The Study of Potassium Silicate effects on Qualitative and Quantitative Performance of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

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1 ISSN No. (Print): ISSN No. (Online): The Study of Potssium Silicte effects on Qulittive nd Quntittive Performnce of Potto (Solnum tuberosum L.) Shiv Tlebi*, Ahmd Mjd*, Msoumeh Mirzi*, Syeh Jfri* nd Msoumeh Abedini** *Deprtment of Biology, Fculty of Biologicl Sciences, North Tehrn Brnch, Islmic Azd University, Tehrn, Irn. **Deprtment of Biology, Fculty of Biologicl Sciences, Tbriz Brnch, Pyme Noor University, Tbriz, Irn. (Corresponding uthor: Shiv Tlebi) (Received 28 September, 215, Accepted 19 December, 215) (Published by Reserch Trend, Website: ABSTRACT: Potto is plnt with high nutritionl vlue tht is t fifth plce fter whet, corn, rice nd brley in terms of production nd consumption in world. Its production is incresed due to high productivity nd comptibility with wide rnge of climtes nd s nutritionl source. In this study, silicon effect s useful element on quntittive nd qulittive performnce of potto crop ws evluted in form potssium silicte. The experiments were performed in completely rndomized block design with 3 replictes nd in field conditions. For review ws used of the concentrtion, of potssium silicte in solution nd spry forms. The results of compring men trits showed significnt differences between tretment groups in chlorophyll b, soluble sugrs of leves nd crotenoids. Although, it ws not observed significnt differences between tretment groups in terms of chlorophyll mount, leves insoluble sugrs nd protein, but sprying potssium silicte showed significnt increse in Chlorophyll b mount nd soluble sugrs. Keywords: potssium silicte, sugr, protein, Chlorophyll, Solnum tuberosum L. INTRODUCTION Biologicl Forum An Interntionl Journl 7(2): (215) Silicon is the second most bundnt element in the erth's surfce nd is one of the importnt elements tht form cly minerls structure in soils nd is known s useful element for plnts (Epstein,1999). The mount of silicon uptke nd collection by plnts is vrible between.1 to 1 percent of dry weight. Tody, silicon is not clssified s n essentil element for plnts but its beneficil effects hs been observed in wide rnge of plnt species (Epstein,1994 & M nd Ymji, 26). Silicon plys role in growth improvement, photosynthesis increse, efficiency of trnspirtion nd evportion, incresing the strength of leves, chlorophyll concentrtion per lef re nd product qulity (Hwng et l., 25). It seems tht precipitted silic on cell wll increses strength nd reinforces wlls (Inng nd Oksk, 1995). Potssium silicte is one of the silicon fertilizers which contin 27% of silicon oxide (Reezi et l., 29). Silicon is usully bsorbed by plnt in the form of mono Silicic (H 4 SiO 4 ) or cid nion (Si (OH)3) (Lewin, 1953). After silicon bsorption, the element trnsporttion in plnts is done through vessel element nd trnspirtion flow from roots to shoots (M nd Tkhshi, 22). Among bsorbed nutrient elements, pottoes bsorb potssium more thn ny other elements nd obviously, more hrvested potto tubers mount is, the mount of hrvested nutrients from soil will be more. Despite plenty of potssium in country soil, the need for studying soils in which potssium consumption is less thn criticl level is felt due to need for improved genotypes, potssium depletion from soil nd low buffering cpcity of soils to supply this element (Nori, 21). Potssium is involved in lmost ll metbolic processes of plnts. Also, it plys n importnt role in photosynthesis nd production of crbohydrtes, restoring nitrte nd ssist in consuming mmonium ions in mnufcturing mino cids nd protein synthesis. Also, it is effective on nutrients blnce, incresed tubers nd incresed bsorption of nitrogen nd phosphorus in plnts (Khn et l., 1994). Soil ntive potssium mount in line with supplying nutrients from fertilizers for demnding crops (requiring more wter) is not sufficient for plnt's optiml physiologicl need nd requires potssium fertilizer. The role of potssium nd its consumption by fertilizers hve been pproved by countless reserchers in mny crops. Mngl nd Kirkby reserch results showed tht potsh fertilizer consumption increses the photosynthesis efficiency, increses tuber size nd tuber dry weight (Mengel nd Kirkby, 1987). McDole nd Robert confirmed potssium consumption effect on incresed root growth t erly stges (Roberts nd McDole, 1985). Krus showed tht incresed potsh fertilizer increses tuber dry mtter (Kruss, 1999). Hoseinpur proved tht potsh fertilizer consumption in pottoes enhnces performnce s well s improves its qulity (Hoseinpour, 1993).

