CHEMICAL PATTERNS. Name: Class:
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1 CHEMICAL PATTERNS Name: Class:
2 Unit 2 By the end of the chapter,students recognise periodicity in the properties of elements and their compounds, with particular reference to elements of groups I, II, VII and VIII and the first transition series. They know the origins of metallic properties, how these can be modified by alloying, and that metals vary in reactivity in a manner related to their position in the periodic table. في نهاية هذا الفصل تعرف التلم ذ على الدور ة ف خصائص العناصر ومركباتها مع الترك ز بشكل خاص على عناصر مجموعات األولى والثان ه والسابعه والثامنه والسلسة اإلنتقال ة االولى. عرف مصدر الخصائص الفلز ة وك ف مكن أن تعدل على شكل السبائك و عرف ك ف أن إختالف نشاط الفلزات تعلق بموضعها ف الجدول الدوري. 2
3 Group I alkali metals 19.5 Know the common uses of elements and compounds in groups I, II, VII and VIII, and relate these to their properties عرف بعض استخدامات عناصر و مركبات المجموعات االولى, الثان ة, السابعة و الثامنة و ربط هذه االستخدامات إلى خصائصها. Key Vocabulary : Compounds, element, uses, relate Group I alkali metals compounds and uses compounds alkali metals form a very wide range of amalgams. They tend to form ionic ally bonded salts with most electronegative elements on the periodic table, like sodium chloride (NaCl), nitrates, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates and hydrides of the metals. المعادن القلو ة لها استخدامات متعددة فه تشكل امالح ا ون ة مع معظم العناصر ذات السالب ة الكهربائ ة العال ة ف الجدول الدوري مثل كلور د الصود وم, النترات, الكربونات, اله دروكربونات و ه درات المعادن. الخصائص الف ز ائ ة * Physical Properties - Alkali metals have low melting points. - They are malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity, and are very soft. - For metals, they also have very low densities. المعادن القلو ة لها درجات انصهار منخفضة مرنة قابلة للتشك ل و السحب و موصالت ج دة للكهرباء و الحرارة و ه طر ة جدا مكن قطعها بالسك ن. لها كثافة منخفضة جدا
4 الخصائص الكيميائية Chemical Properties - Alkali metals have only one electron in their outer (valence) shell. Therefore, they're ready to lose that one electron in ionic bonding with other elements and are highly reactive - The alkali metals are the most reactive group of metals in the Periodic Table (some experiments are very dangerous e.g. mixing Lithium and Cesium.) - Alkali metals react with non-metals - Alkali metals can explode if they are exposed to water so they are stored in oil to escape from oxygen and water. -The alkali metals get more reactive as you go down the group. -المعادن القلو ة لها اإللكترون واحد فقط ف الطبقة الخارج ة )التكافؤ( الخارج. لذلك ه على استعداد أن تفقد ذلك إلكترون واحد ف الرابطة األ ون ة مع العناصر األخرى وشد دة التفاعل. - والفلزات القلو ة ه المجموعة األكثر نشاطا ك م ائ ا من الفلزات ف الجدول الدوري )وبعض التجارب على سب ل المثال خط ر جدا.مثل خلط الل ث وم والس ز وم.( - المعادن القلو ة تتفاعل مع الالمعادن. - المعادن القلو ة مكن أن تنفجر إذا تعرضت للم اه بح ث تم تخز نها ف النفط لحفظها من األوكسج ن والماء. - زداد نشاط العناصر القلو ة من اعلى الى اسفل المجموعة Lithium: used in - medicine (treat mental illness) - glass )tubes inside TV s and lenses which darken sunlight) - air conditioning (used in submarines to remove carbon dioxide) - dyes (helps dye nylon and paper) - added to ceramics (noise cones of rockets) used to strengthen other metals like magnesium, in alloys used in batteries