Table O: Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry
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1 Packet 12: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY STABLITY OF NUCLEI Most nuclei are stable and don t change. They are found within the belt of stability. Some nuclei are unstable and break down spontaneously giving off rays and particles. Whether a nucleus is stable or unstable can depend on the ratio of to. Ratio of neutrons to protons in stable nuclei is between 1:1 and 1.5:1 Atomic numbers 83 and above have no stable isotopes. The are called radioisotopes. An unstable nucleus decays in a series of steps that produces a stable nucleus. RADIOACTIVITY Unstable nuclei break down or decay. Decaying nuclei release high speed particles and energy called radiation o Radioactive emissions can be separated into three main types: 1. - helium nucleus 2. - high speed electron 3. - energy (NO MASS OR CHARGE) 4. Other important emissions include positrons. Table O: Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry
2 SEPARATING RADIOACTIVE EMISSIONS Radioactive emissions can be separated using an electromagnetic field. (see below) The deflection of radioactive emissions depends on their charge: alpha particles = (attracted to the negative field) beta particles = ( attracted to the positive field) gamma rays = (not attracted to either) PENETRATING POWER alpha particles penetrate the least have the greatest penetrating power NATURAL RADIOACTIVE DECAY The nucleus of an unstable isotope or element breaks down. Natural decay occurs (by itself) and radioactive emissions are given off. When elements undergo radioactive decay, they change from one element to another. This is called. NOTE: ALL nuclear equations must show a balance of atomic mass and atomic number. WRITING/RECOGNIZING NUCLEAR EQUATIONS: as always, mass and charge must always be balanced. 1. Alpha Decay Loss of an. The alpha particle is the same as a helium nucleus. (see Table O) The loss of an alpha particle Reduces the mass (top number) by (mass of He) Reduces the atomic number(lower number) by (atomic number of He) Use periodic table to look up new, stable element
3 Practice: write alpha decay equations for the first 3 following isotopes: 2. BETA DECAY The nucleus decays and gives off a. (see Table O) during the conversion of a neutron to a proton. The loss of a beta particle has no effect on the mass, but increases the atomic number by. Practice: write beta decay equations for the first 3 of the following isotopes: 3. POSITRON DECAY The nucleus decays and gives off a. It is produced as a proton is converted to a neutron. A positron is similar to an electron in mass and size, but has a positive charge. (see Table O) Loss of a positron does not affect the mass, but decreases the atomic number by.
4 Practice: write positron decay equations for the first 3 of the following isotopes. 4. GAMMA RAY EMISSION The nucleus decays and gives off. Gamma rays are high energy rays (similar to X-rays), with no mass and no charge. (see Table O) When gamma rays are emitted, there is no change in mass or atomic number. Only the energy state changes. The letter m indicates a higher energy state. Regents practice questions:
5 HALF-LIFE Half-life is the The half-life of a given isotope is constant. It is not affected by temperature, pressure or chemical activity. Each isotope has its own half-life which is different from any other isotope. See Table N. Half of a sample remains after each half-life! Table N: Select Radioisotopes Ex: Look up gold- 198 After 0 half-life or 0 days 10 g are present. After 1 half-life or 2.69 days 5 g remains. After 2 half-life or 5.38 days (2 x 2.69 days) 2.5 g remains. After 3 half-life or 8.07 days (3 x 2.69 days) 1.25 g remains. The graph below represents the 10 g of Au-198 through 6 half-lives.
6 This table is very useful to solve simple half-live problems. half-life fraction remaining 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/64 Ex: How much of a 100 μg (microgram) sample of 16 N will remain after 28.8 seconds of decay? Look up 16 N on Table N. The half-life of 16 N is 7.2 seconds. Each half-life the sample is cut in half! 1 st (7.2 sec) 2 nd (14.4 sec) 3 rd (21.6 sec) 4 th (28.8 sec) 100 μg 50 μg 25 μg 12.5 μg 6.25 μg Answer: remains after 28.8 seconds Regents practice: How many days are required for 200 grams of radon-222 to decay to 50.0 grams? (1) 1.91 days (2) 3.82 days (3) 7.64 days (4) 11.5 days Which radioisotope undergoes beta decay and has a half-life of less than 1 minute? (1) Fr-220 (2) K-42 (3) N-16 (4) P-32 An original sample of K-40 has a mass of grams. After years, grams of the original sample remains unchanged. What is the half-life of K-40? (1) y (2) y (3) y (4) y What is the half-life of sodium-25 if 1.00 gram of a gram sample of sodium-25 remains unchanged after 237 seconds? (1) 47.4 s (2) 79.0 s (3) 59.3 s (4) 118 s Extra Regents Practice: Click here: Click here: Click here:
7 ARTIFICIAL TRANSMUTATION The nucleus is bombarded with particles, causing it to decay and change into a new element. High energy particles include protons, neutrons and alpha particles. (see Table O) Artificial transmutation is takes place in a laboratory. To recognize artificial transmutation: There are two reactants in these nuclear equations the atom and the. The right side of the equation contains the new element and an emitted particle, such as a neutron. Mass number and atomic number are EQUAL on both side of the equation! 9 4 Be + 1 1H 6 3Li + 4 2He Beryllium is bombarded with protons transmuting it into lithium and releasing alpha particles Al + 4 2He 30 15P + 1 0n Aluminum is bombarded with alpha particles transmuting it into phosphorus and releasing neutrons. 1) Which equation represents artificial transmutation? (1) H 1+ + OH 1- H 2 O (3) U Th + 4 2He (2) UF Na 6 NaF + U (4) 27 13Al + 4 2He 30 15P + 1 0n NUCLEAR ENERGY In nuclear reactions, mass is converted into Nuclear reactions produce tremendous amounts of energy. There are two types of nuclear reactions: fission and fusion. Fission In a fission reaction, one heavy nucleus absorbs a neutron and splits into two or more lighter nuclei, releasing neutrons and energy. Only elements of high atomic number can be fissioned. The neutrons that are released bombard other uranium nuclei, causing them to split and release even more neutrons. This is known as a. A nuclear reactor is a controlled chain reaction; an atomic bomb is an uncontrolled chain reaction.
8 Fission Chain Reaction Fusion In a fusion reaction, two light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus. The energy released by a fusion reaction is much greater than that in fission reactions. Fusion of hydrogen atoms to form helium takes place in the sun and other stars and also in hydrogen bombs, releasing tremendous amounts of energy. USES OF RADIOISOTOPES TRACERS: Carbon-14 is used to follow the course of a chemical or biological reaction. MEDICAL: Isotopes with very short half-lives are used in medical diagnosis and treatment of diseases. a) Technetium-99 ( Tc-99 ) pinpoints brain tumors b) Radium and Cobalt-60 ( Co-60 ) treatment of cancer c) Iodine-131 ( I-131 ) diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders FOOD STORAGE: Radiation kills bacteria, yeast and mold allowing food to be stored for longer periods of time. RADIOACTIVE DATING: Based on half-life a) Geologic dating Uranium-238 is used to find the age of rocks or mountains b) Dating living material the ratio of Carbon-14 to Carbon-12 can determine the age of organic material from organisms that were once alive NUCLEAR POWER: Electricity can be produced from nuclear reactors INDUSTRIAL MEASUREMENT: Subatomic particles can be used to measure the thickness of metal.
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