Wetlands in a Watershed/Landscape Context Vegetation & Wildlife August 15, Kendra Moseley, Regional ESS, Soil Science Division
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1 Wetlands in a Watershed/Landscape Context Vegetation & Wildlife August 15, Kendra Moseley, Regional ESS, Soil Science Division
2 Vegetation in Wetlands Vegetation as an Indicator of Hydrology Vegetation Adaptations Vegetation Abundance Vegetation Functional Groups Vegetation Distribution Other Species that Influence Wetlands
3 Vegetation in Wetlands What is the Vegetation Illustrating About the Water Flow from the Landscape/Watershed Scale? Vegetation in wetlands are a primary indicator of the hydrology Some of the key ways vegetation can help understand the water across the landscape: Vegetation Adaptations Vegetation Functional Groups Vegetation Abundance Vegetation Distribution
4 Vegetation Adaptations There are many ways that some plants have adapted to water conditions, some of these adaptations include**: Ability to float on top of the water Large leaves to capture more sunlight Waxy leaves that protect them from the water Air spaces in stems to help hold the plant up in water Ability to reproduce asexually or through spreading rhizomes or stolons Tolerates little to no oxygen in the water/soil Tolerates water fluctuations/tidal/etc. Flexible stems that allow the plant to bend during high velocity water or wind events Efficient roots that are densely packed with seeds Seeds that are easily dispersed by the wind or water Aerial roots Vegetative parts are able to absorb nutrients and water, making roots less essential **this list is NOT exhaustive, there are many plant adaptations to water
5 Vegetation Adaptations
6 Vegetation Adaptations Some wetland adaptations also include: ph (acidic/alkaline) Chemical composition (salts, heavy metals, etc.) Cattails Saltgrass Pitcher plant Cordgrass
7 Vegetation Adaptations - Roots
8 Roots Sod-forming species **Conservation Research Institute image
9 Vegetation Functional Groups Water Indicator Functional Groups (abbreviation) Ecological description (Lichvar and Minkin 2008) Obligate (OBL) Almost always is a hydrophyte, rarely in uplands Facultative Wetland (FACW) Usually is a hydrophyte but occasionally found in uplands Facultative (FAC) Commonly occurs as either a hydrophyte or nonhydrophyte Facultative Upland (FACU) Occasionally is a hydrophyte, but usually occurs in uplands Upland (UPL) Rarely is a hydrophyte, almost always in uplands. Nymphoides pelata Carex scoparia Balsamorrhiza sagittata Deschampsia caespitosa Cornus drummondii
10 Vegetation Abundance The abundance of vegetation can be a useful indicator of the hydrology and characteristics of a wetland. Abundance can be evaluated as: Density Cover Biomass Relative amounts of different functional groups These types of abundance measurements can be valuable indicators of the over-riding hydrology and foundational characteristics of the wetland.
11 Vegetation Abundance Hydroperiod Continuously saturated Saturated then moist soil Moist soil then saturated Vegetation Response Lowest species diversity High density of obligate species Usually perennials with no annuals Mid-range species diversity High density of obligate species Perennials dominate; with little to no annuals Mid-range species diversity Low density of obligate species Mid-range density of annuals Continuously moist soil Highest species diversity Low density of obligate species Annuals with fewer perennials **Adapted from Mitsch & Gosslink 2007
12 Vegetation Distribution Evaluating the various distributions of functional groups in wetlands can provide information on: Periods of inundation Depth to water table Water source Nutrient content of the water/soils Landscape position/topology
13 Vegetation Distribution Rings of vegetation Middle collects most water Next ring of vegetation gets a bit less water
14 Vegetation Distribution 2011 Nature Education Courtesy of Julia Cherry.
15 Vegetation Distribution Willow patch Small isolated area dominated by a facultative wet species Sedges & rushes patch Small, lower area of the meadow (depressional) that is dominated by a obligate species False hellebore & sedges & grasses Large area dominated by facultative wet & facultative species
16 Vegetation Distribution
17 Influences from Other Living Organisms
18 Influences from Other Living Organisms
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