Non herbaceous biochars (BC) exert neutral to negative influences on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) abundance

Transcription

1 Non herbceous biochrs (BC) exert neutrl to negtive influences on rbusculr mycorrhizl fungl (AMF) bundnce WARNOCK, D.D., 1 MAJOR, J., 2 LEHMANN, J., 2 McBRIDE, B., 1 RILLIG, M.C. 1,3 1 Division of Biologicl Sciences, University of Montn, Missoul, MT, 2 Cornell University, Ithc NY, 3 Institut fuer Biologie Freie Universitt Berlin, Berlin, Germny

2 Outline Briefly discuss AMF biology Discuss BC presence in soils nd their potentil ffects on AMF Describe BC potentil s n AMF mngement tool Show experimentl results: BCs influence on AMF bundnce

3 AMF Biology AMF belong to the fungl phylum Glomeromycot (Schuessler et l. 21) Brundrett AMF form symbioses with plnt roots, receive crbon from host plnt (Smith nd Red 1997) AMF colonize pproximtely 2/3 of known plnt species (Trppe 1987) All AMF species re obligte biotrophs Provide host plnts with nutrients (P, Cu nd Zn) nd other benefits

4 Coloniztion by AMF cn enhnce plnt growth nd overll ecosystem productivity (Rillig 24) Also influence other importnt ecosystem processes Soil mendments benefiting AMF, should lso enhnce their positive influences on plnts nd ecosystem processes Multiple sources suggest tht BCs show promise for use s n AMF mngement tool

5 Experimentl design Type(s) of BC or AC pplied Response vribles AMF response Source BC Effects on AMF Root Coloniztion (RC) of Citrus iyo in n bndoned orchrd. H: Rice Husk Root Coloniztion +61% Ishii nd Kdoy (1994) Effects of three BC types on AMF (Glomus fscicultum) in river snd BC Effects on AMF in soy ben fields H: Rice Husk Citrus Juice Sediment (C.J.) Woody: Western Spruce Brk (W.S.) Not Reported Root Coloniztion Root Coloniztion +54% R.H. +88% C.J. +75% W.S. Ishii nd Kdoy (1994) +3% Sito (199) BC (ground vs. unground) effects on AMF infectivity BC Effects on AMF (Glomus sp.) nd Fusrium oxysporum H: Rice Husk Root Coloniztion Woody: Coconut Shell Root Coloniztion Ground: +1% Un-ground: -2% 1% BC: +5% 3% BC: +69% Ezw et l. (22) Mtsubr et l. (22)

6 Fig. 1: A schemtic representtion of the mechnistic pthwys for how w BC could influence AMF bundnce in roots nd soils. Numbers in figure correspond c to different mechnisms. Published in Wrnock et l. (27)

7 Results illustrting how non herbceous BC ffect AMF bundnce, especilly in soils remin scrce Use of mny different non herbceous BCs could dd vlue to previously un used used mterils

8 Experimentl design nd predictions Designed three experiments to determine if non herbceous BCs cn be used to increse AMF bundnce Mesured bundnce of AMF in roots nd soils s well s soil ph nd phosphte vilbility Predicted tht chnges in soil properties would increse AMF bundnce

9 Mterils nd Methods Experiment 1: multiple BC ddition rtes 6 o C Pinus contort (Lodge pole pine) wood BC pplied to Nyck river flood plin soil with high Arbusculr Mycorrhizl Inocultion Potentil (MIP) MIP is good predictor of AMF vigor Biochr dded t.%,.5%, 2.% nd 4.% by weight Plntgo lnceolt grew in the BC treted soils for 3 dys in growth chmber Mtthis Rillig

10 Results Different BC ddition rtes Results Different BC ddition rtes Control.5% Biochr 1.% Biochr 2.% Biochr 4.% Biochr F= 1.3, P=.3 F= 1.3, P= Plnt Biomss (mg) AMF root coloniztion Control.5% Biochr 1.% Biochr 2.% Biochr 4.% Biochr Chrcol concentrtion in soil (w/w) Chrcol concentrtion in soil (w/w) Totl plnt biomss (g) Percent root colonized by AMF

11 AMF hyphl length (m cm -3 soil) Control.5% Biochr 1.% Biochr 2.% Biochr 4.% Biochr F= 5.65, P=.2 b bc F= 9.77, P<.1 Olsen-P Hyphl lengths bc c A B b b c Control.5% Biochr 1.% Biochr 2.% Biochr 4.% Biochr Biochr concentrtion in soil (w/w) Biochr concentrtion in soil (w/w) Soil phosphte vilbility (ppm)

12 Experiment 2: different genertion tempertures Added 36 o C, 4 o C nd 43 o C Penut shell BCs to Nyck river soil t rte of 1% by soil volume MIP low in this soil Mterils nd Methods Plntgo lnceolt grew in the BC treted soils for 3 dys in growth chmber

13 Results: Different BC genertion tempertures Results: Different BC genertion tempertures 25 A 2 B Avilble phosphte in soil (ppm) F= 1.7, P=.2 b Control 36 o C Biochr 4 o C Bbiochr 43 o C Biochr F= 3.83, P=.2 Plnt biomss b b b Olsen Phosphte Control 36 o C Biochr 4 o C Biochr 43 o C Biochr Biochr genertion temperture Biochr genertion temperture plnt dry weight (mg)

14 AMF hyphl length (m cm -3 soil) F= 3.94, P=.22 A F= 5.82, P=.5 B AMF root coloniztion 5 AMF Hyphl lengths b b b Control 36 o C Biochr 4 o C Biochr 43 o C Biochr Control 36 o C Biochr b 4 o C Biochr 43 o C Biochr Biochr Genertion Temperture Biochr Genertion Temperture Percent root coloniztion by AMF

15 Experiment 3: Colombin Field Experiment BC mde from locl Mngo (Mngifer( indic) ) wood ws tilled into Colombin tropicl svnnh soil t 3 different rtes BC pplied in December 24 Soil smples tken in August 25 Mterils nd Methods (Julie Mjor)

16 Results: Colombi field experiment AMF hyphl length (m cm -3 soil) 25 F= 8.4, P= AMF Hyphl lengths Biochr ddition rte (tons C s biochr/hectre soil) b c

17 Soil ph F= 55.7, P<.1 F= 18.3, P=.1 Soil ph c c b A Avilble phosphte (ppm) Olsen Phosphte c bc b B Biochr ddition rte (tons/hectre) Biochr ddition rte (tons/hectre)

18 Conclusions Results show multiple BCs hve strong bility to influence AMF hyphl production in soils Do not know if influences re direct or indirect Effects on other AMF nd plnt response prmeters re less conclusive Generlly neutrl root coloniztion responses in first experiment Lrgely neutrl plnt growth responses in first two experiments

19 Results demonstrte importnce of choice when ttempting to use BCs to stimulte AMF ctivity Choices include genertion temperture, ppliction rte nd prent mteril BCs cn negtively ffect AMF bundnce, while leding to increses plnt biomss production BC influences on soil my reduce plnt dependence on AMF, thus their bundnces decline

20 Acknowledgements Dniel Wrnock would like to cknowledge finncil support from the following: Progrm Development Funds from Division S 2 S 2 (Soil Chemistry) of the SSSA for helping with trvel costs, nd the Division of Biologicl Sciences t the University of Montn. We lso wnt to thnk Dnny Dy (Eprid, Inc., Athens, Georgi) for providing the penut shell biochrs.