Radioactivity & Nuclear. Chemistry. Mr. Matthew Totaro Legacy High School. Chemistry
|
|
- Janice Walsh
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Radioactivity & Nuclear Chemistry Mr. Matthew Totaro Legacy High School Chemistry
2 The Discovery of Radioactivity Antoine-Henri Becquerel designed an experiment to determine if phosphorescent minerals also gave off x- rays. 2
3 Becquerel s Plate 3
4 The Discovery of Radioactivity, Continued Bequerel discovered that certain minerals were constantly producing penetrating energy rays he called uranic rays. Like x-rays. But not related to fluorescence. Bequerel determined that: All the minerals that produced these rays contained uranium. The rays were produced even though the mineral was not exposed to outside energy. Energy apparently being produced from nothing? 4
5 Marie Curie Marie Curie used an electroscope to detect the radiation of uranic rays in samples. By carefully separating minerals into their components, she discovered new elements by detecting the radiation they emitted. Radium named for its green phosphorescence. Polonium named for her homeland. Since the radiation was no longer just emitted from of uranium, she renamed it radioactivity. 5
6 What Is Radioactivity? Radioactivity = release of tiny, highenergy particles from an atom. Particles are ejected from the nucleus. 6
7 Properties of Radioactivity Radioactive rays can ionize matter. Cause uncharged matter to become charged. Basis of Geiger counter and electroscope. Radioactive rays have high energy. Radioactive rays can penetrate matter. Radioactive rays cause phosphorescent chemicals to glow. Basis of scintillation counter. 7
8 Types of Radioactive Rays Rutherford discovered there were three types of radioactivity: 1. Alpha rays (ά): Have a charge of +2 c.u. and a mass of 4 amu. What we now know to be helium nucleus. 2. Beta rays (β): Have a charge of -1 c.u. and negligible mass. Electron-like. 3. Gamma rays (γ): Form of light energy (not particle like α and β). 8
9 Rutherford s Experiment β α γ
10 Penetrating Ability of Radioactive Rays α β γ 0.01 mm 1 mm 100 mm Pieces of Lead 10
11 Facts About the Nucleus Very small volume compared to volume of the atom. Essentially entire mass of atom. Very dense. Composed of protons and neutrons that are tightly held together. Nucleons. 11
12 Facts About the Nucleus, Continued Every atom of an element has the same number of protons; equal to the atomic number (Z). Atoms of the same elements can have different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes. Different atomic masses. Isotopes are identified by their mass number (A). Mass number = number of protons + neutrons. 12
13 Facts About the Nucleus, Continued The number of neutrons is calculated by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number. The nucleus of an isotope is called a nuclide. Less than 10% of the known nuclides are nonradioactive, most are radionuclides. Each nuclide is identified by a symbol. Element mass number. Uranium
14 Important Atomic Symbols Particle Symbol Nuclear symbol Proton p + Neutron n 0 Electron e - Alpha Beta α β, β Positron β, β H 1 1p n e α 4 2 He β 0 1e β 0 1e 14
15 Radioactivity Radioactive nuclei spontaneously decompose into smaller nuclei. Radioactive decay. We say that radioactive nuclei are unstable. The parent nuclide is the nucleus that is undergoing radioactive decay; the daughter nuclide are the new nuclei that are made. Decomposing involves the nuclide emitting a particle and/or energy. All nuclides with 84 or more protons are radioactive. 15
16 Transmutation Rutherford discovered that during the radioactive process, atoms of one element are changed into atoms of a different element transmutation. In order for one element to change into another, the number of protons in the nucleus must change. 16
17 Chemical Processes vs. Nuclear Processes Chemical reactions involve changes in the electronic structure of the atom. Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons. No change in the nuclei occurs. Nuclear reactions involve changes in the structure of the nucleus. When the number of protons in the nucleus changes, the atom becomes a different element. 17
18 Nuclear Equations We describe nuclear processes using nuclear equations. Use the symbol of the nuclide to represent the nucleus. Atomic numbers and mass numbers are conserved. Use this fact to predict the daughter nuclide if you know parent and emitted particle. 18
19 Alpha Emission (Decay) An ά particle contains 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Helium nucleus. Loss of an alpha particle means: Atomic number decreases by 2. Mass number decreases by α 4 2He Ra 4 2 He Rn 19
20 ά Decay 20
21 Beta Emission (Decay) A β particle is like an electron. Moving much faster. Produced from the nucleus. 0 1 When an atom loses a β particle, its: Atomic number increases by 1. β 0 1e Mass number remains the same. In beta decay, a neutron changes into a proton. 234 Th 0 e Pa 21
22 β Decay 22
