CHEMICAL PATTERNS. Name: Class:
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1 CHEMICAL PATTERNS Name: Class:
2 Unit 2 By the end of the chapter,students recognise periodicity in the properties of elements and their compounds, with particular reference to elements of groups I, II, VII and VIII and the first transition series. They know the origins of metallic properties, how these can be modified by alloying, and that metals vary in reactivity in a manner related to their position in the periodic table. ف نها ة هذا الفصل تعرف التلم ذ على الدور ة ف خصائص العناصر ومركباتها مع الترك ز بشكل خاص على عناصر مجموعات األولى والثان ه والسابعه والثامنه وأول السالسل االنتقال ة. عرف مصدر خصائص و عرف ك ف أن إختالف نشاط الفلزات تعلق بموضعها ف الجدول الدوري. 2
3 The Periodic Table الجدول الدوري 19.1 Relate the periodic classification of Mendeleev to the electronic structure of the elements ربط التصن ف الدوري للعالم مندل ف الى الترك ب اإللكترون للعناصر. Key Vocabulary : Elements, atomic mass, properties, atomic number, Periods, Groups, Metals, non Metals, In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev created the first accepted version of the periodic table. He grouped elements according to their atomic mass, and as he did, he found that the families had similar chemical properties. Blank spaces were left open to add the new elements he predicted to be discovered later on. And later on upon discovery of Germanium these gaps were meaningful ف عام 1869 أنشأت د متري مندل ف أول نسخه مقبولة من الجدول الدوري. قام بترت ب العناصر ف مجموعات وفقا لكتلتها الذر ة فوجد أن العائالت ف المجموعه الواحده لها خصائص ك م ائ ة متشابهة. وترك مساحات فارغة مفتوحة إلضافة عناصر جد دة توقع أن كون أن تكتشفت ف وقت الحق. وف وقت الحق تم اكتشاف عنصر الجرمان وم وكانت هذه الفجوات ذات مغزى. * New Chemistry for you :
4 Defects in Mendeleev Table: Only one thing he could not explain why sometimes he had to change the order of atomic masses to make the pattern carry on. ش ء واحد فقط لم ستط ع تفس رهف بعض األح ان اضطر إلى تغ ر ترت ب الكتل الذر ة The answer lies in the atom itself : Atoms of elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of their atomic number (number of proton) not the atomic mass. الجواب كمن ف الذرة نفسها : تم ترت ب ذرات العناصر ف الجدول الدوري على أساس الترت ب ف العدد الذري )عدد البروتونات( ل س عدد الكتلة الذر ة. 4
5 The Modern periodic table Later, Moseley (1912) established that each elements has a unique atomic number, which is how the modern periodic table is organized. Elements are arranged from left to right,top to bottom in order of increasing atomic number. ف وقت الحق أثبت موسل بأن كل عنصر له عدد ذري خاص به وعلى أساسه تم ترت ب الجدول الدوري الحد ث. رتبت العناصر من ال سار الى ال م ن ومن األعلى الى األسفل على أساس الز اده ف العدد الذري Reading the Periodic Table: Classification Periods: Are arranged horizontally across the periodic table (rows 1-7) These elements have the same number of shells الفترات : مرتبة أفق ا عبر الجدول الدوري ( صفوف من -7 1 ) هذه العناصر الموجوده ف نفس الفتره لها نفس عدد األغلفه. Groups : Are arranged vertically down the periodic table (group, 1-18( These elements have the same number electrons in the outer shells, the valence shell. المجموعات: مرتبة عمود ا الى األسفل ف الجدول الدوري ( المجموعات من -8 1 ) هذه العناصر لد ها نفس عدد اإللكترونات ف األغلفه الخارج ة, غالف التكافؤ nd Period 2 nd Group 5
6 atomic number Symbol atomic mass number of valence electrons state of element at room temperature. Key to the Periodic Table The atomic number refers to how many protons an atom of that element has. For instance, hydrogen has 1 proton, so it s atomic number is 1. العدد الذري ش ر إلى عدد البروتونات لهذا العنصر. على سب ل المثال اله دروج ن لد ه 1 بروتون لذلك العدد الذري هو 1. Atomic Structure: Q4) Draw the electronic configuration and complete the following for each atom. One Example has done for you. إرسم التوز ع األلكترون ثم أكمل التال لكل ذرة, تم حل مثال واحد 5 B Period number Group number 2 2 electronic configuration: 2, 3 Al 13 Period number Group number electronic configuration:.. Cl 17 Period number Group number electronic configuration:.. 6
7 Periodic Table: Metals & Nonmetals Metals Nonmetals What are the properties of metals and nonmetals? Properties of Metals المع - shiny مط ع - Malleable سهل التشك ل - Ductile - Conductors of heat & موصل للحرارة والكهرباء electricity - Tend to lose electrons م ل الى فقد cations) (become االلكترونات وتصبح كات ون Note: only Iron, Nickel, Cobalt are strongly magnetic metals فقط الحد د والن كل والكوبلت تعتبر من المعادن المغناط س ه Properties of Nonmetals معتم - Dull هش - Brittle - Insulators of heat & عازل للحرارة electricity والكهرباء - Tend to gain electrons تم ل الى anions) (become اكتساب االكترونات وتصبح أن ون 7
