Isotopes. An isotope is an atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that vary in the number of neutrons.
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1 Nuclear Chemistry
2 Isotopes An isotope is an atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that vary in the number of neutrons. Most elements have several isotopes Some are unstable and emit radiation They vary in the number of neutrons. This changes their atomic mass.
3 Isotope Notation Oxygen-16 has 8 protons and 8 neutrons Oxygen-17 has 8 protons and 9 neutrons Oxygen 18 has 8 protons and 10 neutrons
4 Forms of Energy The five main forms of energy are: Heat Chemical Electromagnetic Nuclear Mechanical
5 Nuclear Radiation Many elements can change through radioactivity. -Radioactive elements have unstable nuclei. -Radioactive elements can decay. Emit radiation Can become a different isotope of the same element Can become a different element!
6 Alpha Particle Types of Radiation Helium nucleus with a + 2 charge The largest radioactive particle Don t penetrate very deep Beta Particle A fast moving electron -1 charge Can travel through paper, but wood or aluminum will stop it. Gamma Particle Tiny and too small to measure (like photons) No charge Travel through clothes and even walls
7 EVR3019/Nuclear_Waste.ppt
8
9 Alpha decay Alpha particle has a mass of protons and 2 neutrons --Mass goes down by 4 --Atomic # goes down by 2 9
10 Beta decay Beta particle has a tiny mass. -- A neutron is converted to a proton --Mass stays the same --Atomic # goes up by Th 234 Pa + e beta particle 10
11 Gamma radiation No change in atomic or mass number 11 B 11 B boron atom in a high-energy state 11
12 Comparison of Chemical and Nuclear Reactions Chemical Reactions Occur when bonds are broken or formed Involve only valence electrons Associated with small energy changes Atoms keeps same identity although they may gain, lose, or share electrons, and form new substances Temperature, pressure, concentration, and catalysts affect reaction rates Nuclear Reactions Occur when nuclei combine, split, & emit radiation Can involve protons, neutrons, & electrons Associated with large energy changes Atoms of one element are often converted into atoms of another element Temperature, pressure, and catalysts do not normally affect reaction rates
13 Radiation Composition & Symbol Is shielded or stopped by? Alpha 2 p+ and 2 n 0 paper Beta Stream of high speed e- Clothing, wood Gamma Very high energy electromagnetic radiation Concrete, lead
14 Nuclear Fission A heavy nucleus splits into more stable nuclei of intermediate mass.
15 Little Boy and Fat Man
16 Atomic Bombs Atomic bombs are an example of Fission Reactions. Little boy and Fat man were Atomic bombs made from fission reactions with uranium and plutonium respectively. A fission chain reaction is started and continues until the bomb destroys itself.
17 Nuclear Fusion Low-mass nuclei combine to form a heavier, more stable nucleus.
18 Hydrogen Bombs Hydrogen bombs are an example of nuclear fusion. Two isotopes of hydrogen, 2 H and 3 H, fuse together and produce a lot of energy in the process. H-bombs release significantly more energy than atomic bombs.
19 The Sun: Nuclear Fusion Sun H 2-1e He 1 2+ Energy Four hydrogen nuclei (protons) Two beta particles (electrons) One helium nucleus
20 Comparing Fission and Fusion
21 Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion
22 Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion A heavy atom splits into two or more lighter nuclei Ex: Atomic Bombs & Nuclear reactors Release huge amounts of energy Produce nuclear waste High temp and pressure are used to combine light atoms to make heavier atoms Ex: Fuels the sun and stars & Hydrogen Bombs
23 map: Nuclear Energy Institute Nuclear Power Plants
24 Nuclear Power Plants Uranium-235 undergoes nuclear fission and releases thermal (heat) energy. This turns water to steam which spins turbines. The turbines produce electrical energy. Nuclear waste is fuel rods with unreacted uranium and radioactive products of fission.
25 Did You Know?
26 cb /schools/images/0/0b/chart.jpg
27 Half-Life The time needed for one-half of the nuclei in a radioisotope to decay and emit their radiation to form a different isotope Half-time emitted Uranium million yrs alpha, gamma Plutonium yrs alpha, gamma During operation, nuclear power plants produce radioactive wastes, including some that remain dangerous for tens of thousands of years
28 Relative Doses from Radiation Sources cstl-cst.semo.edu/bornstein/bs105/ Energy%20Use%20-%203.ppt
29 Effects of Radiation Genetic damages: from mutations that alter genes Genetic defects can become apparent in the next generation Cellular damages: to tissue, such as burns, miscarriages & cancers
30
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