23 Gamma Emission Gamma (g) rays are high-energy photons of light. No loss of particles from the nucleus. No change in the composition of the nucleus, however, the arrangement of the nucleons changes. Same atomic number and mass number. Generally occurs after the nucleus undergoes some other type of decay and the remaining particles rearrange. 0 0 γ 23
24 Positron Emission (Decay) Positron has a charge of 1+ c.u. and negligible mass. 0 Anti-electron When an atom loses a positron from the nucleus, its: Mass number remains the same. Atomic number decreases by 1. Positrons appear to result from a proton changing into a neutron Na e β 0 1e Ne 24
25 β + Decay 25
26 What Kind of Decay and How Many Protons and Neutrons Are in the Daughter? 11 p + 9 n 0 Alpha emission giving a daughter nuclide with 9 protons and 7 neutrons. 26
27 What Kind of Decay and How Many Protons and Neutrons Are in the Daughter?, Continued 9 p + 12 n 0 Beta emission giving a daughter nuclide with 10 protons and 11 neutrons. 27
28 What Kind of Decay and How Many Protons and Neutrons Are in the Daughter?, Continued 5 p + 4 n 0 Positron emission giving a daughter nuclide with 4 protons and 5 neutrons. 28
29 Nuclear Equations In the nuclear equation, mass numbers and atomic numbers are conserved. We can use this fact to determine the identity of a daughter nuclide if we know the parent and mode of decay. 29
30 Practice Write a Nuclear Equation for Each of the Following: Alpha emission from Th-238. Beta emission from Ne-24. Positron emission from N
31 Practice Write a Nuclear Equation for Each of the Following, Continued: Alpha emission from Th U 4He + 234Th Beta emission from Ne Ne 0β + 24Na Positron emission from N β + 7 N C 31
32 Decay Series In nature, often one radioactive nuclide changes in another radioactive nuclide. Daughter nuclide is also radioactive. All of the radioactive nuclides that are produced one after the other until a stable nuclide is made is called a decay series. To determine the stable nuclide at the end of the series without writing it all out: 1. Count the number of a and b decays. 2. From the mass nunmber, subtract 4 for each a decay. 3. From the atomic number, subtract 2 for each a decay and add 1 for each b. 32
33 U-238 Decay Series 33
34 Practice Write All the Steps in the U- 238 Decay Series and Identify the Stable Isotope at the End of the Series. α, β, β, α, α, α, α, β, α, β, α, β, β, α 34
35 Practice Write All the Steps in the U- 238 Decay Series and Identify the Stable Isotope at the End of the Series, Continued. α, β, β, α, α, α, α, β, α, β, α, β, β, α Great Great great granddaughter α Daughter β Granddaughter β granddaughter α U-238 Th-234 Pa-234 U-234 Th-230 α α α β α Ra-226 Rn-222 Po-218 At-218 Bi-214 β α β β α Po-214 Pb-210 Bi-210 Po-210 Pb
36 Practice Determine the Stable Isotope at the End of the U-238 Decay Series. α, β, β, α, α, α, α, β, α, β, α, β, β, α 36
37 Practice Determine the Stable Isotope at the End of the U-238 Decay Series, Continued. α, β, β, α, α, α, α, β, α, β, α, β, β, α U 8 α ? 6 β ? 206 = 82 Pb 37
38 Detecting Radioactivity To detect when a phenomenon is present, you need to identify what it does: 1. Radioactive rays can expose light-protected photographic film. Use photographic film to detect the presence of radioactive rays film badges. 38
39 Detecting Radioactivity, Continued 2. Radioactive rays cause air to become ionized. An electroscope detects radiation by its ability to penetrate the flask and ionize the air inside. Geiger-Müller counter works by counting electrons generated when Ar gas atoms are ionized by radioactive rays. 39
40 Detecting Radioactivity, Continued 3. Radioactive rays cause certain chemicals to give off a flash of light when they strike the chemical. A scintillation counter is able to count the number of flashes per minute. 40
41 Natural Radioactivity There are small amounts of radioactive minerals in the air, ground, and water. It s even in the food you eat! The radiation you are exposed to from natural sources is called background radiation. 41
42 Half-Life Each radioactive isotope decays at a unique rate. Some fast, some slow. Not all the atoms of an isotope change simultaneously. Rate is a measure of how many of them change in a given period of time. Measured in counts per minute, or grams per time. The length of time it takes for half of the parent nuclides in a sample to undergo radioactive decay is called the half-life. 42
43 Half-Lives of Various Nuclides Nuclide Half-life Type of decay Th x yr Alpha U x 10 9 yr Alpha C yr Beta Rn sec Alpha Th x 10 6 sec Alpha 43
44 How Hot Is It? When we speak of a sample being hot, we are referring to the number of decays we get per minute. For samples with equal numbers of radioactive atoms, the sample with the shorter half-life will be hotter. That is, more atoms will change in a given period of time. 44
45 Half-Life Half of the radioactive atoms decay each half-life. 100 Radioactive decay Percentage of original sample Time (half-lives) 45
46 60000 Decay of Au-198 half-life = 2.7 days Radioactivity (cpm.) Time (days) 46
47 How Long Is the Half-Life of this Radionuclide? 47
