Lecture 2 Carbon and Energy Transformations
|
|
- Ezra Jordan Bates
- 1 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1.018/7.30J Fall 2003 Fundamentals of Ecology Lecture 2 Carbon and Energy Transformations READINGS FOR NEXT LECTURE: Krebs Chapter 25: Ecosystem Metabolism I: Primary Productivity Luria Overview of photosynthesis. (H, W) Stowe, S When swans inspire not a ballet, but a battle. NY Times. September 3. (H,W) Kaiser, J Can deep bacteria live on nothing but rocks and water? Science. 270:377. (L) Stevens, TO and JP McKinley Lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystems in deep basalt aquifers. Science. 270: 450. (L) Pace, N A molecular view of microbial diversity and the biosphere. Science. 276:734. (L) Newman, DK and JF Banfield Geomicrobiology: How molecularscale interactions underpin biogeochemical systems. Science. 296:1071. (L) Sarbu, S et al A chemoautotrophicallybased cave ecosystem. Science. 272:1953. (L) Nature has put itself the problem of how to catch in flight light streaming to earth and to store the most elusive of all powers in rigid form. Mayer, 1842, discovered law of conservation of energy Outline for today: I. Evolution II. Autotrophs A. Photosynthesis B. Bacterial photosynthesis C. Chemosynthesis III. Heterotrophs A. Aerobic respiration B. Fermentation C. Anaerobic respiration Main question: How do organisms obtain carbon and energy needed to grow and function? I. Evolution Old view of the world: 5 Kingdoms. Development of new perspective on life. Novel genetic identification techniques (C Woese in the 1970s) Tree of Life with 3 Domains: Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes Hydrothermal vents and hot springs Genotypic not phenotypic classifications
2 Universal phylogenetic tree based on SSU rrna sequences Sixtyfour rrna sequences representative of all known phylogenetic domains were aligned, and a tree was produced using FASTDNAML (43, 52). That tree was modified, resulting in the composite one shown, by trimming lineages and adjusting branch points to incorporate results of other analyses. The scale bar corresponds to 0.1 changes per nucleotide. (Pace, N Science. 276:734740) Billions of years before present 0 Dinosaurs Metazoans Modern eukaryotes Development of ozone shield Oxygenic phototrophs (cyanobacteria) Prokaryotes Carbon burial Today: Release of fossil carbon Archaebacteria Eukaryotes 21% 20% 10% 01% 00.1% Terrestrial or gin Red beds i Mar ine orig in Banded iron format ions Anoxygenic phototrophs Eubacteria % O 2 in (photosynthetic bacteria) atmosphere Origin of life 3.8 billion years ago 4 Chemical evolution Photochemical synthesis Formation of Earth 4.5 billion years ago Figure 2. Adapted from Brock and Madigan, Biology of Microorganisms. Major landmarks in biological evolution. 2
3 Basic picture of life: CH 2 O and O 2 Autotrophs selfnourishers Heterotrophs nourished from others CO 2 and H 2 O II. Autotrophs These selfnourishers get their energy from the sun (photoautotrophs) or from reduced inorganic compounds (chemoautotrophs), and they get their carbon from CO 2. These organisms undergo two reactions. The first reaction produces ATP * and NADPH **, which provide stored energy and reducing power. For photosynthetic organisms, this is known as the Hill reaction. The second reaction, the Calvin Cycle, is common to all autotrophs, and uses stored energy and reducing power to convert CO 2 to CH 2 O (sugar). A. Photosynthesis (aerobic) Who? Plants, cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae Energy Source? Sunlight Electron Donor? H 2 O Where? In aerobic, light conditions CO 2 + H 2 O + hν X CH 2 O + O 2 B. Bacterial Photosynthesis (anaerobic) Who? Bacteria (e.g. Purple sulfur bacteria) Energy Source? Sunlight Electron Donor? H 2 S Where? In anaerobic, light conditions CO 2 +2 H 2 S + hν X CH 2 O + 2 S + H 2 O C. Chemosynthesis Who? Chemoautotrophic bacteria, aka chemolithoautotrophs 3