8 Exercises The Periodic Table إمل الفراغات بإستخدام الكلمات أدناه : below Q1- Fill in the blanks using the words Protons, electrons, 16, Group,7,energy level,atomic number,electronic configuration, physical,lithium, chemical,cesium, Neutrons, non metallic,metallic, atomic masses,period, 3, third, same 1(The nucleus of an atom contains which are positively charged and....which are neutral. 2(The number of inside the nucleus of an atoms equals the number of.. 3(The atomic number equals the number of...whereas the mass number equals the sum of.. and 4(The elements arranged in Mendeleev s periodic table according to their..,whereas in modern periodic table elements are arranged according to..and. 5(The modern periodic table consist of vertical groups and horizontal periods 6) In modern periodic table,the number of electrons in the outer energy level indicate the number of... 7) In modern periodic table, the number of energy levels indicates the number of.. 8)An element with electric configuration (2,8,3( exits in group number.. and in the..period of modern periodic table. 9(Elements of the same group have similar.and..properties, because they contain..number of electrons in the outer shell. 10(...elements are good conductors of heat and electricity, while.elements are poor conductors. 8
9 إختار اإلجابه الصح حه answer: Q 2-Choose the correct 1)An element has electronic configuration 2, 8, 1. that element belongs to: a)group 1 and 3 rd period b)group 3and 1 st period c)group 1and 8 th period 2) The number of electrons in the valence shell of an atom is equal to its: a)atomic mass b)group number c)period number 3)The family of elements having seven electrons in their outermost shell is: a) The alkali metals c)the halogens d)the noble gases 4)The first alkali metal is : a)hydrogen b)lithium c)sodium d)francium 5) The number of shells of the elements of 3 rd period is : a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 9
10 Q3- Label the blanks in the following figure using the words below إمل الفراغات التال ه بإستخدام الكلمات أدناه Alkali Metals And Alkaline earth Metals Metalloids Non-Metals Transition Metals Inner Transition Q 4:Match column A with column B ب ن عمود وعمود Aصل B A B 1 Group The number of protons in an atom 2 Period 3 Metallic Character Atoms of elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of their atomic masses It is the "weight of the atom it equals the number of protons + number of neutrons. 4 Atomic number tendency of an atom to lose electrons 5 Atomic mass 6 Mendeleev periodic table 7 Modern periodic table The table that lists all the elements in order of increasing atomic number, arranged into groups and periods. A row in the periodic table containing elements with the same number of full electron shells. A column in the periodic table containing elements with the same number of outer shell electrons and similar chemical properties. 10
11 نصف قطر الذره Atomic radius 19.2 Account qualitatively for the periodic trends in atomic radius, ionic radius, melting point and electrical conductivity of the elements and show how these properties are periodic علل نوع ا التغ رات الدور ة الحاصلة ف نصف القطر الذري ونصف القطر األ ون ودرجة اإلنصهار والتوص ل الكهرب للعناصر و ب ن ك ف أن هذه الخصائص لها سمة دور ة. Key Vocabulary : atomic radius, increases, trends, decreases, gain, anion, cations The distance from the centre of the nucleus to the outermost shell of an atom is called the atomic radius of that atom. المسافه من مركز النواه الى الغالف الخارج سمى نصف قطر الذرة. Group trends of atomic radius * Atomic radius increases as down a group because *نصف القطر الذري زداد أسفل المجموعة بسبب A) more energy shells are added ز ادة عدد األغلفه B) the outer electrons gets far away from the attractive force of the nucleus easily lost إبتعاد االلكترون ف الغالف الخارج عن قوة التجاذب ف النواة.. ف صبح اإللكترون سهل الفقد 11
12 period Trends of Atomic radius Atomic radius decreases across period because: نصف القطر الذري تناقص خالل الدورة بسبب a) electrons are being added to the same shell. إضافة االلكترونات الى نفس الغالف b) On the other hand, the nuclear charge of the atom increases with the atomic من ناح ة أخرى تزداد شحنة النواه بإزد اد العدد الذري number. Q1) As you move in the direction of arrow A, does atomic radius increase or decrease? Why? A B
