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1 23 4 Leaves 1 of 32

2 Leaf Structure The structure of a leaf is optimized for absorbing light and carrying out photosynthesis. 2 of 32

3 Leaf Structure To collect sunlight, most leaves have thin, flattened sections called blades. Blade Simple leaf Petiole Bud Stem Compound leaf Leaflet 3 of 32

4 Leaf Structure The blade is attached to the stem by a thin stalk called a petiole. Blade Simple leaf Petiole Bud Stem Leaflet Compound leaf 4 of 32

5 Leaf Structure Simple leaves have only one blade and one petiole. Blade Simple leaf Petiole Bud Stem Compound leaf Leaflet 5 of 32

6 Leaf Structure Compound leaves have several blades, or leaflets, that are joined together and to the stem by several petioles. Blade Simple leaf Petiole Bud Stem Compound leaf Leaflet 6 of 32

7 Leaf Structure Leaves are covered on the top and bottom by epidermis. Epidermis Epidermis 7 of 32

8 Leaf Structure The epidermis of many leaves is covered by the cuticle. Cuticle Epidermis Epidermis 8 of 32

9 Leaf Structure The cuticle and epidermal cells form a waterproof barrier that protects tissues inside the leaf and limits the loss of water through evaporation. The vascular tissues of leaves are connected directly to the vascular tissues of stems. 9 of 32

10 Leaf Structure In leaves, xylem and phloem tissues are gathered together into bundles that run from the stem into the petiole. In the leaf blade, the vascular bundles are surrounded by parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells. 10 of 32

11 Leaf Structure All these tissues form the veins of a leaf. Xylem Phloem Vein 11 of 32

12 Most leaves consist of a specialized ground tissue known as mesophyll. Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll 12 of 32

13 The layer of mesophyll cells found directly under the epidermis is called the palisade mesophyll. These closely-packed cells absorb light that enters the leaf. Palisade mesophyll 13 of 32

14 Beneath the palisade mesophyll is the spongy mesophyll, a loose tissue with many air spaces between its cells. Spongy mesophyll 14 of 32

15 The air spaces connect with the exterior through stomata. Stomata are porelike openings in the underside of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf. Stoma 15 of 32

16 Each stoma consists of two guard cells. Guard cells are specialized cells that control the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure. Guard cells 16 of 32

17 Transpiration The surfaces of spongy mesophyll cells are kept moist so gases can enter and leave the cells easily. Water evaporates from these surfaces and is lost to the atmosphere. 17 of 32

18 Transpiration is the loss of water through its leaves. This lost water is replaced by water drawn into the leaf through xylem vessels in the vascular tissue. 18 of 32

19 Plant leaves allow gas exchange between air spaces in the spongy mesophyll and the exterior by opening their stomata. Plants keep their stomata open just enough to allow photosynthesis to take place but not so much that they lose an excessive amount of water. 19 of 32

20 Guard cells are specialized cells that control the stomata. Stomata open and close in response to changes in water pressure within guard cells. 20 of 32

21 When water pressure within guard cells is high, the stoma open. 21 of 32

22 When water pressure within guard cells decreases, the stoma closes. 22 of 32

23 Plants regulate the opening and closing of their stomata to balance water loss with rates of photosynthesis. Stomata are open in daytime, when photosynthesis is active, and closed at night, to prevent water loss. In hot, dry conditions stomata may close even in bright sunlight, to conserve water. 23 of 32

Biology. Slide 1 of 32. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biology. Slide 1 of 32. End Show. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology 1 of 32 23 4 Leaves 2 of 32 Leaf Structure Leaf Structure How does the structure of a leaf enable it to carry out photosynthesis? 3 of 32 Leaf Structure The structure of a leaf is optimized for

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