ET Life #17. Today: Reminders: Energy of Life. Paper Proposal Due Friday First Mid-term Next Monday

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1 ET Life #17 Today: Energy of Life Reminders: Paper Proposal Due Friday First Mid-term Next Monday

2 Origin of Life: Summary 1. Early Organic Molecules 2. Complex organics developed (mineral templates?). 3. Pre-cells enclosed complex organics. 4. Natural selection increased RNA complexity. 5. DNA developed within some successful cell(s). A reasonable scenario, though many details are missing!

3 The 3 Domains of Life

4 What kind of organisms are Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes? All Archaea and Bacteria are Prokaryotes because they lack a distinct nucleus with a membranous compartment (some exceptions). All Eukarya are related on the phylogenetic tree. They are big and have many separate components. How then did they emerge?

5 Evolution of Eukaryotes Prokaryote membrane infoldings may have compartmentalized cell functions. DNA isolated within membrane: nucleus.

6 Evolution of Eukaryotes Specialized prokaryotes may have developed symbiotic relationships with host cells. Mitochondria & chloroplasts do have bacteria-like DNA

7 Towards Multicellular Life Specialization of Function Each cell contains ALL of the genetic material

8 Towards Multicellular Life Symbiotic Theory Cells with different specialties benefit eachother Mitochondria & Cholorplasts internal No Known examples of genetic exchange with present symbiotes

9 Towards Multicellular Life Cellularization Theory Single cell produces multiple nuclei Many examples... even specialization of nuclei! Specialization! Micronucleus used for Sexual reproduction

10 Towards Multicellular Life Colonial Theory (Haekel 1874) Slime Molds Autonomous Form clusters that move as a unit and bud!

11 Metabolism Life needs Carbon Life needs Energy

12 Different Elements Have Different Affinity for Electrons Life gets energy by moving electrons to atoms that really want electrons

13 Redox Reactions A.K.A. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions of electrical charge between atoms or molecules during a chemical reaction, which gives off energy. Example: H2 + 1/2 O2 H2O oxidized (loses electrons) reduced (gains electrons) The energy released by redox reactions can be used to make ATP, thus can power life!

14 Chemical Reactions Aerobic respiration (plants+animals): sugar + O2 CO2 + H2O Fermentation (anaerobic: without O2): First microbes were probably anaerobic. Less effective at producing energy than aerobic reactions.

15 E.Coli Anaerobic Reactions Succinate Fumarate

16 E.Coli Succinate Anaerobic Reactions Fumarate

17 Examples of Other Redox Reactions That Can Power Life Iron oxidation: 2Fe2+ + 1/2 O2 + 2H+ 2Fe3+ + H2O Methanogenesis: CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O Sulfur reduction: H2SO4 + 4H2 H2S + 4H2O Sulfur oxidation (early photosynthesis): CO2 + 2H2S CH2O + 2S + H2O Redox reactions power microbial life with or without oxygen

18 3.4 Billion years old In black sandstone of the Strelley Pool Formation in Western Australia Iron sulphide (fool's gold) found in and around the fossils' cell walls Modern bacteria with sulfur based metabolism show the same thing!

19 Photosynthesis Getting Energy in a Two Step Process! Photosynthesis: CO2 + H2O + energy sugar + O2 Aerobic respiration: sugar + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy Why was Photosynthesis such a game changer?

20 Metabolic Classifications: Carbon & Energy Sources Photo-: Energy from sunlight. Chemo-: Energy from chemical reactions (w/o sunlight). Heterotroph: Carbon from existing organics (food). Autotroph: Carbon from atmospheric CO2.

21 Trees are which of the following? a) Archaea and photoautotrophs. b) Prokaryotes and chemoheterotrophs. c) Eukaryotes and photoautotrophs. d) Eukaryotes and photoheterotrophs.

22 The 3 Domains of Life

23 Pyrococcus furiosus Hyperthermophile O (thrives at 100 C) + Reduces H to H2 Directly creates proton gradient to drive ATP production

24 Life in Extreme Environments Extremophiles: Organisms (prokaryotic) that survive in extreme conditions. Hyperthermophile Halophile Lithophile Piezophile Yellowstone microbes High-temperature loving Salt-loving Rock-loving Pressure-loving Antarctic endoliths

25 Reminders Research Proposal Due Friday (5pm) Test Monday Bring Your Questions for Review Session on Friday

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