Nuclear Physics Questions. 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of?
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1 Nuclear Physics Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol? 3. What is the definition of the atomic mass number? What is its symbol? 4. What number is found by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass number? 5. What Conservation Law was used by Ernest Rutherford to estimate the size of the nucleus? 6. When electrons change energy levels, they emit photons in the infrared to X-ray spectrum. What type of photons are emitted when nucleons in the nucleus change energy levels? 7. Why are nuclear energy levels more complex than electron energy levels? 8. What force tries to split the nucleus apart? What force tries to keep it together? 9. What is an isotope? 10. Isotopes of a specified element have chemical and nuclear properties. What properties are generally similar for each isotope? Which properties can be very different? 11. What is the definition of mass defect? 12. What is the definition of binding energy? 13. What is the relationship between nuclear binding energies and electron bonding energies? 14. The Binding Energy per nucleon curve peaks in the area of Iron-56. What does that mean for isotopes near that peak? Elements to the right of the peak are created when? 15. Why are more neutrons required in more massive stable nuclei? 16. What is the spontaneous emission of radiation from nuclei called? What are the three types? 17. What stops each of the three types of radiation? 18. What is the Conservation of Nucleon Number law? 19. Unstable nuclei decay into other nuclei. What is the time it takes for half of the nuclei to decay called? Nuclear Physics - 1 v 1.1 Goodman & Zavorotniy
2 20. Define a nuclear reaction. What quantities are conserved during a nuclear reaction? 21. What is the definition of the reaction energy, or Q-value? 22. If Q is positive, what kind of reaction is it? Explain what happens do the energy in a positive Q reaction. 23. If Q is negative, what kind of reaction is it? Explain what happens do the energy in a negative Q reaction? 24. Why are neutrons so valuable in causing nuclear reactions to occur? 25. Describe what occurs in a nuclear fission reaction? 26. What is a chain reaction? 27. What is nuclear fusion and where does it occur? 28. What issue is preventing nuclear fusion from being used as a power source? Nuclear Physics - 2 v 1.1 Goodman & Zavorotniy
3 Chapter Problems Nuclear Structure C is an isotope of Carbon; what is the atomic number and the atomic mass number? Cu is an isotope of Copper; what is the atomic number and the atomic mass number? O is an isotope of Oxygen; how many neutrons, protons and electrons does it have? U is an isotope of Uranium; how many neutrons, protons and electrons does it have? What is the radius of the 88Ra nucleus? What is the radius of the 7 N nucleus? Cl is an isotope of Chlorine; what is the atomic number and the atomic mass number? B is an isotope of Boron; what is the atomic number and the atomic mass number? S is an isotope of Sulfur; how many neutrons, protons and electrons does it have? Pb is an isotope of Lead; how many neutrons, protons and electrons does it have? What is the radius of the 81Th nucleus? What is the radius of the 4Be nucleus? Binding Energy and Mass Defect Neutron mass = u 1 1H mass = u Calculate the mass defect and the binding energy of 2He (mass = u) Calculate the mass defect and the binding energy of 3Li (mass = u) Calculate the mass defect and the binding energy of 26Fe (mass = u). Nuclear Physics - 3 v 1.1 Goodman & Zavorotniy
4 16. Calculate the mass defect and the binding energy of H 1 2 (mass = u) Calculate the mass defect and the binding energy of 8 O (mass = u). 18. Calculate the mass defect and the binding energy of Nb (mass = u). Radioactivity Ca undergoes β decay. Using a periodic table, find the resulting atom Fill in the missing component: Bi He+? Fill in the missing component: P S+? Na undergoes β + decay. Using a periodic table, find the resulting atom Fill in the missing component: S e+? Fill in the missing component: Po Pb+? Nuclear Half-life 25. An isotope of Bi has a half life of 2 minutes. How much of this isotope will be left after 8 minutes from a starting sample of 800 g? Nitrogen-13 has a half life of 10 minutes. How long will it take for a sample of 500 g to be reduced to 62.5 g? 27. Carbon-11 has a half life of 20 minutes. How much of this isotope will be left after 60 minutes from a starting sample of 40 g? 28. Fermium-257 has a half life of 3 days. How long will it take for a sample of 200 g to be reduced to 25 g? 29. Lead-210 has a half life of 22 years. How much of this isotope will be left after 110 years from a starting sample of 8.0 kg? 30. Radon-222 has a half life of 3.8 days. How much of this isotope will be left after 19 days from a starting sample of 160 g? Nuclear Physics - 4 v 1.1 Goodman & Zavorotniy