4 Energy Source? Reduced inorganic compounds (CH 4, NH 4, H 2 S, Fe 2+ ) Electron Donor? Reduced inorganic compounds Where? In microaerobic or anaerobic, dark conditions Sulfur oxidizing bacteria: 2 H 2 S Æ S Æ SO 4 Methanotrophs: CH 4 (methane) Æ CO 2 Nitrifying bacteria: + NH 4 Æ NO 2 Æ NO 3 Iron oxidizing bacteria: Fe 2+ Æ Fe 3+ * ATP = adenosine triphosphate. (ADP = adenosine DI phosphate) ** NADPH = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate III. Heterotrophs These organisms ( nourished by others ) get their energy and carbon from reduced organic compounds. ATP and NADH *** are produced, which can then be used elsewhere in the cells. A. Aerobic respiration Who? Aerobic eukaryotes and prokaryotes Electron Acceptor? O 2 Where? Aerobic conditions These reaction is essentially the reverse of the Calvin cycle. O 2 is the final electron acceptor. Plants also carry out this reaction to get energy for their growth and metabolic processes. CH 2 O + O 2 X CO 2 + H 2 O B. Fermentation Who? Eukaryotes and prokaryotes Electron Acceptor? organic compounds Where? Anaerobic conditions This is only the first part of respiration and results in partial breakdown of glucose. The products are organic acids or alcohols (e.g., lactic acid, ethanol, acetic acid) rather than CO 2. 4
5 C. Anaerobic respiration Who? Prokaryotes only Electron Acceptor? Oxidized inorganic compounds (SO 4 2, Fe 3+, NO 3 +, etc.) Where? Anaerobic conditions Very similar to aerobic respiration, except that O 2 is not the final electron acceptor. Instead, another oxidized compound such as SO 4 2, NO 3, or CO 2 is the final electron acceptor. Iron reducing bacteria: Denitrifying bacteria: Fe 3+ Æ Fe 2+ NO 3 Æ NO 2 NO 2 Æ N 2 Sulfate reducing bacteria: 2 H 2 S Æ S Æ SO 4 Methanogens: CO 2 Æ CH 4 (methane) *** NADH = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (a relative of NADPH. NADH is used for ATP production, while NADPH is associated with biosynthesis) Study Questions: What is a Winogradsky column? What are the light, oxygen and sulfide levels in each layer, and which organisms dominate each layer? What are the energy and carbon sources for each kind of organism? Describe the significance of the discovery of deepsea hydrothermal vents. Why has Rubisco been called the most important protein on Earth? What is unique about the cave ecosystems described in Sarbu s article? What are the differences and similarities to hydrothermal vents? Banfield and Newman s article mentions the benefits of advances in genetic techniques for understanding microbial community structure and the identities of microorganisms. Given what you know about metabolic diversity, why is it so hard to culture most microorganisms in a laboratory? If a lake is covered in algae, how do anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, which live underneath the algae, manage to obtain sufficient light to carry out photosynthesis? 5
chapter five: microbial metabolism
chapter five: microbial metabolism Revised 9/22/2016 oxidation-reduction redox reaction: coupled reactions e- donor oxidized donor Ox Red ADP + P i ATP Ox Red reduced A chemical A redox reactions aerobic
Ch. 4 Cells and Energy. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Ch. 4 Cells and Energy Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 1 2 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Living organisms need energy Most comes indirectly from sun! Some change sunlight into organic compounds Others
The Tree of Life. Metabolic Pathways. Calculation Of Energy Yields
The Tree of Life Metabolic Pathways Calculation Of Energy Yields OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems 8/27/09 Earth s History (continental crust) 170 Oldest oceanic crust Ga = billions of years ago The Traditional
Chapter 8.1. How Organisms Obtain Energy
Chapter 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Main Idea All living organisms use energy to carry out all biological processes. Energy Energy is the ability to do work. Quick Review: Heterotrophs are organisms