suitable for calculators, watches, and cameras Sodium: used to make: - sewage treatment (neutralizes acid) - washing powders and liquids (softens water) - dyeing textiles - tanning leather - glass Potassium: - essential for the healthy growth of plants - nitrate is used as a fertilizer - making explosives and fireworks Uses of alkali metals استخدامات العناصر القلوية الليثيوم : تستخدم ل الطب )عالج األمراض العقل ة(- - الزجاج )األناب ب داخل التلفز ون وعدسات األشعة الشمس الت تغ ر لونها( - مك فات الهواء )المستخدمة ف الغواصات إلزالة ثان أكس د الكربون( - األصباغ )اصباغ النا لون والورق( - ضاف إلى الس رام ك )مخار ط الصوار خ( استخدامها لتعز ز المعادن األخرى مثل المغن س وم ف السبائك ستخدم ف البطار ات مناسبة للحاسبات ساعات والكام رات الصوديوم : تستخدم ل : - معالجة م اه الصرف الصح )معادلة االحماض( - مساح ق الغس ل وسوائل )ازالة عسر الماء( - صباغة المنسوجات -دباغة الجلود -الزجاج البوتاسيوم : - ضروري للنمو الصح للنباتات - ستخدم كسماد)النترات( - صنع المتفجرات واأللعاب النار ة 4
5 Group II alkaline earth metal Alkaline Earth Metal is Group 2 in the periodic table. It is the second line from the left on the periodic table. العناصر القلو ة التراب ة ه المجموعة الثان ة من الجدول الدوري و تقع ف العمود الثان الى ال سار من الجدول الدوري. Alkaline Earth Metals have an oxidation of number +2. They are very reactive and they are not found free in nature. Most well known Alkaline Earth Metal is Magnesium and Calcium. They are also insoluble in water. Most compounds are IONIC. تمتلك العناصر القلو ة التراب ة عدد تأكسد = +2 و ه نش طة جدا ك م ائ ا و ال توجد حرة ف الطب عة و اشهرها المغن س وم و الكالس وم و ه ال تذوب ف الماء و معظم مركباتها ا ون ة. Physical Properties of Alkaline Earth Metals الخصائص الف ز ائ ة للعناصر القلو ة الترابية براقة -Shiny... فض ة -Silvery... لونها اب ض -White... لدنة قابلة للثن و الط -Malleable... اقسى من عناصر المجموعة االولى Metal) -Harder than Group 1(Alkali نصف قطرها الذري اصغر من المجموعة االولى -Smaller atomic radii than Group 1 درجة االنصهار و الكثافة Density: Melting, Boiling Points & درجات غل ان و انصهار مرتفعة -High melting and boiling point اكثر من عناصر المجموعة Metal) -Higher melting and boiling point than Group 1(Alkali درجات غل ان و انصهار مرتفعة االولى درجات غل ان و انصهار Metal) -Lower melting and boiling point than Group 3(Transition مرتفعة اقل من عناصر المجموعة الثالثة و العناصر االنتقال ة +++Because Alkaline Earth Metals have high meting point, they are used in Aerospace Applications EX)Rockets+++ الن العناصر القلو ة التراب ة تمتلك درجات انصهار مرتفعة فه تستخدم ف المركبات الفضائ ة )الصوار خ ) كثافتها منخفضة -Low density اكثر كثافة من المجموعة االولى و اقل -Denser than Group 1 and less denser than Group 3 من الثالثة 5
6 Chemical Properties of Alkaline Earth Metals الخصائص الك م ائ ة لعناصر المجموعة الثان ة -Very reactive but not as reactive as Group 1 and more reactive than Group 3 عناصر المجموعة الثان ة اكثر نشاطا ك م ائ ا من عناصر المجموعة الثالثة و اقل من المجموعة االولى -They tend to get more reactive as you go down the group EX)Be. is less reactive than Mg. زداد نشاطها الك م ائ بالنزول إلى أسفل المجموعة معلومات صناعية Industrial Information Magnesium is the only Group 2 element used on a large scale. It is used in flares, tracer bullets and incendiary bombs as it burns with a brilliant white light. It is also alloyed with aluminium to produce a low-density, strong material used in aircraft. Magnesium oxide has such a high melting point it is used to line furnaces. المغن