Nuclear Chemistry CHAPTER

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1 Reviewing Vocabulary Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following sentences. alpha particle gray nuclear reactor beta particle half-life radioactivity deuterium nuclear fission sievert gamma ray nuclear fusion tritium 1. The time required for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo nuclear decay is called the. 2. A(n) consists of a helium nucleus. 3. The unit of radiation used to measure the amount of radiation received by an organism is called the. 4. is the reaction that occurs when two small nuclei join together to form a larger nucleus. 5. The spontaneous emission of radiation by a nucleus is known as. 6. The isotope of hydrogen with a mass number of 2 is. 7. is the process by which a single large nucleus breaks apart into two smaller nuclei. 8. A(n) is a high-energy form of electromagnetic radiation commonly released during radioactive decay. 9. The is a unit of radiation that measures the amount of radiation absorbed by a tissue. 10. The isotope of hydrogen with a mass number of 3 is. 11. A(n) is a device in which a nuclear reaction is used to generate energy. 12. A(n) is a high-energy electron released from a nucleus during radioactive decay. Chemistry: Concepts and Applications, Chapter 125

2 Understanding Concepts Part A In the space at the left, write the letter of the word or phrase that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Materials that continue to glow in the dark after they have been exposed to light are said to be. a. radioactive c. phosphorescent b. unstable d. incandescent 2. The first person to recognize the existence of radioactivity was. a. Marie Curie c. Albert Einstein b. Henri Becquerel d. Lise Meitner 3. The correct nuclear notation for the isotope oxygen-15 is. a O c. 15 O 8 8 b. 15 O d. 8 O15 4. The ratio of protons to neutrons in stable isotopes of the lighter elements tends to be approximately. a. 1:1 c. 2:1 b. 1:2 d. unpredictable 5. The most difficult radiation to block out is. a. alpha particles c. gamma rays b. beta particles d. visible light rays 6. A particle released during the fission of uranium-235 is a(n). a. alpha particle c. gamma ray b. beta particle d. neutron 7. If a neutron begins a nuclear chain reaction, then one product of that reaction must be. a. a uranium-235 nucleus c. a uranium-238 nucleus b. a neutron d. a gamma ray 8. In a reactor, nuclear energy is produced in the. a. moderator c. fuel rods b. coolant d. turbine 9. Compared to an electron, a positron has. a. the same mass and charge c. the same charge, but a different mass b. different mass and charge d. the same mass, but a different charge 126 Chemistry: Concepts and Applications, Chapter

3 Understanding Concepts Part B Answer the following questions. 1. What does the subscript on the nuclear symbol for a beta particle, 0 1e, mean? 2. What does the subscript on the nuclear symbol for the alpha particle, 4 2He, mean? 3. After an isotope decays by the loss of a beta particle, it has one more proton. Where did the extra proton come from? 4. Why would potassium-40 not be a good isotope to date pottery found in Egyptian cities built about 4000 B.C.? 5. Name three different products formed in any nuclear fission reaction. 6. The reactions that typically occur when a neutron strikes a uranium-238 nucleus and a uranium-235 nucleus are different. Explain how. 7. Write a nuclear equation for the fission of plutonium Why is nuclear fusion regarded as a better source of energy for future human needs than is nuclear fission? 9. How does radiation affect the structure of a stable molecule, such as a molecule of water? Chemistry: Concepts and Applications, Chapter 127

4 Thinking Critically Write the nuclear symbol for each of the following particles. 1. An alpha particle 2. A beta particle 3. An atom of deuterium 4. An atom of tritium 5. An atom of silicon An atom of einsteinium-252 Complete each of the following nuclear equations C ˇ Ra ˇ Th ˇ B 4 2 He ˇ 14 7 N Ca 1 1 H ˇ 44 Sc Be 1 1 H ˇ 6 3Li U 1 0 n ˇ Mo 0 n Cu 2 1 H ˇ 0 n Pu 4 2He ˇ 10 n 128 Chemistry: Concepts and Applications, Chapter

5 Interpreting Data and Lab Skills Technetium-99m is widely used in diagnosing medical problems. The graph below shows the rate at which a 200-gram sample of technetium-99m decays. Answer the following questions using the graph. 200 Mass remaining (g) Time (hours) 1. What is the half-life of technetium-99m? 2. Estimate the amount of the original sample of technetium-99m that would remain a. after 1 h; c. after 10 h; b. after 5 h; d. after 1 day. 3. Suppose that a doctor needs 25 g of technetium-99m in a medical procedure, and a sample of 100 g is made at 8:00 A.M. What is the latest time at which the procedure can be carried out? Why? 4. The technetium-99m is considered to be no longer useable when less than 6 g remains. At what time would the sample described in the preceding question become unusable? 5. Radioactive isotopes used for medical purposes are usually produced in a nuclear laboratory and shipped to hospitals. What problem can you see in producing and using technetium-99m by this system? 6. Technetium-99m decays in two steps, emitting first a gamma ray, then a beta particle. Write nuclear equations for these two reactions. Chemistry: Concepts and Applications, Chapter 129

6 Performance Assessment When nuclear fission was developed, some people felt that it would meet all the energy needs faced by human societies. These people thought that automobiles, airplanes, and ships could all be powered by small nuclear reactors and that all our heat and electricity needs could be met by nuclear reactions. That vision has turned out to be overly optimistic. Objections that have been raised to using nuclear power have varied widely. In the United States, so many objections have been raised to the use of nuclear reactors that no new nuclear power plants have been built in a number of years. How do you and your classmates feel about nuclear power as a source of energy in your future? The first step in answering this question is to make sure that you fully understand how a nuclear power plant operates. Consult a high school or college chemistry textbook or a specialized text on nuclear energy that shows the essential features of a nuclear power plant. Make a diagram of such a plant showing how and where energy is produced in the reactor and how that energy generates electricity. Next, find out what the arguments are for and against the use of nuclear power plants in the United States. Many books and articles have been written on this subject, and your school librarian will be able to suggest resources available in your own school library. Divide the class into two groups, one that will develop arguments in favor of building new nuclear power plants and one that will argue against this proposal. Conduct research and hold a debate. 130 Chemistry: Concepts and Applications, Chapter

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