3.2.2 Kinetics. Maxwell Boltzmann distribution. 128 minutes. 128 marks. Page 1 of 12

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1 3.. Kinetics Mxwell Boltzmnn distribution 8 minutes 8 mrks Pge of

2 M. () M On the energy xis E mp t the mximum of the originl pek M The limits for the horizontl position of E mp re defined s bove the word the in the sentence below the grph. M The pek of their new curve is displced to the left nd higher thn the originl. M3 All of the following re required The new curve strts t the origin nd should begin to seprte from the originl lmost immeditely nd the new curve crosses the originl curve once nd n ttempt hs been mde to drw the new curve correctly towrds the energy xis below the originl curve but not to touch the originl curve or the xis 3 The rte of rection decreses s the temperture decreses becuse M A decrese in the number / proportion of molecules with E E OR fewer molecules hve E E OR fewer molecules hve sufficient / enough energy to rect / decompose In M Ignore molecules hve less energy. Ignore less energetic collisions. Ignore molecules do not gin ctivtion energy. Ignore fewer collisions. Credit prticles for molecules but NOT toms. M Fewer effective / productive / successful collisions in given time / given period OR fewer frequent effective / productive / successful collisions OR lower rte of effective / productive / successful collisions Ignore chnce of collision ; this lone does not gin M [5] M. () Number / proportion / percentge / frction of molecules Ignore prticles (c) None OR no effect OR no chnge X Pge of

3 (d) Answers in either order M collision OR collide Mrk independently M collision / molecules / prticles Ignore correct mount of energy with the ctivtion energy OR with E > E ct OR with sufficient /enough energy OR with the minimum energy OR with the correct orienttion (e) A smll increse in temperture results in mny more / much higher proportion of / lot more / significntly more molecules / prticles / collisions with E E ct / energy greter thn the ctivtion energy / sufficient energy / enough energy / minimum energy to rect (compred with smll increse in concentrtion) Not just more molecules with E E ct The nswer must convey tht the increse is significnt Accept reference to toms, molecules, prticles Ignore species [6] M3. () M The ctivtion energy is the minimum / lest / lowest energy Mrk independently Ignore het nd ignore enthlpy M (energy) for rection to occur / to go / to strt OR (energy) for successful / effective collision Ignore breking the bonds M Ctlysts provide n lterntive route OR n lterntive mechnism OR lterntive / different pth(wy) M Lowers the ctivtion energy Mrk independently Ignore reference to surfce Pge 3 of

4 (c) (i) Sty(s) the sme (ii) (iii) (iv) Increses Credit increse or incresed Increses Credit increse or incresed Sty(s) the sme (d) (i) M yest or zymse M ethnol Ignore enzyme In M, ignore lcohol nd ignore ny formul (ii) M (Concentrted) H 3 PO 4 OR (Concentrted) H SO 4 M butn--ol Credit correct nmes Ignore hydrogenphosphte or hydrogensulfte Ignore dilute or q Do not penlise bsence of hyphens in nme. In M, ignore ny formul [] M4. () (i) M The pek of the new curve is displced to the right. M All of the following re required The new curve strts t the origin The pek of the new curve is lower thn the originl nd the new curve only crosses the originl curve once nd n ttempt hs been mde to drw the new curve correctly towrds the energy xis but not to touch the originl curve the new curve must not strt to diverge from the originl curve M is low demnd M is higher demnd. Pge 4 of

5 (ii) M Increse in the number/proportion of molecules with E E OR more molecules hve E E OR M more molecules hve sufficient energy to rect More effective/productive/successful collisions Ignore molecules hve more energy Ignore more energetic collisions Ignore molecules gin ctivtion energy Ignore more collisions Accept prticles for molecules but NOT toms Ignore chnce of collision ; this lone does not gin M (i) Iron OR Fe (ii) M Ctlysts provide n lterntive route/pthwy/mechnism OR (in this cse) surfce dsorption/surfce rection occurs. For M, not simply provides surfce lone M tht hs lower ctivtion energy OR lowers the ctivtion energy For M, the cndidte my use definition of ctivtion energy without referring to the term [7] M5. () Pek lower nd moved to right strt t the origin nd curve crosses once only (i) (Rte of rection) increses (At higher temperture) more molecules/prticles hve the minimum energy needed to rect/hve ctivtion energy/hve successful collisions Mrk CE if incorrect effect given Pge 5 of