13 Ionic Radius Trends in Ionic Size When an atom gains an electron, it becomes negatively charged (more electrons than protons ) and is called an anion. عندما تكتب الذرة إلكترون تصبح ذات شحنة سالبة ( عددااللكترونات أكثر من عدد البروتونات( تسمى أ ون. When an atom lose electrons. They become positively charged ( less electrons than protons ) and is called an cations. عندما تفقد الذرة إالكترون تصبح ذات شحنة سالبة ( عدد االلكترونات أقل من عدد البروتونات ) تسمى كت ون. Anions (-) are larger than their parent atoms. Why? The formation of an anion occurs when an atom gains an electron. The number of protons in the nucleus remains the same but the additional electron cause Electron-electron repulsion causes the electrons to spread out more in space. the anion is smaller than the atom. لماذا األن ونات )-( أكبر من الذرات األم عندما تكتسب الذرة الكترون تشكل األ ون ف صبح و بقى عدد البروتونات ف النواة كما هو. فعند إضافة اإللكترون الى الذرة حدث تنافر ب ن اإللكترونات مما ؤدي إلى انتشار االلكترونات اكثر ف الفضاء. ف صبح حجم األ ون أكبر من حجم الذرة األم. 13
14 Size generally increases Trends in Cation Size Cation radius Cations (+) are smaller than their parent atoms, why? The atom loses an electron when a cation is formed. Since the number of protons in the nucleus has remained the same, there is more positive charge available to attract each of the remaining electrons - the cation is smaller than the original atom. لماذا الكات ون )+( أصغر من الذرة األم تشكل الكات ون عندما تفقد الذرة اإللكترون. ب نما بقى عدد البروتونات كما هو, فتزداد الشحنة الموجبة الت تجذب االلكترونات المتبق ة ف صبح حجم الكات ون أصغر من الذرة األم. Trends in Ionic Size 14
15 Exercises Q1:The diagram below represents a Sodium atom and Sodium ions Identify each, write the name below, then give reason for your choice. مثل الرسم أدناه ذرة الصود وم وأ ون الصود وم عرف كل منهما بكتابة االسم أسفل الصورة ثم أذكر سبب إخت ارك * Why?... Q2: Look at the diagram below and answer the following question أنظر الى الرسم الموضح أدناه ثم أجب عن األسئلة Cation size Cations (+) are smaller than their parent atoms, state why? Anion size Anions (-) are larger than their parent atoms, state Why? 15
16 Trends in electric conductivity Key Vocabulary : Electrical conductivity, electric current, thermal, conductor, poor Electrical conductivity is the ability of a material to carry the flow of an electric current (a flow of electrons). Electrical conductivity increases going across Period 3 from sodium to aluminium, then decreases to silicon. The remaining elements have negligible conductivity. التوص ل الكهربائ : هو قدرة المواد على تحمل تدفق الت ار الكهربائ ) تدفق االلكترونات( زداد التوص ل الكهربائ عند االنتقال ف الفترة الثالثة من الصود وم الى االلمن وم ثم تقل الى السل كون وباق العناصر ل س لها قدرة على التوص ل الكهربائ. The metals Na, Mg, and Al have good thermal and electrical conductivities. The metalloid Si is only a fair conductor of heat and electricity. The nonmetals P, S, C1, and Ar have poor thermal and electrical conductivities. الفلزات مثل ( الصود وم, المغن س وم, األلمن وم ) موصالت ج ده للحرارة والكهرباء. أشباه الفلزات مثل )السل كون ) لها قدرة بس طة للتوص ل الحرارة والكهرباء. ال فلزات مثل ( الفسفور, الكبر ت, الكلور واألرجون( تعتبر موصالت رد ئة للحرارة والكهرباء. 16
17 Melting Point When a substance melts, some of the attractive forces holding the particles together are broken or loosened so that the particles can move freely around each other but are still close together. The stronger these forces are, the more energy is needed to overcome them and the higher the melting temperature. hence the melting point temperature, depends on the strength of the attractive forces between particles. عندما تذوب الماده تنكسر أو تختف بعض من قوى التجاذب الت تربط الجز ئات من بعضها البعض فتصبح الجز ئات حرة الحركة ولكنها تبقى قر به من بعضها البعض. كلما زادت قوة قوى التجاذب كلما زادت طاقة كسر هذه القوى وزادت درجة الذوبان.وبالتال درجة الذوبان تعتمد على قوى التجاذب ب ن Boiling الجز ئات. When a substance boils, most of the remaining attractive forces are broken so the particles can move freely and far apart. The stronger the attractive forces are, the more energy is needed to overcome them and the higher the boiling temperature. عند غل ان المادة تنكسر معظم قوى التجاذب ب ن الجز ئات, وتصبح حرة الحركة كلما زادت قوى التجاذب كلما زادت طاقة كسر هذه القوى وزادت درجة الغل ان. * Look at below graph and answer the following question: a) Why there is decrease in the melting point for Na:. b) Why there is Increase in the melting point for Silicon. 17
18 Exercises Q1) As you move across the period, does electrical conductivity increase or decrease? Why? Q2) The following graph discuses the relationship between Meting point and atomic number, Explain the trend in Melting point for the following graph...