Name Date Class. Photosynthesis and Respiration
Concept Mapping Photosynthesis and Respiration Complete the Venn diagram about photosynthesis and respiration. These terms may be used more than once: absorbs, Calvin cycle, chlorophyll, CO 2, H 2 O, Krebs
Cell Energy: The Big Picture. So, What Exactly is ATP. Adenosine Triphosphate. Your turn to Practice converting ATP to ADP:
Understanding How Living Things Obtain and Use Energy. Cell Energy: The Big Picture Most Autotrophs produce food (sugar) using light energy during Photosynthesis. Then, both Autotrophs and Heterotroph
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Outline I. Energy and Carbon Cycle II. Photosynthesis A. Introduction B. Reactions II. Cellular Respiration A. Introduction B. Reactions Carbon Cycle All organisms
Microbial Biogeochemistry
Microbial Biogeochemistry Chemical reactions occurring in the environment mediated by microbial communities Outline Metabolic Classifications. Winogradsky columns, Microenvironments. Redox Reactions. Microbes
Transformation of Energy! Energy is the ability to do work.! Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.
Section 1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Transformation of Energy! Energy is the ability to do work.! Thermodynamics is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe. Section 1 How Organisms
Ch. 6 & 7 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Ch. 6 & 7 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration 6.1 Energy Reactions The Cycle of Energy Sun CO 2 H 2 O Photosynthesis (energy stored) Cellular Respiration (energy released) O 2 Glucose Obtaining Energy
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Outline I. Energy and Carbon Cycle II. Photosynthesis A. Introduction B. Reactions II. Cellular Respiration A. Introduction B. Reactions Carbon Cycle All organisms
Energy in the World of Life
Cellular Energy Energy in the World of Life Sustaining life s organization requires ongoing energy inputs Assembly of the molecules of life starts with energy input into living cells Energy Conversion
Outline 10: Origin of Life. Better Living Through Chemistry
Outline 10: Origin of Life Better Living Through Chemistry What is Life? Internal chemical activity providing growth, repair, and generation of energy. The ability to reproduce. The capacity to respond
BBS2710 Microbial Physiology. Module 5 - Energy and Metabolism
BBS2710 Microbial Physiology Module 5 - Energy and Metabolism Topics Energy production - an overview Fermentation Aerobic respiration Alternative approaches to respiration Photosynthesis Summary Introduction
Chapter 5. Table of Contents. Section 1 Energy and Living Things. Section 2 Photosynthesis. Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Table of Contents Section 1 Energy and Living Things Section 2 Photosynthesis Section 3 Cellular Respiration Section 1 Energy and Living Things Objectives Analyze
7.014 Lecture 17: Carbon and Energy Metabolism
MIT Department of Biology 7.014 Introductory Biology, Spring 2005 7.014 Lecture 17: Carbon and Energy Metabolism March 14, 2005 Summary of the options for Life (the simplified view see also Freeman Ch
1/25/2018. Bio 1101 Lec. 5, Part A Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration
1 2 3 4 5 Bio 1101 Lec. 5, Part A Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration Energy is needed by cells to do work Chemical energy, a form of potential energy, is stored in bonds of food molecules (such as glucose)
6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2. sun. Occurs in chloroplasts ATP. enzymes CO 2 O 2 H 2 O. sugars
4.2 8.2 Overview Photosynthesis: of Photosynthesis An Overview Photosynthesis process by which plants make food using energy from the sun Plants are autotrophs that make their own source of chemical energy.
Outcome: Explain the process of photosynthesis.
