and have low penetrating power) Alpha particles are released through alpha decay. Beta Particles: An electron that comes from a nucleus through
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1 TOPIC 13: Nuclear Chemistry 1. When the atomic nucleus of one element is changed into the nucleus of a different element, the reaction is called transmutation. Stability of a Nucleus: Any element containing an atomic number greater than 83 is considered an unstable element (aka a radioactive element) 2. Radioisotopes or radioactive isotopes emit radioactive particles. Such as Alpha Particles: A helium nucleus composed of two protons and two neutrons. (they are positively charged particles and have low penetrating power) Alpha particles are released through alpha decay. Beta Particles: An electron that comes from a nucleus through beta decay. (they are negatively charged particles and have moderate penetrating power) Positron Emission: A particle that is identical to a beta particle except it is positively charged. Gamma Rays: Almost all nuclear decay releases some energy in the form of gamma rays which are similar to x-rays but have greater energy and penetrating power (contains the greatest penetrating power out of all radioactive particles)
2 3. Decay Modes Alpha Decay: Decay process that involves the emission (production) of alpha particles o Atomic number(protons) of parent nucleus decreases by 2 o Number of neutrons of parent nucleus decreases by 2 o Atomic Mass overall of parent nucleus decreases by 4 Beta Decay: Decay process that involves the emission (production) of beta particles o Atomic number of parent nucleus increases by 1 o There is no effect on the number of neutrons/ atomic mass Positron Emission: Decay process that involves the emission (production) of a positrons o Atomic number(protons) of parent nucleus decreases by 1 o Atomic mass stays the same while number of neutrons increases by 1 due to the number of protons decreasing. This can be checked using this formula (atomic mass- atomic # = #neutrons) for each element.
3 4. Transmutations: Natural VS. Artificial Natural Transmutation- Occurs spontaneously in nature o Reaction is spontaneous o Only one substance is on the left side of the nuclear equation o Alpha and beta decay and positron emission are natural transmutations that occur as a result of unstable neutron-to-proton ratios Think about how things in nature happen spontaneously (on their own) just like natural transmutation. Artificial Transmutation- Does not occur spontaneously in nature o Reaction is nonspontaneous o Two substances on the left side of the equation o Bombarding a nucleus with high energy particles brings about the artificial transmutation 5. Types of Nuclear Reactions: Fission VS. Fusion Fission: Splitting of a heavy nucleus to produce lighter nuclei Always has a neutron on the reactant side of the nuclear equation
4 Fusion: Combination of two small nuclei to produce a heavy nucleus. Hydrogen and Helium are always involved. Produces more energy than fission and the products are not as radioactive as fission. 6. Conversion of Mass to Energy The mass loss in nuclear reactions is due to the conversion mass to energy. Mass can never be created nor destroyed BUT it can be converted to energy. According to Albert Einstein E=mc^2. The mass that was converted into energy is called mass defect. (Total mass of the nucleus is less than the sum of the mass of the individual masses of the protons and neutrons. 7. Half Life The time it takes for the mass of a radioisotope to decrease by half. 1 st Half life 2 nd Half life 100 g 50g 25g Half is independent of pressure, concentration, or temperature. 8. Uses and Dangers of Radioisotopes Dating: Carbon-14 (C-14) is used for dating living materials (organic materials). Uranium-238(U-238)/Lead-206(Pb-206) are used to date rocks and other geological formations
5 Chemical Tracer: Any radioisotope used to follow the path of a material in a system. o Tracers are used to detect radioactive materials o Phosphorus-31(P-31) is present in fertilizers used on plants Medical Applications Iodine-131(I-131) is used for detection and treatment of thyroid conditions Cobalt-60(Co-60) is used to kill cancerous tumors as well as to destroy anthrax bacilli. Technitium-99(Tc-99) is used given to patients to detect cancerous tumors Radiation Risks: High doses of radiation can and will cause SERIOUS illness and death
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