48 Practice Radon-222 Is a Gas that Is Suspected of Causing Lung Cancer as It Leaks into Houses. It Is Produced by Uranium Decay. Assuming No Loss or Gain from Leakage, if There Is 1024 g of Rn-222 in the House Today, How Much Will There be in 5.4 Weeks? (Rn-222 Half-Life Is 3.8 Days.) 48
49 Practice Radon-222 Is a Gas that Is Suspected of Causing Lung Cancer as It Leaks into Houses. It Is Produced by Uranium Decay. Assuming No Loss or Gain from Leakage, if There Is 1024 g of Rn-222 in the House Today, How Much Will There be in 5.4 Weeks? ( Rn-222 Half-Life Is 3.8 Days.), Continued 5.4 weeks x 7 days/wk = days Amount of Rn-222 Number of Half-lives Time (days) 1024 g g g g g g Amount of Rn-222 Number of Half-lives Time (days) 16 g g g g g
50 Practice How Much of a Radioactive Isotope, Rn- 222 (with Half-Life of 10 Minutes) Did You Start with if, After One Hour if You Have 2 g? 50
51 Practice How Much of a Radioactive Isotope, Rn- 222(with Half-Life of 10 Minutes) Did You Start with if, After One Hour if You Have 2 g?, Continued Fill in the Number of half-lives and Time columns first, then work backwards up the Amount column. Amount of Rn-222 Number of half-lives Time (min) 128 g g g g g g g
52 Nonradioactive Nuclear Changes A few nuclei are so unstable, that if their nuclei are hit just right by a neutron, the large nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei. This is called fission. Small nuclei can be accelerated to such a degree that they overcome their charge repulsion and smash together to make a larger nucleus. This is called fusion. Both fission and fusion release enormous amounts of energy. Fusion releases more energy per gram than fission. 52
53 Fission + energy!! 53
54 Fission Chain Reaction A chain reaction occurs when a reactant in the process is also a product of the process. In the fission process it is the neutrons. So you only need a small amount of neutrons to start the chain. Many of the neutrons produced in the fission are either ejected from the uranium before they hit another U-235 or are absorbed by the surrounding U-238. Minimum amount of fissionable isotope needed to sustain the chain reaction is called the critical mass. 54
55 Fission Chain Reaction, Continued 55
56 Fissionable Material Fissionable isotopes include U-235, Pu- 239, and Pu-240. Natural uranium is less than 1% U-235. The rest is mostly U-238. Not enough U-235 to sustain chain reaction. To produce fissionable uranium the natural uranium must be enriched in U- 235: To about 7% for weapons grade. To about 3% for reactor grade. 56
57 Nuclear Power Nuclear reactors use fission to generate electricity. About 20% of U.S. electricity. The fission of U-235 produces heat. The heat boils water, turning it to steam. The steam turns a turbine, generating electricity. 57
58 Nuclear Power Plants vs. Coal-Burning Power Plants Use about 50 kg of fuel to generate enough electricity for 1 million people. No air pollution. Use about 2 million kg of fuel to generate enough electricity for 1 million people. Produces NO 2 and SO x that add to acid rain. Produces CO 2 that adds to the greenhouse effect. 58
59 Nuclear Power Plant 59
60 Nuclear Power Plants Core The fissionable material is stored in long tubes, called fuel rods, arranged in a matrix. Subcritical. Between the fuel rods are control rods made of neutron absorbing material. B and/or Cd. Neutrons needed to sustain the chain reaction. The rods are placed in a material to slow down the ejected neutrons, called a moderator. Allows chain reaction to occur below critical mass. 60
61 Containment building PLWR Turbine Boiler Condenser Core Cold water 61
62 PLWR Core Control rods Hot water Fuel rods Cold water 62
63 Problems with Nuclear Reactors Fukushima Chernobyl 63
64 Nuclear Fusion Fusion is the combining of light nuclei to make a heavier one. The sun uses the fusion of hydrogen isotopes to make helium as a power source. Requires high input of energy to initiate the process. Because need to overcome repulsion of positive nuclei. Produces 10x the energy per gram as fission. No radioactive byproducts. Unfortunately, the only currently working application is the H-bomb. 64
65 Fusion 2 1H 1H deuterium + tritium He 0n helium-4 + neutron 1 65
Ch05. Radiation. Energy and matter that comes from the nucleus of an atom. version 1.6
Ch05 Radiation Energy and matter that comes from the nucleus of an atom. version 1.6 Nick DeMello, PhD. 2007-2016 Ch05 Radiation The Discovery of Radioactivity Phosphorescence Radioactive history Antoine
More informationChapter 17. Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 17 Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry The Discovery of Radioactivity (1896) Antoine-Henri Bequerel designed experiment to determine whether phophorescent minerals also gave off X-rays. Bequerel
More informationChapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay
Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay History and Discovery of Radioactivity The Discovery of Radioactivity (1896) Antoine-Henri Bequerel designed experiment to determine
More informationChapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay
Chapter 19 - Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Stability and Modes of Decay History and Discovery of Radioactivity The Discovery of Radioactivity (1896) Antoine-Henri Bequerel designed experiment to determine
More informationChapter 19 Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 19 Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry The Discovery of Radioactivity! Antoine-Henri Becquerel designed an experiment to determine if phosphorescent minerals also gave off X-rays The Discovery
More informationCh 17 Radioactivity & Nuc. Chemistry Study Guide Accelerated Chemistry SCANTRON
Ch 17 Radioactivity & Nuc. Chemistry Study Guide Accelerated Chemistry SCANTRON Name No-Calculators Allowed /65 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers
More informationPS-21 First Spring Institute say : Teaching Physical Science. Radioactivity
PS-21 First Spring Institute say 2012-2013: Teaching Physical Science Radioactivity What Is Radioactivity? Radioactivity is the release of tiny, highenergy particles or gamma rays from the nucleus of an
More informationChemistry 52 Chapter 11 ATOMIC STRUCTURE. The general designation for an atom is shown below:
ATOMIC STRUCTURE An atom is composed of a positive nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons in a nucleus are referred
More informationChapter 18 Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 8 Nuclear Chemistry 8. Discovery of radioactivity 895 Roentgen discovery of radioactivity X-ray X-ray could penetrate other bodies and affect photographic plates led to the development of X-ray
More informationda u g ht er + radiation
RADIOACTIVITY The discovery of radioactivity can be attributed to several scientists. Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 and shortly after that Henri Becquerel observed radioactive behavior while
More informationNuclear Chemistry AP Chemistry Lecture Outline
Nuclear Chemistry AP Chemistry Lecture Outline Name: involve changes with electrons. involve changes in atomic nuclei. Spontaneously-changing nuclei emit and are said to be. Radioactivity nucleons: mass
More information1ST SEM MT CHAP 22 REVIEW
1ST SEM MT CHAP 22 REVIEW Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. (CAPITAL LETTERS ONLY PLEASE) 1. Mass defect is the difference between the mass
More informationJournal 14. What is so dangerous about nuclear energy?
Journal 14 What is so dangerous about nuclear energy? Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry Bravo 15,000 kilotons Discovery of Radiation Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen had discovered X rays Pierre & Marie Curie
More informationFiesta Ware. Nuclear Chemistry. 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Fiesta Ware 2009, Prentice-Hall, Inc. Measuring Radioactivity One can use a device like this Geiger counter to measure the amount of activity present in a radioactive sample. The ionizing radiation creates
More informationChapter 3. Radioactivity. Table of Contents
Radioactivity Table of Contents Introduction 1. Radioactivity 2. Types of Radioactive Decays 3. Natural Radioactivity 4. Artificial Radioactivity 5. The Rate of Radioactive Decay 6. The Effects of Radiation
More informationName Date Class NUCLEAR RADIATION. alpha particle beta particle gamma ray
25.1 NUCLEAR RADIATION Section Review Objectives Explain how an unstable nucleus releases energy Describe the three main types of nuclear radiation Vocabulary radioisotopes radioactivity radiation alpha
More informationChapter 21. Preview. Lesson Starter Objectives Mass Defect and Nuclear Stability Nucleons and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Reactions
Preview Lesson Starter Objectives Mass Defect and Nuclear Stability Nucleons and Nuclear Stability Nuclear Reactions Section 1 The Nucleus Lesson Starter Nuclear reactions result in much larger energy
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Proposal: build a nuclear power plant in Broome County. List the pros & cons
Nuclear Chemistry Proposal: build a nuclear power plant in Broome County. List the pros & cons 1 Nuclear Chemistry Friend or Fiend 2 The Nucleus What is in the nucleus? How big is it vs. the atom? How
More informationUnit 12: Nuclear Chemistry
Unit 12: Nuclear Chemistry 1. Stability of isotopes is based on the ratio of neutrons and protons in its nucleus. Although most nuclei are stable, some are unstable and spontaneously decay, emitting radiation.
More informationName: Class: Date: SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.
CHAPTER 21 REVIEW Nuclear Chemistry SECTION 1 SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Based on the information about the three elementary particles in the text, which has
More informationChapter 22 - Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter - Nuclear Chemistry - The Nucleus I. Introduction A. Nucleons. Neutrons and protons B. Nuclides. Atoms identified by the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus 8 a. radium-8 or 88 Ra II.