Outcome: Explain the process of photosynthesis. Warm-up: 1. Compare the two types of cells. Give examples for each. 2. Using double bubble map, differentiate plants and animal cells. 3. What organelles
ATP, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
ATP, Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Energy for Cells Free Energy: the energy available to do work Types of Reactions Endergonic Reactions: require an input of energy Exergonic Reactions: release
Essential Question: How does energy flow through the processes of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration? Page 92. Cellular Respiration ENERGY ATP
Essential Question: How does energy flow through the processes of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration? Page 92 ATP Cellular Respiration ENERGY Photosynthesis Page 92 Essential Question: How does energy
The Classification of Life
You Never Know! The Classification of Life How would you do it and why? What can we learn from this exercise about the evolutionary relationships among organisms on earth? Classification Possibilities
METABOLISM. What is metabolism? Categories of metabolic reactions. Total of all chemical reactions occurring within the body
METABOLISM What is metabolism? METABOLISM Total of all chemical reactions occurring within the body Categories of metabolic reactions Catabolic reactions Degradation pathways Anabolic reactions Synthesis
The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment is called. ecology.
The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment is called ecology. The simplest grouping of more than one kind of organism in the biosphere is
Biology Unit 4 Energy and Life. 4:1 Energy All living things require a constant supply of ENERGY.
Biology Unit 4 Energy and Life 4:1 Energy All living things require a constant supply of ENERGY. GLUCOSE: (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) the form of energy used for fuel by ALL living cells It requires energy to form
Semester 1: Unit 2: Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Semester 1: Unit 2: Energy Flow in Ecosystems Obtaining and Using Energy What do you know? What is energy? What do you need energy for? How does your body use/store energy? Energy is the ability to do
PHOTOSYNTHESIS. Chapter 8
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Chapter 8 ENERGY & LIFE ENERGY The ability to do work. Can be stored in chemical bonds. Cells need energy to do things like active transport, dividing, moving, and producing and storing
Draw, label, and color
Vocab Cell Energy 1. Autotroph 2. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 3. Chloroplast 4. Photosynthesis 5. Pigment 6. Chlorophyll 7. Thylakoid 8. Photosystem 9. Stroma 10. Light-dependent reactions 11. Calvin
Classifying Prokaryotes: Eubacteria Plasma Membrane. Ribosomes. Plasmid (DNA) Capsule. Cytoplasm. Outer Membrane DNA. Flagellum.
Bacteria The yellow band surrounding this hot spring is sulfur, a waste product of extremophilic prokaryotes, probably of the Domain Archaea, Kingdom Archaebacteria. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells (no
Cellular Energy (Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration)
(Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration) Before You Read Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements. 1. Write an A if you agree with the statement. 2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Test
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Test 1. When bonds are made energy is, when bonds are broken energy is. A. stored / released C. released / stored B. used / not used D. created / destroyed 2. Aerobic
Anaerobic processes. Annual production of cells a -1 Mean generation time in sediments
Anaerobic processes Motivation Where are they? Number of prokaryotes on earth 4-6 * 10 30 Cells in open ocean 1.2 * 10 29 in marine sediments 3.5 * 10 30 in soil 2.6 * 10 29 sub-terrestrial 0.5 2.5 * 10
Unit 5 Cellular Energy
Unit 5 Cellular Energy I. Enzymes (159) 1.Are CATALYSTS: Speed up chemical reactions that would otherwise happen too slowly to support life. Catalysts DO NOT make reactions happen that couldn t happen
Cellular Respiration. Anaerobic vs Aerobic
Cellular Respiration Anaerobic vs Aerobic What is Cellular Respiration? Process where organisms use GLUCOSE (sugar) to create ENERGY! The energy that is released from chemical bonds during Cellular Respiration
Overview of Photosynthesis
Overview of Photosynthesis Most autotrophs (organisms that create their own food), make organic compounds (sugars/glucose) using a process called photosynthesis. This process occurs only in plants. Overview
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Unit
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Unit All cellular activities require energy. Directly or indirectly nearly all energy for life comes from the sun. Autotrophs: organisms that can make their own
Cellular Energy. How Organisms Obtain Energy Section 2: Photosynthesis Section 3: Cellular Respiration. Click on a lesson name to select.