س وم هو فقط العنصرالذي ستخدم على نطاق واسع من عناصر المجموعة 2. وهو تستخدم ف قنابل والرصاص والقنابل الحارقة و قنابل التتبع حترق بضوء اب ض رائع. هو أ ضا ستخدم ف السبائك مع األلومن وم النتاج منخفض الكثافة المادة قو ة المستخدمة ف الطائرات. أكس د المغن س وم وهذه نقطة الذوبان العال ة الت تستخدم لخطوط األفران. صناعة االدوية Medicine Ca 2+ & Mg 2+ are most common metals in human body ا ونات الكالس وم و المغن س وم من المعادن الموجودة ف جسم االنسان Calcium used as reducing agent for the preparation of ستخدم الكالس وم كعامل مختزل ف تحض ر المعادن Calcium used in chemical industry with many uses و ستخدم الكالس وم ف العد د من الصناعات الك م ائ ة 6
7 The elements of Group 17, the Halogens, symbol electron configuration fluorine F [He]2s 2 2p 5 chlorine Cl [Ne]3s 2 3p 5 bromine Br [Ar]3d 10 4s 2 4p 5 iodine I [Kr]4d 10 5s 2 5p 5 astatine At [Xe]4f 14 5d 10 6s 2 6p 5 The Halogens are typical non-metals and form the 7th Group in the Periodic Table. 'Halogens' means 'salt formers' and the most common compound is sodium chloride which is found from natural evaporation as huge deposits of 'rock salt' or the even more abundant 'sea salt' in the seas and oceans. الهلوج نات المعادن و تحتل المجموعة السابعة ف الجدول الدوري. كلمة الهلوج نات تعن ) مشكالت االمالح( و اشهر مركباتها كلور د الصود وم و الذي تكون من احجار الملح ة او امالح البحار و المح طات. Physical features and important trends down the Group with increasing atomic number. الخصائص الف ز ائ ة باالنتقال الى االسفل من المجموعة بز ادة العدد الذري. They are typical non-metals with relatively low melting points and boiling points. كل الهالوج نات المعادن تتم ز بدرجة انصهار منخفضة و درجة غل ان منخفضة. The melting points and boiling increase steadily down the group (so the change in state at room temperature from gas ==> liquid ==> solid), this is because the weak electrical intermolecular attractive forces increase with increasing size of atom or molecule. تزداد درجات االنصهار و الغل ان بالنزول الى اسفل المجموعة و لذا تتغ ر حالتها الف ز ائ ة ف درجة حرارة الغرفة من غاز الى سائل الى صلب و هذا الن قوى الترابط الداخل ب ن الجز ئات تزداد بز ادة العدد الذري. They are all coloured non-metallic elements and the colour gets darker down the group. كلها المعادن ملونة و زداد اللون قتامة بالنزول اسفل المجموعة. They are all poor conductors of heat and electricity - typical of non-metals. كلها منخفضة التوص ل للكهرباء و الحرارة. When solid they are brittle and crumbly e.g. iodine. عندما تكون صلبة تكون هشة و مفتتة مثل ال ود. The size of the atom gets bigger as more inner electron shells are filled going down from one period to another. زداد حجم الذرات بازد اد عدد المدارات بالنزول الى اسفل المجموعة. 7
8 Chemical features, similarities, and physical property and reactivity trends الخصائص الك م ائ ة متشابهة و كذلك الف ز ائ ة و الفاعل ة الك م ائ ة. * The atoms all have 7 outer electrons, this outer electron similarity, as with any Group in the Periodic Table, makes them have very similar chemical properties e.g كلها تمتلك 7 الكترونات ف المدار الخارج و هذا جعلها تمتلك خصائص ك م ائ ة متماثلة. *They form singly charged negative ions e.g. chloride Cl - because they are one electron short of a noble gas electron structure. They gain one negative electron (reduction) to be stable and this gives a surplus electric charge of -1. These ions are called the halide ions, two others you will encounter are called the bromide Br - and iodide I - ions. تشكل ا ونات سالبة مثل الكلور د - Cl النها