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Nuclear Terminology
Nuclear Chemistry Up to now, we have been concerned mainly with the electrons in the elements the nucleus has just been a positively charged things that attracts electrons The nucleus may also undergo
More informationChapter 21
Chapter 21 http://youtu.be/kwasz59f8ga Nuclear reactions involve the nucleus The nucleus opens, and protons and neutrons are rearranged. The opening of the nucleus releases a tremendous amount of energy
More informationRadioactivity One of the pieces of evidence for the fact that atoms are made of smaller particles came from the work of Marie Curie
1 Nuclear Chemistry Radioactivity 2 One of the pieces of evidence for the fact that atoms are made of smaller particles came from the work of Marie Curie (1876-1934). She discovered radioactivity or radioactive
More information: When electrons bombarded surface of certain materials, invisible rays were emitted
Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Reactions 1. Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. 2. Atoms are often converted into atoms of another element. 3. May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons 4. Associated
More informationAtoms and Nuclear Chemistry. Atoms Isotopes Calculating Average Atomic Mass Radioactivity
Atoms and Nuclear Chemistry Atoms Isotopes Calculating Average Atomic Mass Radioactivity Atoms An atom is the smallest particle of an element that has all of the properties of that element. Composition
More informationChapter 18. Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 18 Nuclear Chemistry The energy of the sun comes from nuclear reactions. Solar flares are an indication of fusion reactions occurring at a temperature of millions of degrees. Introduction to General,
More informationLecture Presentation. Chapter 21. Nuclear Chemistry. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Presentation Chapter 21, Inc. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Energy: Chemical vs. Chemical energy is associated with making and breaking chemical bonds. energy is enormous in comparison.
More informationKey Question: What role did the study of radioactivity play in learning more about atoms?
Name Chemistry Essential question: How were the parts of the atom determined? Key Question: What role did the study of radioactivity play in learning more about atoms? Vocabulary: alpha particle fusion
More informationNuclear Chemistry. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions.
1 1 Nuclear Chemistry In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off radiation. Nuclear bombardment
More informationNuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions
Slide 1 / 33 Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Reactions The Nucleus Slide 2 / 33 Proton: The charge on a proton is +1.6x10-19 C. The mass of a proton is 1.6726x10-27 kg. Neutron: The neutron is neutral. The
More informationChapter 10. Section 10.1 What is Radioactivity?
Chapter 10 Section 10.1 What is Radioactivity? What happens when an element undergoes radioactive decay? How does radiation affect the nucleus of an unstable isotope? How do scientists predict when an
More informationUNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
UNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY REVIEW: ISOTOPE NOTATION An isotope notation is written as Z A X, where X is the element, A is the mass number (sum of protons and neutrons), and Z is the atomic number. For
More informationChapter 12: Nuclear Reaction
Chapter 12: Nuclear Reaction A nuclear reaction occurs when a nucleus is unstable or is being bombarded by a nuclear particle. The product of a nuclear reaction is a new nuclide with an emission of a nuclear
More information6. Atomic and Nuclear Physics
6. Atomic and Nuclear Physics Chapter 6.2 Radioactivity From IB OCC, prepared by J. Domingues based on Tsokos Physics book Warm Up Define: nucleon atomic number mass number isotope. Radioactivity In 1896,
More informationNuclear Physics Questions. 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of?
Nuclear Physics Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?
More informationChapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry The Nucleus Remember that the nucleus is comprised of the two nucleons, protons and neutrons. The number of protons is the atomic number. The number of protons and neutrons
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity. In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions.
1 Nuclear Chemistry In this chapter we will look at two types of nuclear reactions. Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off radiation. Nuclear bombardment
More informationIsotopes Atoms of an element (same # p+) that differ in their number of neutrons
Isotopes Atoms of an element (same # p+) that differ in their number of neutrons Radio-isotopes Isotope of an element that is UNSTABLE. They spontaneously emit particles (energy) in order to achieve a
More informationNuclear Chemistry. The Nucleus. Isotopes. Slide 1 / 43. Slide 2 / 43. Slide 3 / 43
Slide 1 / 43 Nuclear Chemistry The Nucleus Slide 2 / 43 Remember that the nucleus is comprised of the two nucleons, protons and neutrons. The number of protons is the atomic number. The number of protons
More informationCh Radioactivity. Henry Becquerel, using U-238, discovered the radioactive nature of elements in 1896.
Ch. 10 - Radioactivity Henry Becquerel, using U-238, discovered the radioactive nature of elements in 1896. Radioactivity the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles and energy
More informationNuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Proton has positive charge: Neutron is electrically neutral: Neutrons and protons are collectively
More informationNJCTL.org 2015 AP Physics 2 Nuclear Physics
AP Physics 2 Questions 1. What particles make up the nucleus? What is the general term for them? What are those particles composed of? 2. What is the definition of the atomic number? What is its symbol?
More informationNuclear Reactions: Chemistry 5.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
Nuclear Reactions: Chemistry 5.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Discovery of Radioactivity Roentgen In 1895 Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen discovered Xrays. Roentgen observed that a vacuum discharge tube
More informationChapter 37. Nuclear Chemistry. Copyright (c) 2011 by Michael A. Janusa, PhD. All rights reserved.