2 Reezi et l found tht dding 5 mg per liter potssium silicte to Hot Ldy nutrients will increse number of flowers (Reezi et l., 29). According to Moyer et l reported tht using silicon does not effect on Gerber flowers increse (Moyer et l., 21). According to reports on beneficil effects of silic compounds on improved qulity of vrious plnts nd nutritionl, economic nd helth importnce of pottoes plnt, this study ws conducted in order to evlute the effect of potssium silictes on review the plnt performnce nd qulity. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study imed to investigte the effects of potssium silictes on qulittive nd quntittive performnce of potto in spring of 214 on frm in Tbriz city nd in completely rndomized block design with three replictions. In this study, helthy tubers of Grnol potto were used. Tubers were immersed in solution of 5%sodium hypochlorite disinfectnt for 4 minutes when they were wshed with tp wter nd then they were wshed with sterile distilled wter. Potssium silicte ws prepred from Irn Silic Compny. Potssium silicte tretments were used in both forms with concentrtions of ( nd ) in order to mesure photosynthetic pigments, soluble nd insoluble sugrs of leves nd protein. A. Photosynthetic pigments mesurement Mesurement of photosynthetic pigments such s chlorophyll, b nd crotenoids ws performed using Lichtenthler method..1g of fresh leves ws grdully rubbed with 8% cetone nd the extrct ws centrifuged for 1 minutes t 1g round using centrifuges nd then, opticl bsorption of zinc solution ws mesured using spectrophotometer t wvelengths of 646, 663 nd 47 nm. Chlorophyll content ws clculted in milligrms per grm fresh weight using formul (Lichtenthler nd Wellburn, 1983). Chl. = (12.21 (A663) (A646)) volume of superntnt (ml)/1 smple weight (g). Chl. b = (2.13 (A646) (A663)) volume of superntnt (ml)/1 smple weight (g). Cr = [(1A47 (1A [chl ] - 14[chl b])/227] volume of superntnt (ml) /1 smple weight (g). B. Soluble nd insoluble sugrs of leves mesurement.1 gof plnt dried mterils (leves) ws dded to 1 ml of Ethnol 7% nd ws held for week in refrigertor. Then, 5. ml of superntnt smples ws tken nd ws reched to volume of 2 ml nd then 1 ml of phenol 5% nd 5 ml of concentrted sulfuric cid ws dded to it. The yellow color ws obtined nd it ws red fter hlf n hour using spectrophotometer device t wvelength of 485 nm nd sugr smple quntities were mesured using stndrd curves bsed on mg/ g dry weight. Tlebi, Mjd, Mirzi, Jfri nd Abedini 122 Remined plnt from filtering ethnol solution ws dried for 15 minutes t 1 C in oven in order to mesure the dissolved sugrs, then it ws boiled in Erlenmeyer contining distilled wter (15 minutes) nd its volume becme 25 ml using distilled wter nd finlly, 2 ml of this solution ws removed nd dissolved sugrs were determined by phenol-sulfuric cid (Helluburst nd Crigie, 1978). C. Proteins mesurement.5 g of leves ws rubbed in 5 ml extrction buffer of Tris glycine (PH = 8.3) in order to chieve homogenous solution. Extrct ws trnsferred to centrifuge tube nd ws centrifuged t 12g t 4 C for 1 minutes. Concentrtions of solved proteins were mesured ccording to Brdford method. Different concentrtions of bovine serum