تقترب من الغازات النب لة و تحتاج الكترون واحد و تصل الى الترك ب االلكترون للغازات النب لة. فه تكتسب الكترونا واحدا بتفاعل االختزال و تكتسب شحنة سالب واحد و تسمى تلك اال ونات الهال دات و هناك ا ون البروم د - Br و ا ون اال ود د - I. *They form ionic compounds with metals e.g. sodium chloride Na + Cl -. تشكل مركبات ا ون ة مع المعادن مثل كلور د الصود وم - Cl. Na + *They form covalent compounds with non-metals and with themselves. The bonding in the molecule involves single covalent bonds e.g. hydrogen chloride HCl or H-Cl. تشكل مركبات تساهم ة مع الالمعادن االخرى و مع انفسها و تتضمن الجز ئات المحتو ة عل ها على روابط مشتركة ( تساهم ة( احاد ة مثل كلور د اله دروج ن HCاو l.h-cl Physical Properties At room temperature all the halogens exist as diatomic molecules. The melting points, boiling points, atomic radii and ionic radii all increase on descending the Group. The shapes of the covalent molecules and ions are readily explained by VSEPR (valence shell electron pair repulsion) theory and these compounds are often used to illustrate the theory. Fluorine is never surrounded by more than 8 electrons, whereas the other halogens may be surrounded by up to 14 electrons. ف درجة حرارة الغرفة جم ع الهالوج نات توجد على ه ئة جز ئات ثنائ ة الذرة و. تمتلك درجات ذوبان والغل ان عال ة القطر الذري القطر األ ون باالتجاه الى اسفل المجموعة. و األشكال من الجز ئات التساهم ة واأل ونات تفسر بنظر ة VSEPR )تنافر االزواج االلكترون ة ف مدار التكافؤ ) وغالبا ما تستخدم هذه المركبات لتوض ح هذه النظر ة. الفلور ال حاط بأكثر من 8 إلكترونات ب نما قد تكون الهالوج نات األخرى مكن ان تحاط ب 14 إلكترونا
9 Nobel gases (group VIII) * Chemical and physical properties الخصائص الف ز ائ ة و الك م ائ ة The noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable under standard conditions. They were once labeled group 0 in the periodic table because it was believed they had a valence of zero, meaning their atoms cannot combine with those of other elements to form compounds. However, it was later discovered some do indeed form compounds, causing this label to fall into disuse. الغازات النب لة عد مة اللون والرائحة ال طعم له وغ ر قابلة لالشتعال ف ظل ظروف ق اس ة. وسم ت المجموعة 0 ف الجدول الدوري ألنه كان عتقد أنه كان لد هم تكافؤ= الصفر وهذا عن ان ذراتها ال مكن أن تتحد مع تلك العناصر األخرى لتكون مركبات. ب د أنه اكتشف ف وقت الحق ان بعضها شكل ف الواقع المركبات مما تسبب ف هذه التسم ة إلى الوقوع ف الهاو ة. Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in its electron configuration, especially the outermost shells resulting in trends in chemical behavior: مثل غ رها من المجموعات عناصر هذه المجموعة تظهر أنماط الترك ب اإللكترون وخصوصا الطبقات الخارج ة منها و الت تظهر تغ ر ف السلوك الك م ائ. Z Element No. of electrons/shell 2 helium 2 10 neon 2, 8 18 argon 2, 8, 8 36 krypton 2, 8, 18, 8 54 xenon 2, 8, 18, 18, 8 86 radon 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8 9
10 Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon are obtained from air using the methods of liquefaction of gases and fractional distillation. Helium is typically separated from natural gas, and radon is usually isolated from the radioactive decay of dissolved radium compounds. Noble gases have several important applications in industries such as lighting, welding, and space exploration. helium in blimps and balloons. و تم الحصول على الن ون األرجون والكر بتون والز نون من الهواء باستخدام أسال ب تس ل الغازات والتقط ر التجز ئ. عادة تم فصل اله ل وم من الغاز الطب