Chapter 37 Nuclear Chemistry Copyright (c) 2 by Michael A. Janusa, PhD. All rights reserved. 37. Radioactivity Radioactive decay is the process in which a nucleus spontaneously disintegrates, giving off
More informationUnit 1 Atomic Structure
Unit 1 Atomic Structure 3-1 The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory I. Atomic Theory A. Modern Atomic Theory 1. All matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms 2. Atoms of the
More informationUnit 1 Atomic Structure
Unit 1 Atomic Structure Defining the Atom I. Atomic Theory A. Modern Atomic Theory 1. All matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms 2. Atoms of the same element are chemically alike 3. Individual
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Chapter 24
Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 24 Radioactivity Radioisotopes are isotopes that have an unstable nucleus. They emit radiation to attain more stable atomic configurations in a process called radioactive decay.
More informationAtomic Structure. INSIDE the Nucleus: OUTSIDE the Nucleus:
Nuclear Chemistry 1 Atomic Structure INSIDE the Nucleus: Protons (+) Neutrons (no charge) 99.9% of the mass of the atom (Rutherford central dense nucleus) OUTSIDE the Nucleus: Electrons (-) Little mass
More informationHOMEWORK 22-1 (pp )
CHAPTER 22 HOMEWORK 22-1 (pp. 701 702) Define. 1. nucleons 2. nuclide 3. mass defect 4. nuclear binding energy Solve. Use masses of 1.0087 amu for the neutron, 1.00728 amu for the proton, and 5.486 x 10
More informationIn 1808 John Dalton proposed that:
In 1808 John Dalton proposed that: all matter is made up of atoms which cannot be subdivided atoms of the same element are identical atoms of different elements have different masses atoms combine together
More informationUNIT 10 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
UNIT 10 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY student version www.toppr.com Contents (a) Types of Radiation (b) Properties of Radiation (c) Dangers of Radiation (d) Rates of radioactive decay (e) Nuclear
More informationUNIT 10 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
UNIT 10 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY teacher version www.toppr.com Contents (a) Types of Radiation (b) Properties of Radiation (c) Dangers of Radiation (d) Rates of radioactive decay (e) Nuclear
More informationWhat happens during nuclear decay? During nuclear decay, atoms of one element can change into atoms of a different element altogether.
When Henri Becquerel placed uranium salts on a photographic plate and then developed the plate, he found a foggy image. The image was caused by rays that had not been observed before. For his discovery
More informationChem 1A Chapter 5 and 21 Practice Test Grosser ( )
Class: Date: Chem A Chapter 5 and 2 Practice Test Grosser (203-204) Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.. The periodic law states that the properties
More informationName Date Class NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
25 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY SECTION 25.1 NUCLEAR RADIATION (pages 799 802) This section describes the nature of radioactivity and the process of radioactive decay. It characterizes alpha, beta, and gamma radiation
More informationNotes: Unit 13 Nuclear Chemistry
Name: Regents Chemistry: Notes: Unit 13 Nuclear Chemistry Name: KEY IDEAS: Stability of isotopes is based in the ratio of neutrons and protons in its nucleus. Although most nuclei are stable, some are
More informationNUCLEI, RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS
NUCLEI, RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS Q-1. Which of the two is bigger 1 kwh or 1 MeV? Q-2. What should be the approximate minimum energy of a gamma ray photon for pair
More informationH 1. Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Physics. 1. Parts of Atom. A. Nuclear Structure. 2b. Nomenclature. 2. Isotopes. AstroPhysics Notes
AstroPhysics Notes Nuclear Physics Dr. Bill Pezzaglia Nuclear Physics A. Nuclear Structure B. Nuclear Decay C. Nuclear Reactions Updated: 0Feb07 Rough draft A. Nuclear Structure. Parts of Atom. Parts of
More informationChapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity
Chapter 30 Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity 30.1 Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Nucleus is made of protons and neutrons Proton has positive charge: Neutron is electrically neutral: 30.1 Structure
More informationRadioactivity: the process by which atoms emit energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, charged particles, or uncharged particles.
Radioactivity: the process by which atoms emit energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, charged particles, or uncharged particles. In 1896, Henri Bequerel discovered that uranium and other elements
More informationH 1. Nuclear Physics. Nuclear Physics. 1. Parts of Atom. 2. Isotopes. AstroPhysics Notes. Dr. Bill Pezzaglia. Rough draft. A.
AstroPhysics Notes Tom Lehrer: Elements Dr. Bill Pezzaglia Nuclear Physics Updated: 0Feb Rough draft Nuclear Physics A. Nuclear Structure A. Nuclear Structure B. Nuclear Decay C. Nuclear Reactions. Parts
More informationABC Math Student Copy
Page 1 of 17 Physics Week 16(Sem. ) Name The Nuclear Chapter Summary Nuclear Structure Atoms consist of electrons in orbit about a central nucleus. The electron orbits are quantum mechanical in nature.