19 trends in the reactions 19.3 Describe trends in the reactions, if any, of the elements of the third period (sodium to argon) with water, oxygen and chlorine, and of the resulting oxides and chlorides with water صف اتجاىاث التغ ش ف التفاعالث إرا و جذث ) لعناصش الذوسة الثالثت) صود وم إلى األسجو (مع الماء واألكسج ن والكلوس وتفاعالث األكاس ذ و الكلوس ذاث الناتجت من ىزه التفاعالث مع الماء. Suggested activities to the teacher : Provide students with prepared cards relating to the elements. Each card should list the physical and chemical properties of an element on one side and its chemical symbol and electronic configuration on the other. You could provide cards for each of the alkaline earth metals, the halogens, the noble gases and/or any other groups you wish. Ask students to work in pairs and sort the cards into families without looking at the back of the cards. Reveal the elements symbols and see how the families the students have selected relate to a current periodic table and ask students to identify the link with electronic configuration. نشاطات مقترحة للمعلم مكن تزو د الطالب ببطاقات متعلقة بالعناصر. و تع ن على كل بطاقة قائمة الخصائص الف ز ائ ة والك م ائ ة للعنصر على جانب واحد ورمزه الك م ائ والتراك ب االلكترون ة من جهة أخرى. مكن توف ر بطاقات لكل من الفلزات القلو ة التراب ة والهالوج نات والغازات النب لة و / أو أي من المجموعات األخرى الت ترغب ف ذلك. اطلب من الطالب العمل ف أزواج وفرز البطاقات ف المجموعات دون النظر إلى الجزء الخلف من البطاقات. الكشف عن رموز العناصر وانظر ك ف ان مجموعات الطالب قامت باالخت ار بالربط مع الجدول الدوري واطلب من الطالب التعرف على االرتباط مع التراك ب اإللكترون ة للعناصر. Chemistry for you ( ) 19
20 * Period 3 of elements in the periodic table included in the table below عناصر الدورة الثالثة ف الجدول الدوري مب نة ف الجدول التال Group المجموعت Symbol الشمض Atomic number العذد الزسي electron configuration التشك ب االلكتشون valence التكافؤ metallic properties الخصائص المعذن ت 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar ,8,1 2,8,2 2,8,3 2,8,4 2,8,5 2,8,6 2,8,7 2,8, Meta l معذ Meta l معذ Metal معذ Semi metal شبو معذ Nonmetal ال معذ Nonmetal ال معذ Nonmetal ال معذ gas غاص نب ل Physical state at room temperature الحالت الف ض ائ ت عنذ دسجت حشاسة الغشقت solid صلب solid صلب solid صلب solid صلب solid صلب solid صلب gas غاص gas غاص 20
21 Exercises تفاعل عناصر الدورة الثالثة مع الماء Period 3 elements reaction with water Table below shows period 3 products when they react with water الجدول التال ب ن نواتج تفاعل عناصر الدورة الثالثة مع الماء Group المجموعت Symbol الشمض Products when element reacts with water النواتج عنذ تفاعل العنصش مع الماء 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar NaOH H2 Mg(OH) 2 H2 No reaction ال تفاعل No reaction ال تفاعل No reaction ال تفاعل No reacti on ال تفاعل OCl- 2H+, Cl- No reactio n ال تفاعل Q1) Using previous table write balanced chemical equations for elements in period 3 when they reacted with water in your note book. مستخدما الجدول السابق اكتب معادالت ك م ائ ة موزونة لتفاعل عناصر الدورة الثالثة مع الماء ف دفترك. 21