ع وعادة ما تم عزل غاز الرادون من االضمحالل اإلشعاع للمركبات الراد وم المنحل. الغازات النب لة لها تطب قات هامة ف العد د من الصناعات مثل اإلضاءة واللحام واستكشاف الفضاء. اله ل وم ف المناط د والبالونات. Summary: The noble gases are very uncreative. الغازات النب لة خاملة جدا The noble gases are stable because their outer shells are full. الغازات النب لة مستقرة جدا بسبب مداراتها االخ رة الممتلئة. The boiling points for noble gases increase going down the group. تزداد درجات غل ان الغازات النب لة بالنزول الى اسفل المجموعة. The density of the noble gases increases going down the group. تزداد كثافة الغازات النب لة بالنزول الى اسفل المجموعة. Uses of noble gases. 1. Medicine االدويت - helium الهيليىم helium هسح جسن االنساى 2. Human body scanner الهيليىم helium الوناطيد الفضائيت 3. Airships االرغىى argon هصابيح االنارة 4. Light bulbs النيىى - neon االناراث الساطعت 5. Brightly colored lights الكريبتىى krypton العولياث الجراحيت في العيىى 6. Operates on eyes الرادوى radon هعالجت السرطاى 7. Treat cancer 10
11 Exercises Q1) Fill the table below which is belong to groups I,II,VII and VIII. امأل الجدول التال الخاص بعناصر المجموعات األولى و الثان ة و السابعة و الثامنة. Group المجموعة Physical properties الخصائص الفيشيائية Chemical properties الخصائص الكيميائية Uses االستخذامات I II VII VIII Q2) 2- Write the electronic structure for elements in group I,II,VII and VIII.(choose three) اكتب الترك ب االلكترون للعناصر ف المجموعات I,II,VII و VIII.)اختر ثالثة عناصر ( 11
12 Q3) Fill the table below امأل الجدول التال : Outer shell electrons عذد الكتزونات المذار األخيز Element properties and group خصائص العنصز و مجموعته الكتزون واحذ 1 electron الكتزونان 2 electrons سبعة الكتزونات 7 electrons ثمانية الكتزونات 8 electrons 12
13 characteristic properties Of group 1,2,7,8 10A.19.6 Predict the characteristic properties of an element in a particular group using knowledge of periodicity in the properties of elements. ستنبط خصائص عنصر ف مجموعته مستخدما معلوماته عن الخصائص الدور ة للعناصر. Key Vocabulary : Predict characteristic periodicity Knowledge properties Objectives: Predict the characteristic properties of an element in a particular group using knowledge of periodicity in the properties of elements.. التركيب االلكتروني للعناصر Electronic structure of elements a) Use the table below to write the elements and their electronic structure using periodic table. استخدم الجدول التال لكتابة العنصر و توز عه ( ترك به( االلكترون مستخدما الجدول الدوري. 13
14 b) Use table in the previous page to fill the table below. استخدم الجدول ف الصفحة السابقة لمأل الجدول التال. Outer shell electrons Group I Group II Group VII Group VIII الكترونات المدار األخ ر Number of shells عدد المدارات c) Use the table in the previous page to fill the table below استخدم الجدول ف الصفحة السابقة لمأل الجدول التال. Elements Group and period Electronic structure sodium Na calcium Ca chlorine Cl helium He potassium K magnesium Mg neon Ne 14
15 امأل الجدول التال d) Fill the table below electronic structure الترك ب االلكترون Group and period الدورة و المجموعة Element name and symbol اسم العنصر و رمزه Chemical and physical Properties الخصائص الف ز ائ ة و الك م ائ ة 1S 2 2s S 2 2s S 2 2s 2 2p S 2 2s 2 2p