More informationRADIOACTIVITY. Nature of Radioactive Emissions
1 RADIOACTIVITY Radioactivity is the spontaneous emissions from the nucleus of certain atoms, of either alpha, beta or gamma radiation. These radiations are emitted when the nuclei of the radioactive substance
More informationParticle Physics. Question Paper 1. Save My Exams! The Home of Revision. International A Level. Exam Board Particle & Nuclear Physics
For more awesome GSE and level resources, visit us at www.savemyexams.co.uk/ Particle Physics Question Paper 1 Level International Level Subject Physics Exam oard IE Topic Particle & Nuclear Physics Sub
More informationPopulating nucleon states. From the Last Time. Other(less stable) helium isotopes. Radioactivity. Radioactive nuclei. Stability of nuclei.
Nucleus: From the Last Time System of and neutrons bound by the strong force Proton number determines the element. Different isotopes have different # neutrons. Stable isotopes generally have similar number
More informationRadioactive Decay. Becquerel. Atomic Physics. In 1896 Henri Becquerel. - uranium compounds would fog photographic plates as if exposed to light.
Radioactive Decay Atomic Physics Becquerel In 1896 Henri Becquerel - uranium compounds would fog photographic plates as if exposed to light. - a magnetic field could deflect the radiation that caused the
More informationUnit 3: Chemistry in Society Nuclear Chemistry Summary Notes
St Ninian s High School Chemistry Department National 5 Chemistry Unit 3: Chemistry in Society Nuclear Chemistry Summary Notes Name Learning Outcomes After completing this topic you should be able to :
More informationThe Atomic Nucleus & Radioactive Decay. Major Constituents of an Atom 4/28/2016. Student Learning Outcomes. Analyze radioactive decay and its results
The Atomic Nucleus & Radioactive Decay ( Chapter 10) Student Learning Outcomes Analyze radioactive decay and its results Differentiate between nuclear fission and fusion Major Constituents of an Atom U=unified
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Radioactivity Test Review Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Radioactive s have unstable a. electrons. c. protons. b. nuclei.
More informationThe previous images display some of our hopes and fears associated with nuclear radiation. We know the images, and some of the uses, but what is Nuclear Radiation and where does it come from? Nuclide In
More informationRadioactivity. General Physics II PHYS 111. King Saud University College of Applied Studies and Community Service Department of Natural Sciences
King Saud University College of Applied Studies and Community Service Department of Natural Sciences Radioactivity General Physics II PHYS 111 Nouf Alkathran nalkathran@ksu.edu.sa Outline Radioactive Decay
More informationName Date Class. alpha particle radioactivity gamma ray radioisotope beta particles radiation X-ray radioactive decay
Name Date _ Class _ Nuclear Chemistry Section.1 Nuclear Radiation In your textbook, read about the terms used to describe nuclear changes. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage.
More informationInteraction of the radiation with a molecule knocks an electron from the molecule. a. Molecule ¾ ¾ ¾ ion + e -
Interaction of the radiation with a molecule knocks an electron from the molecule. radiation a. Molecule ¾ ¾ ¾ ion + e - This can destroy the delicate balance of chemical reactions in living cells. The
More informationWhat does rate of reaction mean?
1 of 39 What does rate of reaction mean? 2 of 39 The speed of different chemical reactions varies hugely. Some reactions are very fast and others are very slow. The speed of a reaction is called the rate
More informationThere are no stable isotopes of elements above atomic number 83.
Nuclear Chemistry Stability of isotopes is based on the ratio of neutrons and protons in its nucleus. Although most nuclei are stable, some are unstable and spontaneously decay, emitting radiation. All
More informationChapter 21 - Nuclear Chemistry Applications
Chapter 21 - Nuclear Chemistry Applications Rates of Radioactive Decay The Concept of Half-life Half-life - The time it takes for half of the parent nuclides in a radioactive sample to decay to the daughter
More information10.1 RADIOACTIVE DECAY
10.1 RADIOACTIVE DECAY When Henri Becquerel placed uranium salts on a photographic plate and then developed the plate, he found a foggy image. The image was caused by rays that had not been observed before.
More informationU (superscript is mass number, subscript atomic number) - radionuclides nuclei that are radioactive - radioisotopes atoms containing radionuclides
Chapter : Nuclear Chemistry. Radioactivity nucleons neutron and proton all atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, atomic number isotopes atoms with the same atomic number but different
More informationChapter 9. Radioactivity, Radon, and Nuclear Energy. READ THE CHAPTER CAREFULLY ON RADON
Chapter 9. Radioactivity, Radon, and Nuclear Energy. READ THE CHAPTER CAREFULLY ON RADON CHEM 3320 Dr. Houston Brown - 2016 Radioactivity Emission of subatomic particles or high-energy electromagnetic
More informationAlta Chemistry CHAPTER 25. Nuclear Chemistry: Radiation, Radioactivity & its Applications
CHAPTER 25 Nuclear Chemistry: Radiation, Radioactivity & its Applications Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry deals with changes in the nucleus The nucleus of an atom contains Protons Positively Charged
More informationChemistry 132 NT. Nuclear Chemistry. Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted.
