Chapter 23 Notes Roots Stems Leaves
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1 Chapter 23 Notes Roots Stems Leaves I. Specialized tissue in plants - effective way to ensure the plant s survival A. Seed plant structure 1. Roots - a. Absorbs water and dissolves nutrients b. anchors plant to the ground 2. Stems - support system and transport system 3. Leaves - Photosynthetic system 4. Tissue system - three a. dermal tissue analogous to the skin b. vascular tissue - transport water and nutrients
2 2- c. ground tissue all other tissues in the plant 5. Meristematic tissue - found only where growth takes place - tips of shoot and roots B. Meristematic tissue 1. only tissue that produces new cells by mitosis 2. apical meristem - undifferentiated cells that divide to produce growth C. Dermal tissue - outer covering of a plant 1. epidermal cells - dermal cells usually one layer thick
3 2. cuticle - waxy layer protects against water lose 3- D. Vascular tissue - specialized tissue that transports water and nutrients up, down and laterally through the plant 1. Xylem - up - tracheids and vessel elements form hollow tubes through which water can flow. 2. Phloem - down - sieve tubes and companion cells allows water to flow down and laterally through the plant 3. Ground tissue - three types of tissue
4 4- a. Parenchyma - function in storage and photosynthesis b. Collenchyma - strong and flexible - supports the plant c. Sclerenchyma - thick, strong and tough - also supports the plant Where in the plant are each of these found? Ans. Parenchyma - leaves Collenchyma - stems and roots Sclerenchyma - roots and stems II. Roots - surface area of roots is much larger than the plant it supports A. Types of roots - two types
5 5-1. taproots - thick, main root - carrot - dicots 2. fibrous roots - thin - extensive - grass - monocots B. Root structure and growth 1. root hairs - epidermis increases surface area for absorption 2. cortex - spongy layer 3. endodermis - encloses the vascular cylinder 4. vascular cylinder - phloem and xylem 5. root cap - protects root as it grows Trace and label Fig 23-7 p. 585
6 6- C. Root functions 1. uptake of nutrient and water 2. transport takes place in two ways a. Symplast pathway - active transport of minerals through cell walls b. Apoplast pathway - movement of water by diffusion between cells 3. Casparian strip - waterproof strip around 4 sides of a cell (cell has six sides) - controls water flow into the vascular bundle Trace and label p. 587 fig 23-9
7 7-4. Root pressure - water and nutrients are forced up the plant III. Stems - vary greatly in size and shape A. Stem structure and function - two 1. hold leaves up in the sunlight 2. transport substances to leaves B. Nodes and internodes 1. nodes - attachment of leaves to stems 2. internodes - space between nodes C. Buds - undeveloped tissue where new stems and leaves may develop
8 8- D. Monocot and dicot stems Trace and label 590 Fig monocot stem - vascular bundle scattered 2. dicot stem vascular bundle arranged in a ring forming a pith E. primary growth of stems - occurs at the ends of the plant F. Secondary growth - plant increases in with to support tallness 1. vascular cambium and cork cambium - responsible for lateral growth - girth 2. formation of vascular cambium - between phloem and xylem Trace and label p. 591 fig 23-14
9 9-3. formation of growth rings - layers of xylem (wood) a. growth is slowed in colder months, faster in warmer months b. alternation of light and dark rings = growth rings 4. formation of bark = expansion of phloem, cork and cork cambium 5. heart wood = old dead xylem near the center of the stem - does not conduct water or nutrients 6. sapwood - surrounds heartwood and functions in transport Trace and label p. 593 fig 23-15
10 10- G. Adaptations of stems 1. tuber - upright, underground stem - potato 2. rhizome - horizontal underground stem - new shoots can form - ginger and strawberries 3. storage stems - cactus IV. Leaves - main organ of photosynthesis A. Leaf structure 1. blades - thin, flat, green 2. petiole - attachment to stem B. Leaf function - carries out photosynthesis 1. mesophyll - packed with chloroplasts
11 11- a. Palisade - column shape near top of leaf b. spongy mesophyll - loosely packed cells with air spaces Trace and label p. 596 fig Guard cells and stroma a. controls water loss and gas exchange in and out of the leaf. b. located at the bottom of the leaf c. hot and dry - stomata is closed d. cool and wet stomata open Trace and label p. 597 fig 23-19
12 12- C. Adaptations of leaves 1. pitcher plant - carniferous lives in nutrient poor soils - digests insects 2. cactus - leaves are thorns not photosynthetic 3. rock plant - hot/dry conditions few stomata 4. pine - narrow, thin, green reduces water loss V. Transport in plants A. water transport 1. capillarity - water rises in tubes 2. root pressure - negative pressure causes water to enter roots
13 13-3. transpiration pull - action of the sun that pulls water out of plants - evaporation B. Nutrient transport - phloem tissue 1. function of phloem a. movement of sugars to leaves, stems or fruits b. in cold climates sugar is stored in roots 2. Movement from source to sink - pressure flow a. increase in pressure because of movement of sugars b. this change in concentration causes movement in both directions in the phloem c. source cell - photosynthetic products moved into phloem
14 14- d. sink cell - sugars are lower in concentration Trace and label p. 602 fig 23-24
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