today finish up cell division Continue intro to plant anatomy main plant organs basic anatomy: monocots versus dicots How to tell the organs apart
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1 Download as an RTF file Download as a PDF file Biology 20 Fall 2001 Lecture #4 Jan 18, 2001 What did we get from last lecture? Plant anatomy introduction Tissue Types in plants Four basic tissue: meristem, dermal, ground, vascular Plant cell structure Basic types of cell: Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic common feature to all cells Plant cell basic structure of typical parenchyma cell Plant cell totipotency able to generate entire plant for single cell cell division introduction today finish up cell division Continue intro to plant anatomy main plant organs basic anatomy: monocots versus dicots How to tell the organs apart Cell division: Plant cells: lots of genetic information DNA: packaged into chromosomes for a cell to divide: need to result in formation of cells that are identical and identical to starting cells. If did cell division with any preparation
2 What cells do: cell cycle Prep to divide Divide nucleus mitosis Divide Cell - cytokinesis Now, it is vitally important to make sure that the chromosomes are separated in an orderly fashion Mitosis division of the nucleus First, the nuclear membrane disappears -spindle fibers form apparatus to separate the fibers and chromosomes condense down Spindle fiber yank the chromosome into position Metaphase middle -Then the duplicated chromosomes are separated the nuclear membrane reforms and cell division can proceed Cell division in plants. Wall built in between the two cells vesicles (packages from the golgi line up in the center and fuse inside are cell wall precursors. Basic plant anatomy have gone through basic tissues -cells that have common function tissues go together to make organs Again, plants = reductionist
3 three basic vegetative organs, the form of which is dictated by function Roots: anchor, absorb and store Shoots: support transport (store) Leaves: photosynthesis and other modifications Parts of a plant crown hypocotyl junction between stem and root ½ stem, ½ root-like When we consider plant anatomy, need to introduce a little taxonomy here Plant kingdom: has 10 or so divisions/phyla (depends on who you ask) One division = flowering plants Angiosperms (Magnoliaphyta) Within the angiosperms two main classes Monocots and Dicots Two classes differ in some very fundamental ways Monocots: strap leaf plants Seeds: have 1 cotyledon or seed leaf Leaves: long tapering strap like, parallel veins Flower parts: in 3 s or multiples of 3 Roots: fibrous Shoots: no secondary growth Monocots includes: grasses, lilies, orchids, irises, palms, sedges, bromeliads Dicots : broad leaf Seeds: 2 cotyledons/seed leaves leaves: broad leaf, net-like venation Flower parts: in 4 s or 5 s Root: taproot Shoots: set up for secondary growth Dicots include: beans (legumes) mustards, solanaceous (tomato, potato), roses (rose/peach/apple) melons, carrots, asters, mints... many different plants Roots anchor the plant in the ground absorb and extract nutrients and water from soil often modified for storage as well as other functions overall layout: can be fibrous not a single central root highly branched or tap root single central leader root can be twin anchor and absorb fleshy storage (not all fibrous = thin some are modified for storage) Root cross section: Dicot outermost layer: epidermis: no cuticle, often with abundant root hairs
4 -critical in water uptake, try not to disturb fragile, can shake but not to bare root Cortex: parenchyma tissue for storage Endodermis: special layer of cells for directing transport Gate Keeper up until here, water can move between an within cells Outbits: like a big Ol sponge endodermis = force water into cell covered with suberin water proofing pericycle layer just under the endodermis site where lateral roots emerge Lateral roots not like branches come off the root in parallel rows Vascular tissue in very center Phloem sugar transport xylem on inside Contrast with monocot root Fig. 3.9 Epidermis with root hairs cortex endodermis pericycle vascular tissue in a ring central pith for storage stems: function = support, transport and sometimes storage stems: can be herbaceous not woody, no secondary growth or woody (with secondary growth) shoot cross section Dicot: Epidermis this time with waxy cuticle Cortex parenchyma cells under epidermis vascular tissue in bundles in a ring center = pith set up for secondary growth vascular cambium hooks up cells between forms continuous ring of vascular cambium -meristem for girth increase a lateral meristem Wood cross-section Xylem: tough dead hollow tubes can continue to function for several years. Secondary cell wall resists decay Tree rings in temperate trees in spring: rapid flush of growth abundant water produces xylem with large diameter tubes as water is abundant Summer/Fall less water, can see darker rings yearly cycle -can read weather patterns -can get long term record Contrast with monocot stem
5 vascular bundles scatters not in a ring epidermis cortex or ground tissue: parenchyma between the bundles vascular bundles screaming monkey faces No true secondary growth Palm tree: vascular bundles still distinct trunk = mass of vascular bundles fused leaf bases anatomically tricky bundles encased in sheath of fibers trunk = gives flexibility can sway in the wind when dead: parenchyma between the bundles drops out and decays leaving mass of bundles Lateral stems or branches Dicots -do not emerge for central vascular cylinder Actually form early on Apical meristem: growing tip Stick: terminal bud internode: space between leaf Node point of leaf attachment axillary bud in leaf axis In apical meristem growth axillary bud primordia form early on -along with leaf Pattern of branches reflects leaf arrangement (phylotaxy) spiral or alternate one per node opposites: paired opposite each other, 2 pr node whorled more than 3 per node Branching pattern the same spiral, opposite, or whorled (not like roots) Leaves Broad flat photosynthetic Dicot leaf: upper epidermis palisade parenchyma vascular bundles k/p spongy mesophyll lower epidermis with lots of stomata Monocots highly modified leaf anatomy grasses: upper and lower epidermis have equal numbers of stomates no distinguishable palisade layer spongy mesophyll throughout vascular bundles is key to know to from bottom leave and stems
6 Trichomes protect and store outgrowth
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