16 Transition Elements 10A.19.7Know that the elements of the first transition series (titanium to copper) have similar physical and chemical properties and relate this to their electronic structures. ان عرف الطالب ان عناصر الدورة األولى من العناصر االنتقال ة ف الجدول الدوري من )الت تان وم إلى النحاس( تمتلك خصائص ك م ائ ة و ف ز ائ ة و ترتبط بالترك ب االلكترون. Key Vocabulary : Objectives: Electronic configuration Alkaline earth metals Physical properties Chemical properties Transition series Periodic table Electronic structures Know that the elements of the first transition series (titanium to copper) have similar physical and chemical properties and relate this to their electronic structures. a) Use the periodic table and fill the table below. استخدم الجدول الدوري لمأل الجدول التال. Atomic number العدد الذري Element symbol رمز العنصر Element name اسن العنصر Ti Cr Fe Ni Zn b) Use the electronic structure for scandium Sc to write the electronic structure for the following elements. استخدم التوز ع االلكترون للسكاند وم Sc لكتابة التوز ع االلكترون للعناصر التال ة. Element العنصز Atomic number العذد الذري التوسيع االلكتزوني Electronic structure Sc 21 (Ar)4s 2 3d 1 Ti V 23 Cr Mn Fe 26 Co Ni Cu Zn 30 16
17 * Metals Share Many Properties: All metals are excellent conductors of electricity. Metals are excellent conductors of heat. Some metals, such as manganese and bismuth, are very brittle. Other metals, such as gold and copper, are ductile and malleable. نحاسCupper كل المعادن موصالت ج دة للت ار الكهربائ. المعادن موصالت ج دة للحرارة. بعض المعادن مثل المنغن ز و البزموث هشة جدا. بعض المعادن مثل الذهب و النحاس لدنة و قابلة للتصف ح. * Physical Properties of transition metals: الخصائص الفيزيائية للعناصر االنتقالية Often used in industry as catalysts they are seful in making alloys. باالضافة الى استخدامها ف الصناعة كعوامل حفازة فه تستخدم ف صناعة المخال ط. They form colored compounds. تشكل مركبات ملونة Much denser than 's' block elements. اكثر كثافة من عناصر المجموعة. S Sc - Cu gradual increase in density, this is due to an increase in nuclear charge. السكاند وم الى النحاس تزداد كثافتها باضطراد و هذه عود الى ز ادة بشحنة النواة من ال سار الى ال م ن ف الجدول الدوري. All transition metals have melting points above 1000oC. This suggests metallic bonding. كل العناصر االنتقال ة تمتلك درجة انصهار اكبر من 1000 م 0 و هذا دل على الخصائص المعدن ة. 3d as well as 4s electrons available for delocalisation and this is the cause of variation of oxidation numbers in transition elements. الكترونات الفلك 3d و الفلك 4s لها االمكان ة لعدم الثبات اي انها تنتقل من d الى s و هذا فسر امتالكها اكثر من عدد تأكسد. * Chemical Properties of transition metals الخصائص الكيميائية للعناصر االنتقالية Have lower reactivity تتم ز بانخفاض )الفاعل ة( النشاط الك م ائ ة. Don t react quickly with H 2 O or O 2. ال تتفاعل بسرعة مع الماء H 2 O و األوكسج ن. O 2 Form brightly colored compounds. تشكل مركبات بألوان زاه ة. 17
18 Exercises Q1) Write three physical properties of transition elements. اكتب ثالثة خصائص ف ز ائ ة للعناصر االنتقال ة. Q2) Write three chemical properties of transition elements. اكتب ثالثة خصائص ك م ائ ة للعناصر االنتقال ة. Q3) Write three uses of transition elements. اكتب ثالثة استخدامات للعناصر االنتقال ة. Q4) With your group search on internet to make a presentation about transition metals included their physical properties, chemical properties, uses and their electronic structure and why they have similar physical and chemical properties. مع مجموعتك قم بالبحث ف االنترنت لعمل عرض تقد م حول العناصر االنتقال ة متضمنا خصائصها الف ز ائ ة, الك م ائ ة,استخداماتها و تراك بها االلكترون ة و لماذا تتماثل بخصائصها الف ز ائ ة و الك م ائ ة. 18
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