Chemistry 132 NT Not everything that can be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be counted. Albert Einstein 1 Chem 132 NT Nuclear Chemistry Module 1 Radioactivity and Nuclear Bombardment
More informationName Date Class NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY. Standard Curriculum Core content Extension topics
28 NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Conceptual Curriculum Concrete concepts More abstract concepts or math/problem-solving Standard Curriculum Core content Extension topics Honors Curriculum Core honors content Options
More informationChemistry 19 Prep Test - Nuclear Processes
Chapter 9 Prep-Test Chemistry 9 Prep Test - Nuclear Processes Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.. Which of the illustrations above
More informationSources of Radiation
Radioactivity Sources of Radiation Natural Sources Cosmic Radiation The Earth is constantly bombarded by radiation from outside our solar system. interacts in the atmosphere to create secondary radiation
More informationAtomic Structure Summary
Atomic Structure Summary All atoms have: a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons around it Atomic nucleus consists of: positively charged protons and neutrons that have no electric
More informationturbine (a) (i) Which part of the power station provides thermal (heat) energy from a chain reaction?
Nuclear fission and radiation 1 The diagram shows parts of a nuclear power station. control rods boiler steam generator electricity out turbine condenser nuclear reactor (a) (i) Which part of the power
More informationCh 22 Radioactivity Nuclear Chemistry
AMHS AP Chemistry Name Period S T A T I O N 1 Q U I Z O N P E O P L E Match the people with the following ideas. Each name may be used once, more than once, or not at all. a) Albert Einstein b) Marie Curie
More informationCHAPTER 19 THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS NUCLEAR STRUCTURE The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. A protonis a positively charged particle having mass 1.6726 x 10(-27) kg and charge 1.6 x 10(-19) coulomb.
More informationRadioactivity. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2 Einstein: a little mass goes a long way
L 38 Modern Physics [4] Nuclear physics what s inside the nucleus and what holds it together what is radioactivity, halflife carbon dating Nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear fusion nuclear reactors
More informationUnit 13: Nuclear Chemistry
Name Unit 13: Nuclear Chemistry Skills: 1. Review Atomic Structure 2. Determining Nuclear Stability 3. Naming and Drawing Hydrocarbons 4. Using N + O to Write Decay Equations Period 5. Solve Various Half
More informationChapter 21. Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten
, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Chapter 21 John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO 2006, Prentice Hall, Inc. The
More informationNUCLEAR PHYSICS: solutions to higher level questions
NUCLEAR PHYSICS: solutions to higher level questions 2015 Question 12 (d) (i) What is meant by the term radioactive? (Spontaneous) disintegration of a nucleus with the emission of radiation (ii) Name a
More informationNuclear Chemistry CHAPTER
Reviewing Vocabulary Use each of the terms below just once to complete the following sentences. alpha particle gray nuclear reactor beta particle half-life radioactivity deuterium nuclear fission sievert
More informationFrom Last Time. Stronger than coulomb force, But much shorter range than coulomb force.
From Last Time Nucleus is small, tightly bound system of protons & neutrons. Proton number determines the element. Different isotopes have different # neutrons. Some isotopes unstable, radioactively decay
More informationChapter 11 Nuclear Chemistry
Chapter 11 Nuclear Chemistry 11.1 Nuclear Reactions Nuclear reactions involve the particles located in the nucleus of the atom: The nucleus contains: An atom is characterized by: X A Z - Z the gives the
More informationNuclear Reactions Homework Unit 13 - Topic 4
Nuclear Reactions Homework Unit 13 - Topic 4 Use the laws of conservation of mass number and charge to determine the identity of X in the equations below. Refer to a periodic table as needed. 222 a. Rn
More informationThe Nature of Radioactivity. Chapter 19 Nuclear Chemistry. The Nature of Radioactivity. Nuclear Reactions. Radioactive Series
John W. Moore Conrad L. Stanitsi Peter C. Jurs http://academic.cengage.com/chemistry/moore Chapter 9 Nuclear Chemistry Stephen C. Foster Mississippi State University The Nature of Radioactivity Henri Becquerel
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Mass Defect. E=mc 2. Radioactivity. Types of Radiation. Other Nuclear Particles. Nuclear Reactions vs. Normal Chemical Changes
1 Nuclear Chemistry Mass Defect 4 Some of the mass can be converted into energy Shown by a very famous equation! E=mc 2 Energy Mass Speed of light Radioactivity 2 Types of Radiation 5 One of the pieces
More informationNuclear Chemistry. Transmutations and the Creation of Elements
Nuclear Chemistry Transmutations and the Creation of Elements Nuclear Fusion When two smaller elements are fused together to form a larger element. Fusion is Hard! There are two competing forces in an
More information