Section 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy Section 2: Photosynthesis Section 3: Cellular Respiration Click on a lesson name to select. Section 1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Transformation of Energy Energy
2015 Biology Unit #3 Quiz 1 Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Week of November
Name: Class: Date: 2015 Biology Unit #3 Quiz 1 Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation Week of 02-09 November 1 Which of the following statements is true for all cells? a They use solar energy
ET Life #17. Today: Reminders: Energy of Life. Paper Proposal Due Friday First Mid-term Next Monday
ET Life #17 Today: Energy of Life Reminders: Paper Proposal Due Friday First Mid-term Next Monday Origin of Life: Summary 1. Early Organic Molecules 2. Complex organics developed (mineral templates?).
Draw, label, and color
Vocab Cell Energy 1. Autotroph 2. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 3. Chloroplast 4. Photosynthesis 5. Pigment 6. Chlorophyll 7. Thylakoid 8. Photosystem 9. Stroma 10. Light-dependent reactions 11. Calvin
Cellular Energy Section 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy
Cellular Energy Section 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy Scan Section 1 of the chapter and make a list of three general ways in which cells use energy. 1. 2. 3. Review metabolism Use your book or dictionary
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration All cellular activities require energy. Directly or indirectly nearly all energy for life comes from the sun. Autotrophs:
Photosynthesis (Chapter 7 Outline) A. For life based on organic compounds, two questions can be raised:
Photosynthesis (Chapter 7 Outline) Sun, Rain, and Survival A. For life based on organic compounds, two questions can be raised: 1. Where does the carbon come from? 2. Where does the energy come from to
Cellular Energetics. Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Cellular Energetics Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration and Fermentation TEKS B.4 Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that
Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration part 1
Harvesting energy: photosynthesis & cellular respiration part 1 Agenda I. Overview (Big Pictures) of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration II. Making Glucose - Photosynthesis III. Making ATP - Cellular
Phys 214. Planets and Life
Phys 214. Planets and Life Dr. Cristina Buzea Department of Physics Room 259 E-mail: cristi@physics.queensu.ca (Please use PHYS214 in e-mail subject) Lecture 16. Phylogenetic tree. Metabolism. Carbon and
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP. KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. Molecules in food store chemical
In Cellular Respiration, are removed from sugar and transferred to
1 2 3 4 5 Bio 1101 Lec. 5, Part A (Guided Notes) Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration Energy is needed by cells to do work Chemical energy, a form of potential energy, is stored in bonds of food molecules (such
3. Evolutionary change is random because gene mutations are random. A. True B. False
Clicker Questions, Test 2 February 9, 2015, Outline 7 1. Darwin coined the term Natural Selection to contrast with what other term? A. Evolutionary Selection B. Competition C. Artificial Selection D. Survival
OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT
GOAL: A great diversity of metabolic and biochemical are seen among the Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya yet some common metabolic pathways exist across all domains. OBJECTIVES OUTCOMES FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Cell Energetics. How plants make food and everyone makes energy!