22 تفاعل عناصر الدورة الثالثة مع األوكسج ن Period 3 elements reaction with oxygen Table below shows period 3 products when they react with oxygen. الجدول التال ب ن نواتج تفاعل عناصر الدورة الثالثة مع األوكسج ن Group المجموعة 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A Symbol الرمز Products when element reacts with chlorine النواتج عند تفاعل العنصر مع الكلور Na Mg Si P S Cl Ar Na 2 O 2(s) or Na 2 O (s) 2MgO (s) 2Al 2 O 3(s) SiO 2(s) P 4 O 10(s) P 4 O 6(s) SO 2(g) No reaction No reaction Q2) Using previous table write balanced chemical equations for elements in period 3 when they reacted with oxygen in your note book. مستخدما الجدول السابق اكتب معادالت ك م ائ ة موزونة لتفاعل عناصر الدورة الثالثة مع األوكسج ن ف دفترك. 22
23 تفاعل عناصر الدورة الثالثة مع الكلور Period 3 elements reaction with chlorine Table below shows period 3 products when they react with chlorine. الجدول التال ب ن نواتج تفاعل عناصر الدورة الثالثة مع الكلور Group المجموعت 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A Symbol الشمض Products when element reacts with chlorine النواتج عنذ تفاعل العنصش مع الكلوس Na Mg Si P S Cl Ar NaCl(s) Mg Cl 3(s) SiCl 4 PCl 3(l) S 2 Cl 2 Cl 2(s) (l) SCl 2(l ) No react ion Q3) Using previous table write balanced chemical equations for elements in period 3 when they reacted with chlorine in your note book. مستخدما الجدول السابق اكتب معادالت ك م ائ ة موزونة لتفاعل عناصر الدورة الثالثة مع الكلور ف دفترك 23
24 Oxides of period 3 reactions with water تفاعالت اكاس د الدورة الثالثة مع الماء The first three oxides react with water to produce hydroxides and others react to produce acids and we will list some of the important reactions. تتفاعل االكاس د الثالثة االولى من عناصر الدورة الثالثة لتشكل ه دروكس دات و تتفاعل االخرى لتشكل احماضا و سنذكر بعض التفاعالت المهمة ف هذا الس اق. 1. Na 2 O + H 2 O 2 Na OH 2. Mg O + H 2 O Mg (OH ) 2 3. P 2 O 5 + H 2 O H 3 PO 4 4. SO 2 + H 2 O H 2 SO 4 Exercises Q1) Complete the following reaction: a) Reaction with Oxygen O 2 : Na + O Mg + O Al + 3O 2 4. Si + O 2 5. P + 3O 2 6. S + O 2 b)-reaction With Chlorine Cl 2 : Na + Cl 2 2. Mg + Cl Al + 3Cl 2 4. Si + 2Cl 2 5. P + 6Cl S + Cl 2 24
25 the physical and chemical properties 19.4 Describe trends in the physical and chemical properties of the elements, and their simple compounds, within groups I, II, VII and VIII, and account for these trends in terms of electronic structure صف اتجاهات التغ ر ف الخصائص الف ز ائ ة والك م ائ ة للعناصر,I II, VII, VIII ومركباتها و علل هذه التغ رات بداللة تراك بها االلكترون ة البس طة ضمن المجموعات. Key Vocabulary : Physical properties, Chemical properties, Alkaline, Noble gases, Halogens, Simple compounds Group one 1 alkali metals المجموعة األولى المعادن القلو ة التراب ة Look at the pictures and diagrams below which are show trend for some physical and chemical properties for group 1 in the periodic table and write descriptions for each one of them, then write your comment about the trend. انظر إلى الصور و المخططات التال ة الخاصة بتغ ر الخصائص الك م ائ ة و الف ز ائ ة للمجموعة األولى القلو ات من الجدول الدوري للعناصر و اكتب تعل قا حول التغ ر الذي حدث. (Chemistry for you page 42, 43, 44, 45) 25
26 المجموعة الثان ة - المعادن القلو ة التراب ة Group two 2 alkaline earth metals Look at the pictures and diagrams below which are show trend for some physical and chemical properties for group 2 in the periodic table and write descriptions for each one of them, then write your comment about the trend. انظر إلى الصور و المخططات التال ة و الخاصة بتغ ر الخصائص الك م ائ ة و الف ز ائ ة للمجموعة الثان ة القلو ات التراب ة من الجدول الدوري للعناصر و اكتب تعل قا حول التغ ر الذي حدث. 26
