked by just the right combination of physical events & chemical processes Origin of Life
sparked by just the right combination of physical events & chemical processes Origin of Life 2010-2011 ARCHEAN Millions of years ago PRECAMBRIAN PROTEROZOIC 0 500 1000 Cenozoic Mesozoic Paleozoic Colonization
More informationCEE 370 Environmental Engineering Principles. Environmental Microbiology
Updated: 12 October 2015 Print version CEE 370 Environmental Engineering Principles Lecture #15 Environmental Biology IV Microorganisms Reading: Davis & Masten, Chapter 3 David Reckhow CEE 370 L#15 1 Environmental
More informationSun. Photosynthesis (performed by plants, algae, and some bacteria) Respiration (performed by all organisms) 6 O 2 6 CO 2.
Photosynthesis (performed by plants, algae, and some bacteria) Sun 6 O 6 CO 6 H O C 6 H O 6 (glucose) Solar energy + 6 H O + 6 CO C 6 H O 6 + 6 O Energy Respiration (performed by all organisms) 6 O 6 CO
More informationUNIT 4: EVOLUTION Chapter 12: The History of Life. I. The Fossil Record (12.1) A. Fossils can form in several ways
UNIT IV Chapter 12 The History Of Life UNIT 4: EVOLUTION Chapter 12: The History of Life I. The Fossil Record (12.1) A. Fossils can form in several ways 1. Permineralization- minerals carried by water
More informationChapters 25 and 26. Searching for Homology. Phylogeny
Chapters 25 and 26 The Origin of Life as we know it. Phylogeny traces evolutionary history of taxa Systematics- analyzes relationships (modern and past) of organisms Figure 25.1 A gallery of fossils The
More informationOutline 11: Fossil Record of Early Life Life in the Precambrian
Outline 11: Fossil Record of Early Life Life in the Precambrian Time Line 0.545 BY animals with hard parts, start of the Phanerozoic Eon 0.600 BY first animals, no hard parts 2.0 BY first definite eukaryotes
More informationElectrons, life and the evolution of Earth s chemical cycles*
Electrons, life and the evolution of Earth s chemical cycles* 4H2O > 4e - + 4H + + O2 CO2 + 4e - + 4H + > (CH2O) + H2O OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 25 April 2017 *largely based on Falkowski and Godfrey
More information6 Kingdoms of Life. What is life? How are all living things organized?
6 Kingdoms of Life What is life? How are all living things organized? Engage List reasons to support why this man is living. List reasons to support why this car is not living. Characteristics of Life
More informationMicrobiology Helmut Pospiech.
Microbiology 28.03.2018 Helmut Pospiech http://www.thescientificcartoonist.com/?p=107 Energy metabolism of Microorganisms Fermentation ADP +Pi Motility ATP Active transport (nutrient uptake) Lactic Acid
More informationName Date Class. Photosynthesis and Respiration
Concept Mapping Photosynthesis and Respiration Complete the Venn diagram about photosynthesis and respiration. These terms may be used more than once: absorbs, Calvin cycle, chlorophyll, CO 2, H 2 O, Krebs
More informationOrigins of Life. Fundamental Properties of Life. Conditions on Early Earth. Evolution of Cells. The Tree of Life
The Tree of Life Chapter 26 Origins of Life The Earth formed as a hot mass of molten rock about 4.5 billion years ago (BYA) -As it cooled, chemically-rich oceans were formed from water condensation Life
More informationEVOLUTION OF PLANTS THROUGH AGES
EVOLUTION OF PLANTS THROUGH AGES B. Sc. III Botany Dr. (Miss) Kalpana R. Datar Assistant Professor DEPARTMENTOF BOTANY WILLINGDON COLLEGE, SANGLI. kalpana_datar@yahoo.com The origin of Earth 1.Ultra dense,
More informationChapter Fourteen (Evolution)
1 SECTION ONE: BIOGENESIS Chapter Fourteen (Evolution) The principle of biogenesis states that all living things come from other living things. Even though this seems like common sense to people today,
More informationAST 205. Lecture 18. November 19, 2003 Microbes and the Origin of Life. Precept assignment for week of Dec 1
AST 205. Lecture 18. November 19, 2003 Microbes and the Origin of Life Context Definition of life Cells, the atoms of life Major classes & families of cells Origin/evolution of biochemistry of life Origin/evolution
More informationUnit 7: Stoichiometry Homework Packet (85 points)
Name: Period: By the end of the Unit 7, you should be able to: Chapter 12 1. Use stoichiometry to determine the amount of substance in a reaction 2. Determine the limiting reactant of a reaction 3. Determine
More informationSoil Biology. Chapter 10
Soil Biology Chapter 10 The Sounds of Soil Soil as a Transition Between Aquatic and Aerial System Bacteria in a Drying Environment Wet (open structure) Dry (dense) Holden P.A., J.R. Hunt, and M. K. Firestone,
More information