Cell Energetics How plants make food and everyone makes energy! Carbon Cycle Where did the mitochondria and chloroplast come from? Endosymbiotic Theory Endosymbiotic theory = a theory that some of the
ATP. Chapter 4. Photosynthesis. Cell Respiration. Energy of Life. All organisms need energy in order to survive
ATP Chapter 4 Photosynthesis Energy of Life All organisms need energy in order to survive 2 Major groups of organisms: A. autotrophs make their own food Ex: plants B. heterotrophs must eat others living
CP Biology Unit 5 Cell Energy Study Guide. Electron Carriers Electron Transport Chain Fermentation Glycolysis Krebs cycle Light-Dependent Reactions
Name: KEY CP Biology Unit 5 Cell Energy Study Guide Vocabulary to know: ATP ADP Aerobic Anaerobic ATP Synthases Cellular Respiration Chlorophyll Chloroplast Electron Carriers Electron Transport Chain Fermentation
Biology Chapter 8 Test: Cellular Energy
Class: Date: Biology Chapter 8 Test: Cellular Energy True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. During the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, light energy is used to split
A word of caution about a little knowing Lab organisms limit the view of the world of microbiology
Diversity The world of living things (Figure from Madigan et al. 2002) Microbes in all three domains Two of the domains are exclusively prokaryotic and microbial The third contains both unicellular and
MITOCW L17
MITOCW 7.014-2005-L17 So today we are going to continue where we left off last time talking more specifically about variations on the theme of life. And last year I tried to do this lecture using PowerPoint
Unit 5.1 ~ Cell Energy: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Unit 5.1 ~ Cell Energy: PHOTOSYNTHESIS Objectives/Goals: Classify organisms in how they obtain energy Identify the reactants and products of photosynthesis Understand how ATP is used to provide cells with
Life: Levels of Organization, Cell Structure & Function, Major Processes for Fueling Life s Activity
1 EVPP 110 Lecture Dr. Largen - Fall 2003 Life: Levels of Organization, Cell Structure & Function, Major Processes for Fueling Life s Activity 2 Levels of Organization of Life Levels of organization of
Overview of Photosynthesis
Overview of Photosynthesis Introduction to Biochemistry - Part II 1 Autotrophs & Heterotrophs The energy available in most food comes from the sun, whether directly or indirectly Plants and some other
Unit 4.2: Photosynthesis - Sugar as Food
Unit 4.2: Photosynthesis - Sugar as Food Lesson Objectives Outline the stages of photosynthesis. Describe the chloroplast and its role in photosynthesis. List the steps of the light reactions. Describe
Endosymbiotic Theory
Endosymbiotic Theory Evolution of Prokaryotes The oldest known fossils are 3.5 bya = stromatolites which are rock like layers of bacteria and sediment. Earliest life forms may have emerged as early as
Calculating extra credit from clicker points. Total points through last week: Participation: 6 x 2 = 12 Performance: = 26
Clicker Questions, Test 2 February 10, 2016, Outline 7 1. Darwin coined the term Natural Selection to contrast with what other term? A. Evolutionary Selection B. Competition C. Artificial Selection D.
Chemical Energy and ATP. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs. Living things need to survive.
8-1 Energy And Life Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Living things need to survive. This energy comes from food. The energy in most food comes from the. Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food?
Respiration and Photosynthesis
Respiration and Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Glycolysis The Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chains Anabolic Pathway Photosynthesis Calvin Cycle Flow of Energy Energy is needed to support all forms
In the following lab investigations, you will use algae beads (algae cells that are encapsulated in alginate) and a colorimetric CO 2
Introduction Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration In the following lab investigations, you will use algae beads (algae cells that are encapsulated in alginate) and a colorimetric indicator to observe
ENERGY = ATP ATP. B. How is Energy stored in our cells? 1. In the chemical bonds between the phosphates
I. What is energy in biology? ENERGY = Adenosine TriPhosphate Whoa! HOT stuff! 2009-2010 A. What is? Adenosine Triphosphate is similar to a nucleotide but has three phosphates instead of one B. How is
PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION
PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION There are two basic patterns by which organisms transform energy. AUTOTROPHIC PATTERN Light energy is transformed to chemical energy that can be used by the cell. AUTOTROPHIC
Ch. 9 - Cellular Respiration/Fermentation Study Guide
Ch. 9 - Cellular Respiration/Fermentation Study Guide A. Introduction 1. All living things need energy for metabolism. a. Plants produce glucose through photosynthesis; break down glucose during cellular
Bio Ch 6 Photosynthesis Notes
Bio Ch 6 Photosynthesis Notes I. Photosynthesis Basics A. What is photosynthesis? 1. Photosynthesis is a chemical reaction in which light energy is converted to chemical energy in glucose. 2. It is the
Chapter 4 Photosynthesis
Chapter 4 Photosynthesis RECAP Autotrophs Organisms that make their own food Heterotrophs cannot make their own food get energy from other organisms Photoautotroph use the suns energy Chemoautotroph use
Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism (Sections 1,3,5,6) KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.
KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy. ! The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. Starch molecule Glucose molecule
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Chapter 6
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Chapter 6 5.1 Matter and Energy Pathways in Living Systems Chapter 5 Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration 1 2 5.1 Matter and Energy Pathways in Living Systems In this section you will:
1. Why do you have to breath in
1. Why do you have to breath in O2? 2.Why is hyperventilating bad? 3.Why is it hard to breath on top of a mountain? 4.Why does being at high altitude make you tired? Unit 4 Assessment is on Tuesday December
Cellular Energy. The cell will store energy in molecules like sugars and ATP
Cellular Energy Cellular Energy The cell will store energy in molecules like sugars and ATP Most cells have small stores of ATP that only last a few seconds, but cannot store energy there long-term. Cells
Unit 8 Cell Metabolism. Foldable Notes
Unit 8 Cell Metabolism Foldable Notes Silently read pages 94-96 of your biology textbook Middle Inside Top Vocabulary 1. ATP 2. ADP 3. Product 4. Reactant 5. Chloroplast 6. Mitochondria 7. Heterotroph
Photosynthesis. Energy & Life
Photosynthesis Energy & Life 1 Overview of Photosynthesis 2 Autotrophs Plants and some other types of organisms that contain chlorophyll are able to use light energy from the sun to produce food. 3 Autotrophs
Unit One: The Science of Biology
Unit One: The Science of Biology 1 The process by which an organism reaches death In an organism, a condition in which there is reproduction, growth, development, metabolism, use of energy, excretion,
Biology Slide 1 of 20
Biology 1 of 20 8-1 Energy and Life 2 of 20 8-1 Energy and Life Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food? Living things need energy to survive. This energy comes
Unit 4 Bioenergetics Test Review
Section A: Adenosine Triphosphate Unit 4 Bioenergetics Test Review Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy molecule used by all cells to do work. It is a nucleotide consisting of adenine (a base), ribose
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration What you will learn: GPS Standard SB3a Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. IN OTHER WORDS Photosynthesis and Cellular
Section 8 1 Energy and Life (pages )
Bio07_TR_U03_CH08.QXD 4/25/06 2:51 PM Page 63 Name Class Date Chapter 8 Photosynthesis Section 8 1 Energy and Life (pages 201 203) Key Concepts Where do plants get the energy they need to produce food?
The Prokaryotic World
The Prokaryotic World A. An overview of prokaryotic life There is no doubt that prokaryotes are everywhere. By everywhere, I mean living in every geographic region, in extremes of environmental conditions,
Be sure to understand:
Learning Targets & Focus Questions for Unit 6: Bioenergetics Chapter 8: Thermodynamics Chapter 9: Cell Resp Focus Q Ch. 10: Photosynthesis Chapter 8 (141-150) 1. I can explain how living systems adhere
What cellular structure carries out respiration?
What cellular structure carries out photosynthesis? Label it s parts Chloroplast double membrane grana thylakoid membrane with chlorophyll stroma What cellular structure carries out respiration? Mitochondrian
IN THE PAST WEEKS WE SPOKE ABOUT THE 4 ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT ARE INSIDE THE CELL, SUCH AS PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS
IN THE PAST WEEKS WE SPOKE ABOUT THE 4 ORGANIC MOLECULES THAT ARE INSIDE THE CELL, SUCH AS PROTEINS, CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS CARBOHYDRATES ARE THE IMMEDIATE SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR THE CELL
Microbiology Helmut Pospiech.
