Wetland Definition Diagram

Transcription

1 Wetland Organisms 1

2 Wetland Definition Diagram 2

3 Stress Experienced In Wetlands Anoxia Salt Concentrations Water Fluctuation 3

4 Anoxic Conditions Soils saturated/inundated Anaerobic Conditions May vary with season 4

5 Salt Concentrations High salinity flux from tides 5

6 Salinity gradient types Intermittent (Seasonal) estuary: in Mediterranean climates, estuary forms during rainy season, dries or cut off in dry season. Salinity varies across seasons. 6

7 Tidal Systems Water Fluctuation Non-Tidal Systems 7

8 Anoxia (respiration) Protists Ability to use internal organic compounds as electron acceptors Ability to use inorganic ions in respiration Ability to use specific electron acceptors rather than oxygen sulfate Salt (osmotic & toxicity) Complex potassium in cytoplasm Enzymes function normally 8

9 Anoxia Vascular Plants Structural Nutrient absorption Metabolic Whole Plant Strategies Salt Barriers Secretory organs Water Photosynthesis 9

10 Structural Adaptations Aerenchyma Adventitious Roots Lenticels Pneumatophores Pressurized Gas Flow Rhizosphere Oxygenation 10

11 Aerenchyma 11

12 Aerenchyma 12

13 Adventitious Roots 13

14 Prop Roots 14

15 Prop Roots 15

16 Lenticels 16

17 Pneumatophores 17

18 Pneumatophores 18

19 Knee Roots 19

20 Knee Roots 20

21 Root Adaptations 21

22 Plank Roots 22

23 Pressurized Gas Flow Air moves into internal gas spaces of aerial leaves Forced down to roots by gradient of temperature and water vapor pressure 23

24 Oxidized Rhizosphere 24

25 Physiological Adaptations Nutrient Absorption Anaerobic Respiration Malate Production 25

26 Nutrient Absorption Normal metabolism in roots Nitrogen some wetland plants absorb ammonium Iron/Manganese oxidized rhizospheres protect Sulfur detoxification mechanisms 26

27 Rhizosphere Oxygenation 27

28 Anaerobic Respiration 28

29 Whole Plant Strategies Dormancy during flooding Seed Production in non-flooded season Buoyant Seeds Vivipary 29

30 Whole Plant Strategies 30

31 Vivipary 31

32 Adaptations to salt - plant Some: salt gland - eliminates excess salt, maintains water balance. E.g., Spartina alterniflora Vascular marsh plants either: Succulent: : have high water concentration To reduce water loss, have: few stomata, reduced leaf area, photosynthetic stems. Rid salts by shedding leaves Other halophytes (salt dwellers): rid salts by a) salt-secreting secreting glands; b) thin cuticles & many stomata high transpiration 32

33 Salt Adaptations Barrier Cells in roots Secretory Cells 33

34 Changes in Photosynthesis C 3 Biochemical Pathway Phosphoglyceric Acid Much more common C 4 Biochemical Pathway Oxaloacetic Acid Arid/wetter Use CO 2 More Effectively 34

35 Anoxia Animals Specialized organs for gas exchange Mechanism to improve oxygen gradient Better circulation system Decrease activity during oxygen stress Shifts metabolic pathways Salt Move Control internal osmotic concentrations 35

36 Salinity adaptations - faunal Behavioral: burrow, close up 36

37 Salinity adaptations - larvae Many larvae cannot osmoregulate Many estuarine inverts - pelagic larvae E.g., Callinectes sapidus, Eriocheir sinensis are catadromous 37

38 Purpose Wetland Delineation Jurisdictional Scientific Definition U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at frequency /duration sufficient to support vegetation adapted to saturated soil conditions. Diagnostic Characteristics Vegetation Soils Hydrology 38

39 Vegetation Indicator Status Categories Category Obligate Wetland Facultative Wetland Facultative Facultative Upland Obligate Upland Symbol OBL FACW FAC FACU UPL Likelihood of Occurring in Wetland >99% >67% to 99% 33% to 66% 1% to < 33% <1% 39

40 Wetland Soil Indicators NRCS Hydric Soil Field Indicators Organic Soils Mineral Soils Gleyed Chroma 1 with or without mottles Chroma 2 with mottles Sulfidic Material Sandy Soils High organic content at surface Streaked 40

41 Hydrology Indicators Recorded Data U.S. Corps of Engineers USGS State / Local Agencies Field Data Soil Saturation Watermarks Drift Lines Sediment Deposits 41

42 Preliminary Data Delineation Method USGS Quadranlge Maps NWI Maps Soil Survey Stream Gage EISs State Wetland Determinations Local Wetland Inventories Aerial Photographs In-Field Data (transects) Visual Changes Chose Representative Points Characterize Each Change Vegetation Soils Hydrology 42