lbumin protein (BSA) were used in order to drw stndrd curve of (Brdford, 1976.). D. Sttisticl Anlysis SPSS softwre ws used for dt nlysis nd sttisticl nlysis nd Duncn's Multiple Rngetest ws used for comprison of dt men in different tretments. Clculting the probbility of significnt differences ws done t P <.5 level. Digrms were drwn using Excel softwre. RESULTS A. Photosynthetic pigments Chlorophyll index of potssium silicte solution nd spry ws incresed compred to control group but this difference ws not sttisticlly significnt (Fig. 1). Chlorophyll b mount difference between tretments ws significnt t probbility level of (P<.5). Potssium silicte spry hs the highest chlorophyll b. The lowest level of chlorophyll b is relted to control group tht is not sttisticlly nd significntly different from potssium silicte solution tretment (Fig. 2). The results showed tht potssium silictes sttisticlly hs significnt effect on crotenoids t probbility level of (P <.5). The highest level of crotenoids ws observed in potssium silictes spry. The control group hd the lest mount of crotenoids nd this difference ws significnt compred to potssium silictes spry (Fig. 3). B. Soluble nd insoluble sugrs of leves Potssium silictes solution nd spry on soluble sugrs showed significnt differences t probbility level of (P <.5). S o tht the mximum mount of soluble sugrs ws relted to potssium silictes spry tretment, tht hve significntly different with control group tht hd the lest mount of soluble sugrs (Fig. 4). Since the mximum mount of insoluble sugrs in leves ws relted to potssium silicte spry tretment but it ws not significntly different with potssium silicte solution tretment nd control groups (Fig. 5).

3 Tlebi, Mjd, Mirzi, Jfri nd Abedini 123 Chlorophyll (mg/g.fw) potssium silicte solution potssium silicte spry Tretment Fig. 1. Averge of effects potssium silicte on Chlorophyll. The columns which hve joint letters hve not significnt difference in level of 5%. (Mens±SE). Chlorophyll b (mg/g.fw) c bc potssium silicte solution potssium silicte spry Tretment Fig. 2. Averge of effects potssium silicte on Chlorophyll b. The columns which hve joint letters hve not significnt difference in level of 5%. (Mens±SE). Crotenoid (mg/g.fw) c b potssium silicte solution potssium silicte spry Tretment Fig. 3. Averge of effects potssium silicte on crotenoids. The columns which hve joint letters hve not significnt difference in level of 5%. (Mens±SE).

4 Tlebi, Mjd, Mirzi, Jfri nd Abedini soluble sugrs of leves (mg/g.dw) c b potssium silicte solution potssium silicte spry Fig. 4. Averge of effects potssium silicte on soluble sugrs. The columns which hve joint letters hve not significnt difference in level of 5%. (Mens±SE). insoluble sugrs of leves (mg/g.dw) potssium silicte solution potssium silicte spry Tretment Fig. 5. Averge of effects potssium silicte on insoluble sugrs. The columns which hve joint letters hve not significnt difference in level of 5%. (Mens±SE). Protein content (mg/g.fw) potssium silicte solution potssium silicte spry Tretment Fig. 6. Averge of effects potssium silicte on Protein. The columns which hve joint letters hve not significnt difference in level of 5%. (Mens±SE).