Microbiology 28.03.2018 Helmut Pospiech http://www.thescientificcartoonist.com/?p=107 Energy metabolism of Microorganisms Fermentation ADP +Pi Motility ATP Active transport (nutrient uptake) Lactic Acid
PHOTOSYNTHESIS STARTS WITH
Name Date Period PHOTOSYNTHESIS STARTS WITH 1. Molecules that collect light energy are called _P. 2. Chlorophyll a and b absorb _B -_V and _R wavelengths of light best. 3. _C is the main light absorbing
7.014 Quiz III Handout
7.014 Quiz III Handout Quiz III: Wednesday, April 14 12:05-12:55 Walker Gym **This will be a closed book exam** Quiz Review Session: Tuesday, April 13 7:00-9:00 pm room 54-100 Open Tutoring Session: Monday,
Cell Energy Notes ATP THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY. CELL ENERGY Cells usable source of is called ATP stands for. Name Per
Cell Energy Notes Name Per THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY The Endosymbiotic theory is the idea that a long time ago, engulfed other prokaryotic cells by. This resulted in the first First proposed by Explains
Study Guide A. Answer Key. Cells and Energy
Cells and Energy Answer Key SECTION 1. CHEMICAL ENERGY AND ATP 1. molecule; food molecules 2. high-energy; lower-energy 3. phosphate group 4. a; d; b; c 5. b; e 6. c; d 7. a; f 8. chemical energy; light
NOTES: FLOW OF ENERGY
NOTES: FLOW OF ENERGY Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 2.2 Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem Energy in an Ecosystem Autotrophs (Producers) Organisms that use energy from sunlight or chemicals to produce food.
vast metabolic diversity, mostly unique; - many sources of energy & matter
Bacteria are the most ancient life forms - signs from ~3,500 m.y.a. Bacteria can tolerate great physical extremes from ocean deeps to the stratosphere to inside rocks & earth's crust essentials = only
Effect of Life on the Atmosphere: The Rise of Oxygen and Ozone
Some preliminary chemistry Chapter 11 Effect of Life on the Atmosphere: The Rise of Oxygen and Ozone Chemical reactions involve the giving and taking of electrons between atoms. the nucleus is not affected
First, an supershort History of the Earth by Eon
HISTORY OF LIFE WRITTEN IN THE ROCKS (geological record): notice how at first no life, very simple if for billions of years, complex life only recently 600 mya In these chapters, two primary themes: History
II. The Relationship Between Photosynthesis and Respiration
Name Period Date Cellular Respiration Notes Outline I The Importance of Food A Food provides living things with the: B Food serves as a source of: C Food serves as a source of: II The Relationship Between
Origins of Life & the Cambrian Explosion
Origins of Life & the Cambrian Explosion Impact Frustration period forces origins of life into a narrow time period to have gotten started! Hydrothermal vents may have served as zones of refuge. Origin
Origins of Life & the Cambrian Explosion
Origins of Life & the Cambrian Explosion Impact Frustration period forces origins of life into a narrow time period to have gotten started! Hydrothermal vents may have served as zones of refuge. 1 Origin
Cell Energetics - Practice Test
Name: Class: _ Date: _ Cell Energetics - Practice Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is the source of energy used
Photosynthesis Harness light energy and use it to move electrons through an electron transport chain. Electron carriers are arranged, in order of
Photosynthesis Harness light energy and use it to move electrons through an electron transport chain. Electron carriers are arranged, in order of increasing electro positivity within a membrane. Through
ATP: Energy for Life ATP. Chapter 6. What Is ATP? What Does ATP Do for You? Photosynthesis. Cell Respiration. Chemical Structure of ATP
Chapter 6 Photosynthesis : Energy for Life Cell Respiration What Is? Energy used by all Cells Chemical Structure of Adenine Base Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing highenergy Phosphate