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28 المجموعة السابعة الهالوج نات Group seven VII halogens Look at the pictures and diagrams below which are show trend for some physical and chemical properties for group VII in the periodic table and write descriptions for each one of them, then write your comment about the trend. انظر إلى الصور و المخططات التال ة و الخاصة بتغ ر الخصائص الك م ائ ة و الف ز ائ ة للمجموعة السابعة الهالوج نات من الجدول الدوري للعناصر و اكتب تعل قا حول التغ ر الذي حدث. (Chemistry for you page 52, 53,54, 55) 28
29 الخصائص الف ز ائ ة Physical properties المجموعة الثامنة الغازات النب لة Group eight VIII Noble gases Noble gases are stable gases because their outer shells are full so that all of noble gases are uncreative gases don t form any compounds. الغازات النب لة ه غازات مستقرة الن مداراتها الخارج ة ممتلئة بااللكترونات و هذا األمر جعلها غازات.خاملة ال تشكل اي مركبات ICT research With your group go to internet and fill the tables below مع مجموعتك قم بالبحث ف االنترنت و امأل الجدول ن التال ن الخصائص الفيزيائية Physical properties Group 1 المجموعة االولى Group 2 المجموعة الثانية Group 7 المجموعة السابعة Group 0 المجموعة الثامنة (chemistry for you page 56,57,58,59) 29
30 الخصائص الك م ائ ة Chemical Properties الخصائص الك م ائ ت Chemical Properties Group 1 المجموعة األولى Group 2 المجموعة الثانية Group 7 المجموعة الثالثة Group 0 المجموعة الرابعة Reactivity Reaction with Oxygen Reaction with water Activity of Oxides 30
31 المجموعة االولى القلو ات Group 1 alkali metals The elements in this group have one electron in their outer electronic shell. Thus, each element in this group has a tendency to lose a single electron, to form a singly charged positive ion, which has the stable electronic configuration of its neighbouring Nobel Gas element in the periodic table. The elements in the group are chemically reactive. العناصر الموجودة ف هذه المجموعة تحتوي على إلكترون واحد ف المدار األخ ر. و حتوي كل عنصر ف هذه المجموعة الم ل لفقد إلكترون واحد لتكو ن أ ون موجب مفرد الشحنة الذي لد ه ترك ب إلكترون مستقر قر ب من عنصر "الغاز النب ل" المجاور ف الجدول الدوري. العناصر ف المجموعة األولى شد دة الفاعل ة الك م ائ ة. المجموعة الثان ة القلو ات التراب ة Group 2 The Alkaline Earth Metals The elements in this group have two electrons in their outer electronic shell. Thus, each element in this group has a tendency to lose two electrons, to form a doubly charged positive ion, which has the stable electronic configuration of its neighboring Nobel Gas element in the periodic table. The elements in the group are chemically reactive. عناصر هذه المجموعة تحتوي على الكترون ن ف المدار الخارج و بهذا لهذه العناصر القدرة على فقد الكترون ن لتشك ل ا ونات موجبة +2 و الت تمتلك ترك ب الكترون مستقر قر ب لجارها من الغازات النب لة و تعتبر عناصر هذه المعادن شد دة التفاعل الك م ائ. المجموعة السابعة الهالوج نات (Halogens) Group VII Elements The elements in this group have seven electrons in their outer electronic shell. Thus, each element in this group has a tendency to lose an electron, to form a singly charged negative ion, which has the stable electronic configuration of its nearest neighboring Nobel Gas element in the periodic table. The elements in the group are chemically reactive. عناصر هذه المجموعة تحتوي على سبعة الكترونات ف المدار الخارج و بهذا لهذه العناصر القابل ة لكسب إلكترون واحد و تشك ل ا ون سالب و الذي متلك ترك با الكترون ا مستقرا ماثل الترك ب االلكترون المستقر للغاز النب ل المجاور و تعتبر هذه العناصر شد د التفاعل ك م ائ ا. 31
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