5 C. Protein According to findings, potssium silictes effects on protein levels of tretment nd control groups ws not sttisticlly significnt t level of (P <.5) (Fig. 6). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION According to results of present reserch, potssium silicte concentrtions hd sttisticlly significnt effect on the mount of chlorophyll b, crotenoids nd soluble sugrs t probbility level of (P <.5). Chlorophyll mount, insoluble sugrs of lef nd protein content did not show sttisticlly significnt difference of potssium silictes ppliction. The results of study using silicon in cucumbers bushes, incresed chlorophyll nd photosynthetic ctivity of leves, reduced petiole length nd incresed weight gin re consistent with study results (Jung Sup et l., 2). Potssium silictes spryed tretment showed the highest chlorophyll mount compred to potssium silictes solution tretment nd control groups, but this difference ws not sttisticlly significnt. The results of reserch ws consistent with Agrie et l study results who showed tht when silic is reduced, chlorophyll mount will be low s result, plnt photosynthesis will be reduced. They relted the reson for this issue to silic role in photosynthesis chin nd preventing chlorophyll degrdtion by silic (Agrie et l., 1996). One of the min resons for chlorophyll decline is its destruction by rective oxygen species. The reduced ctivity of photosystem II nd Robisko decresed enzyme ctivity nd ATP inhibition increses the formtion of free oxygen species in chloroplsts (Lwlor nd Cornic, 22). Since silic plys n importnt role in leves upright stte nd is ble to provide more lef re towrds light, thereby incresed the plnt photosynthesis efficiency (Qunzhi nd Erming, 1998). It ws observed in one study tht using potssium silicte on sugr cne plnt, chlorophyll content, lef nitrogen nd lef wilt will be incresed which correspond with our results (Shiny nd Yoshihiro, 2). The highest chlorophyll b mount, soluble sugrs nd crotenoids re relted to potssium silicte spryed tretment nd the lest re relted to control group. No significnt difference ws observed between potssium silicte solution tretment nd control in terms of chlorophyll b mount. No significnt difference ws observed between potssium silicte solution tretment nd potssium silicte spryed tretments in terms of mesuring crotenoids. The mximum mount of soluble sugrs is relted to potssium silicte spryed tretment. The mount of plnts chlorophyll is n importnt fctor in mintining photosynthetic cpcity (Jing nd Hung, 21). Tlebi, Mjd, Mirzi, Jfri nd Abedini 125 The results consistent with Nikbkht et l results who stted tht the highest chlorophyll mount is relted to potssium silicte spry (Nikbkht et l., 213). According to findings, it seems tht in increse mount of chlorophyll b, soluble sugrs nd crotenoids, potssium silicte spry will be the best tretment. Given the importnce of potto plnt, this study imed to ssess plnt responses to potssium silicte effects on pottoes qulittive nd quntittive performnce. REFERENCES Agrie, S., (1996). Function of silic bodies in epiderml system of rice ( Oryz stiv L.). Journl of Experimentl Botny. 47: Brdford, M.M., (1976). A Rpid Sensitive Method for the Quntittion of Micro Progrm Quntities of Protein Utilizing the Principle of Protein-Dye Binding. Anlyticl Biochemistry. 72: Epstein, E.,(1994). The nomly of Silicon in Plnt biology. Proceeding of the Ntionl Acdemy of Sciences of the United Stte of Americ 91: Epstein, E., (1999). Silicon. Annul Review of Plnt Physiology nd Plnt Moleculr Biology. 