5 Nuclear Reactions Fill in the missing component of the following reactions (see subset of Periodic Table at end of problem set): Al + 0 n 2He+? C + 1 H 13 6 C+? ? + 1 H 11Na + 2He Mn+? 26Fe + 0 n Calculate the mass defect (in amu) and reaction energy (in MeV) of the following reactions (missing components found above): Al + 0 n 2He+? C + 1 H 13 6 C+? ? + 1 H 11Na + 2He Mn+? 26Fe + 0 n Fill in the missing component of the following reactions: O + 2He γ+? H + 1 H 2He+? Li + 1 H? + 0 n C + 82Pb? +3 0 n Calculate the mass defect (in amu) and reaction energy (in MeV) of the following reactions (missing components found above): O + 2He γ+? H + 1 H 2He+? Li + 1 H? + 0 n C + 82Pb? +3 0 n Nuclear Physics - 5 v 1.1 Goodman & Zavorotniy
6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion Fill in the missing component of the following reactions and specify if they are fission or fusion: U + 0 n La+? +3 0 n C + 2He 16 8 O+? Pu + 0 n Ba+? +3 0 n 56 Fill in the missing component of the following reactions and specify if they are fission or fusion: Pu + 0 n Ce+? +3 0 n N + He? + n U + 0 n Sn+? +2 0 n Nuclear Physics - 6 v 1.1 Goodman & Zavorotniy
7 Isotope Reference Chart Atomic number Element Symbol Mass Number Atomic Mass (u) 0 (Neutron) n Hydrogen H Deuterium H or D Tritium H or T Helium He Lithium Li Beryllium Be Carbon C Fluorine F 17 8 Oxygen O Neon Ne Sodium Na Magnesium Mg Aluminum Al Manganese Mn Iron Fe Bromine Br Krypton Kr Strontium Sr Molybdenum Mo Lead Pb Radium Ra Nuclear Physics - 7 v 1.1 Goodman & Zavorotniy
8 Chapter Questions 1. Neutrons and protons; nucleons; quarks. 2. The number of protons; Z. 3. The number of nucleons (protons plus neutrons); A. 4. The number of neutrons, N. 5. Conservation of Energy. 6. Gamma rays. 7. Instead of just electrons, there are neutrons and protons. There is a repulsive electromagnetic force and an attractive strong nuclear force. 8. Electromagnetic force; strong nuclear force. 9. Nuclei with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. 10. Chemical; nuclear. 11. The difference between the total mass of the nucleons and the mass of the nucleus. 12. The amount of energy needed to break apart the nucleus into its constituent particles. It equals the mass defect times the speed of light squared. 13. Nuclear binding energies are on the order of 10 6 times the binding energies of electrons. 14. Those isotopes are very stable. Supernova explosions. 15. As the nucleus gets larger, the nucleons further from each other are not exposed to the strong nuclear force. More neutrons are required to overcome the Coulomb repulsive force. 16. Radioactivity; Alpha particle, Beta particle, Gamma ray. 17. Alpha particle paper; Beta particle sheet of aluminum; Gamma ray meters of lead. 18. The number of nucleons that make up the reactants in a nuclear reaction equal the number of nucleons in the products. 19. Nuclear half life. 20. A nuclear reaction takes place when a nucleus collides with another nucleus and a change occurs in the nature of the nucleus; charge, nucleon number, massenergy, linear momentum, angular momentum. 21. The energy available from the difference in the mass of the reactants and the products. 22. Exothermic. More energy is released than is input into the reaction. 23. Endothermic. Less energy is released than is input into the reaction. 24. They are electrically neutral, so they can get very close to the nucleus. 25. A slow neutron penetrates a fissionable nucleus; the nucleus expands and the strong nuclear force is overcome by the repulsive Coulomb force and the nucleus splits into two similarly sized fragments and several neutrons. 26. When there are enough neutrons released from a fission reaction to strike other fissionable nuclei, and the cycle continues, releasing great amounts of energy. 27. The combining of two lighter nuclei to form a larger nucleus which results in the release of energy. 28. The difficulty of containing the extremely hot plasma that will support fusion. Nuclear Physics - 8 v 1.1 Goodman & Zavorotniy
9 Chapter Problems 1. Z=6; A=12 2. Z=29; Z= neutrons, 8 protons, 8 electrons neutrons, 92 protons, 92 electrons x10-15 m x10-15 m 7. Z=17; A=37 8. Z=5; A= neutrons, 16 protons, 16 electrons neutrons, 82 protons, 82 electrons x10-15 m x10-15 m 13. Mass defect: u or x10-29 kg; Binding energy: x10 1 Mev or x10-12 J. 14. Mass defect: u or x10-29 kg; Binding energy: x10 1 Mev or x10-12 J. 15. Mass defect: u or x10-28 kg; Binding energy: x10 2 Mev or x10-11 J 16. Mass defect: u or x10-30 kg; Binding energy: Mev or x10-13 J 17. Mass defect: u or x10-28 kg; Binding energy: x10 2 Mev or x10-11 J 18. Mass defect: u or x10-27 kg; Binding energy: x10 2 Mev or x10-10 J Sc Tl e Ne Cl g min g days kg g Na e Mg H u; MeV u; MeV u; MeV u; MeV Ne n Be Ra u; MeV u; 1.759x10 1 MeV u; 1.503x10 1 MeV u; x10 1 MeV Br; fission 48. n 0 1 ; fusion Sr; fission Kr; fission F; fusion Mo; fission He Nuclear Physics - 9 v 1.1 Goodman & Zavorotniy
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