Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
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1 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
2 Outline I. Energy and Carbon Cycle II. Photosynthesis A. Introduction B. Reactions II. Cellular Respiration A. Introduction B. Reactions
3 Carbon Cycle All organisms require energy to maintain life The primary form of cellular energy is in ATP adenosine triphosphate adenosine diphosphate -- carrier
4 Carbon Cycle ATP is generated in a process called cellular respiration Cellular respiration requires glucose molecules (a carbohydrate commonly called sugar)
5 Carbon Cycle Glucose is an organic compound, which means it contains carbon Glucose must be made by organisms Organisms that make glucose are called autotrophs (auto = self; troph = nourishment) Autotroph means self-feeding, or an organism that can make its own food Autotrophs are called producers because they produce their own food
6 Carbon Cycle Producers create glucose in a process called photosynthesis Producers include plants, algae, and some bacteria and protists Once glucose is created, it can be used to make the ATP that supplies energy
7 Carbon Cycle Plants get the carbon they need to make glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) from carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) This carbon is cycled through photosynthesis and cellular respiration through a perpetual process that reuses the carbon to create new energy Thus, it is called the Carbon Cycle and is also known as the Energy Cycle
8 Carbon Cycle
9 Photosynthesis Method of converting sun energy into chemical energy usable by cells Autotrophs: self feeders, organisms capable of making their own food Photoautotrophs: use sun energy e.g. plants photosynthesis-makes organic compounds (glucose) from light Chemoautotrophs: use chemical energy e.g. bacteria that use sulfide or methane chemosynthesis-makes organic compounds from chemical energy contained in sulfide or methane
10 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis takes place in specialized structures inside plant cells called chloroplasts Light absorbing pigment molecules e.g. chlorophyll
11 Why Plants are Green Light is composed of photons Photon energy is measured in wavelengths Different wavelengths generate different colors of light
12 What is Seen All wavelengths (colors) together appear as white light The white light can be separated into the visible spectrum the rainbow. ROYGBIV Other wavelengths are not visible to humans Infrared (IR) and Ultraviolet (UV)
13 Why Plants are Green What is seen is what is reflected back All other detectable colors are absorbed Chloroplasts contain pigments The dominant pigment is chlorophyll, which absorbs red and blue while reflecting green and yellow The absorbed wavelengths provide the energy needed to power photosynthesis
14 Overall Reaction 6CO H 2 O + light energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 + 6H 2 O Water appears on both sides because 12 H 2 O molecules are required and 6 new H 2 O molecules are made Water is split into H and O 2 so the H can be split further into protons and electrons The e - are used as a source of energy and the H + are used to create a concentration gradient Both are used to create the energy need to create glucose O 2 is released as a byproduct
15 Photosynthesis Most easily understood in two parts: 1. Light dependent reactions make the energy needed to connect carbons 2. Light independent reactions use the energy to connect the carbons
16 Light-dependent Reactions Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll molecules Energy boosts e - to high energy states As the e - fall back down to low energy states, the energy they release is used to create the energy molecules ATP and NADPH
17
18
19 Calvin Cycle (light independent or dark reactions) ATP and NADPH generated in light reactions used to fuel the reactions which take CO 2 and break it apart, then reassemble the carbons into glucose. Called carbon fixation: taking carbon from an inorganic molecule (atmospheric CO 2 ) and making an organic molecule out of it (glucose) Simplified version of how carbon and energy enter the food chain
20
21 Photosynthesis Review CO 2 + H 2 O + light energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 Light dependent reactions Make the energy needed to drive the Calvin cycle ATP and NADPH Calvin cycle Carbon fixation Joins carbons together to make glucose
22 Photosynthesis Review Photosynthesis happens in the chloroplasts of plants CO 2 from atmosphere H 2 O from soil Light from sun C 6 H 12 O 6 created as energy source O 2 created as waste product The glucose can now be converted into energy that cells can use -- ATP
23 Harvesting Chemical Energy Energy enters the food web via autotrophs when they convert light energy into chemical energy. All organisms use this chemical energy (glucose) to create energy molecules (ATP) that fuel their metabolism. Heterotrophs unlike autotrophs they don t create the fuel they use; they must consume it.
24 Cellular Respiration Overview Transformation of chemical energy in food (glucose and other macromolecules) into chemical energy cells can use: ATP These reactions proceed the same way in plants and animals CELLULAR RESPIRATION Overall Reaction: C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O
25 Hint Reverse Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration is like photosynthesis in reverse sort of. The products become reactants and the reactants the products Just switch light energy for ATP And don t get any dumb tattoos it s not that hard to remember.
26 Cellular Respiration Overview Breakdown of glucose begins in the cytoplasm -- the liquid matrix inside the cell There are two pathways: Anaerobic cellular respiration (aka fermentation) Aerobic cellular respiration OR
27 C.R. Reactions Glycolysis Series of reactions which break the 6-carbon glucose molecule down into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate Process is an ancient one-all organisms from simple bacteria to humans perform it the same way Yields 2 ATP molecules for every one glucose molecule broken down (net) Yields 2 NADH per glucose molecule
28 Glycolosis C 6 H 12 O 6 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NAD 2 NADH 4 ADP 4 ATP 2 pyruvate (3C) NET GAIN: 2 ATP 2 NADH
29
30 an = without aerobic = oxygen anaerobic = without oxygen Anaerobic Cellular Respiration Some organisms thrive in environments with little or no oxygen Marshes, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds Results in no more ATP: final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ so it can be recycled to be used in gycolosis again. Ferment yeast, make ethanol, get beer. Work your muscles, make lactic acid, get sore.
31 Aerobic Cellular Respiration Oxygen present 2 more steps, which occur in the mitochondria 1. Kreb s Cycle 2. Electron Transport Chain
32 Kreb s Cycle Overview Completes the breakdown of glucose Occurs in the mitochondria Production of only 2 more ATP Creates carrier molecules NADH and FADH 2 These molecules will produce most of the ATP later
33 Kreb s Cycle 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH 2 FAD CO 2 2 FADH 2 2 ADP 2 ATP Kreb s Cycle 6 NAD 6 NADH
34
35 Electron Transport Chain The temporary carriers (NADH and FADH 2 ) enter the ETC. Their high energy e - are used to create more ATP. In the process, the extra electrons and protons are joined to oxygen to create water. Once all the carriers have gone through, a total of 34 more ATP are produced.
36 38 total ATP per glucose
37 Energy Yield Anaerobic Yields only 2 ATP (net) organisms that use this can t be too energetic important microorganisms for carbon recycling fermentation lactic acid
38 Energy Yield Aerobic Respiration Glycolosis.2 ATP Kreb s Cycle.2 ATP Electron Transport Chain.34 ATP Total ATP Much more efficient A little sugar = lots of energy A lot of sugar
39 Energy Cycle photosynthesis CO 2 + H 2 O + light C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 cellular respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 CO 2 + H 2 O + ATP
40 Energy Cycle Revisited
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