5: Helluburst, J.A., nd Crigie, J.S., (1978). Hndbook of Physiologicl nd Biochemicl Method, Cmbridge Univ Press. Hoseinpour, K., (1993).Effect of potssium on the quntity nd qulity of pottoes in four regions Irn. M.Sc. Thesis, Fculty of Agriculture, Trbit Modrres University. Tehrn. Hwng, S.J., Prk, H.M., nd Jeong, B.R., (25). Effect of potssium silicte on the growth of miniture rose 'Pinocchio' grown on rock wool nd its cut flower qulity. Journl of the Jpnese Society for Horticulturl Science. 74: Inng, S., nd Oksk, A., (1995). Clci um nd silicon binding compounds in cell wlls of rice shoot. Soil Science & Plnt Nutrient 41: Jing, Y., nd Hung, N., (21). Drough nd het stress injury to two cool seson turf grsses in reltion to ntioxidnt metbolism nd lipid peroxidse. Crop Science. 41: Jung Sup, L., Jong Hn, P., nd Kyeong Suk, H., (2). Effects of potssium silicte on growth, photosynthesis, nd inorgnic ion bsorption in cucumber hydroponics. Koren Society for Horticulturl Science. 41: Khn, H.R., Elhi, S., Hussin, M.S., nd Adchi, T., (1994). Soil chrcteristics nd behvior of potssium under vrious moisture regimes. Soil science nd plnt nutrition. 4(2): Kruss, A., (1999). Qulity, its wht counts in the mrket plce. Interntionl fertilizer Correspondent (IFC). No.5,1-3 Bsel, Switzerlnd. Lwlor, D.W., nd Cornic, G., (22). Photosynthetic crbon ssimiltion nd ssocited metbolism in reltion to wter deficits in higher plnts ffected by N fertiliztion. Agronomy Journl. 73:

6 Lewin, J., (1953). Silicon metbolisms in ditoms. The Journl of Generl Physiology. 3268: Lichtenthler, H.K., nd Wellburn, A.R., (1983). Determintions of Totl Crotenoids nd Chlorophylls nd b of Lef Extrcts in Different Solvents. Biochemicl Society Trnsctions. 11: M, J.F., nd Tkhshi, E., (22). Soil, Fertilizer nd Plnt Silicon Reserch in Jpn. Elsevier Science, Amsterdm, The Netherlnds. M, J.F., nd Ymji, N., (26). Silicon uptke nd ccumultion in higher Plnts. Trends in Plnt Science 11: Mengel, K., nd Kirkby, E.A., (1987). Principles of Plnt nutrition. 4 th Edition Interntionl Potsh Institute, Bern, Switzerlnd. Reezi, S., Bblr, M., nd Klntri, S., (29). Silicon llevites slt stress. Decrese mlondildehyde content nd ffects petl color of slt stressed cut rose (Rosxhybridl.), Hot Ldy,. Afric. Journl of Biotechnology. 8: Moyer, C., Peres, N.A., Dtnoff, L.E., Simonne, E.H., nd Deng, Z., (21). Evlution of silicon for mnging powdery mildew on Gerber Disy. Journl of Plnt Nutrition. 31: Nikbkht, A., et l., (213). The effect of different concentrtions of potssium silicte, nno silic nd Tlebi, Mjd, Mirzi, Jfri nd Abedini 126 clcium chloride on concentrtions of potssium, clcium nd mgnesium, chlorophyll content index nd the number of Asin Lilium flower, Brunello,. Science nd Technology of Green house Culture. No:14. Nori, A.A., (21). Study of potssium sulfte nd zinc sulfte to improve performnce nd reduce of cdmium nd nitrte of pottoes in Znjn.MS Thesis. Islmic Azd University, Science nd Reserch Brnch, Tehrn. Qunzhi, Z., nd Erming, G., (1998). Effect of silicon ppliction on rice in rice re long the yellow river. Deprtment of gronomy, 32: Reezi, S., Bblr, M., nd Klntri, S., (29). Silicon llevites slt stress. Decrese mlondildehyde content nd ffects petl color of slt stressed cut rose (Rosxhybridl.), Hot Ldy,. Afric. Journl of Biotechnology. 8: Roberts, S., nd McDole, R.E., (1985). Potssium nutrition of pottoes, In: Potssium in Agriculture (E.d:R.S. Munson). ASA-CSSA, Mdison, WI.Pp Shiny,Y., nd Yoshihiro, H., (2). Some effect of potssium silicte ppliction on photosynthesis of sugrcne. Journl of Agriculturl Science, Vol. 4: No.2, p

CHAPTER 08: MONOPROTIC ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA

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