6 (ii) (Rte of rection) increses lowers ctivtion energy so tht more molecules re ble to rect Mrk CE if incorrect effect given [9] M6. () (i) Z () (ii) Collisions () Cuse some molecules to slow down or lose energy () Curve strts t origin nd is displced to the right () Curve lower nd does not touch energy xis () (c) (i) Only smll percentge/very few collisions hve E >E () (ii) Add ctlyst () Lowers E () More collisions/molecules hve energy > E () 3 [9] M7. () the minimum energy; Energy required for rection to occur; (or to strt rection or for successful collisions) Pge 6 of

7 (c) xes lbelled:- y: number (or frction or %) of molecules (or prticles) x: energy (or KE); curve strts t origin; skewed to right; pproches x xis s n symptote; (penlise curve tht levels off > 0% of mx pek height or curve tht crosses the energy xis) second curve displced to the left (nd does not cross T curve for second time) nd pek higher; mny fewer molecules; fewer molecules hve E > E ; (cn score this mrk from suitbly mrked curves) molecules (or prticles or collisions) do not hve enough energy; (or orienttion my be wrong) increse the pressure; (or increse the concentrtion or reduce the volume) increses the collision frequency; (or more collisions) (do not llow if stted to be due to increse in energy implied by temperture increse) dd ctlyst; lowers ctivtion energy (or E ) (Q of L mrk); [5] Pge 7 of

8 M8. () Grph strts t origin Grph skewed to left nd hs decresing grdient to mximum Grph fter mximum decreses in steepness, never touches x xis, levels out less thn 5 mm from x xis. Minimum energy To strt rection (or for rection to occur) (c) Molecules gin energy (or lwys some molecules hve E > E ) Due to collisions (d) Decreses E lowered () By lterntive route () So more molecules hve energy > E () mx [0] M9. () See bove (c) Energy < E or must hve enough energy (to rect) () (d) Increse concentrtion (or pressure) () Pge 8 of

9 (e) Mny () more molecules hve E > E / enough energy () NOT KE increses with T (f) Lowers E () lterntive route () [0] M0. () (i) (ii) 4 (i) collide () with sufficient energy (or E E ) () (or with correct orienttion) (ii) molecules (or prticles) hve more energy (or move fster) () more molecules (or collisions) hve E E (or sufficient energy) () 4 (c) (i) equilibrium reched () (or rte forwrd rection = rte bckwrd) (ii) Rection is endothermic () or ΔH +ve or reverse rection is exothermic endothermic rection fvoured () (or rection shifts to R or moves forwrd or more products formed) 3 [] Pge 9 of

10 M. () (i) (ii) The totl number of prticles (or molecules) in the smple OR the number of molecules present (iii) No molecules hve no energy OR ll molecules hve some energy Do not llow if there re no molecules there is no energy 4 (i) The minimum energy required () for rection to occur () OR to strt rection or for successful collision (ii) Chnges: Ctlyst () Explntion: Alterntive route (), with lower ctivtion energy () OR lower ctivtion energy () so more molecules cn rect ()/more molecules hve this energy If chnge incorrect CE = 0 Allow nswers nywhere in b (ii) 5 [9] M. () Increse in temperture: Yield is incresed (Allow if for H (g) or products) () Rection endothermic () Equilibrium moves to the right OR forwrd, OR Equilibrium moves to oppose chnge OR to bsorb het () If Yield sttement incorrect llow mx one if rection stted to be endothermic Pge 0 of

11 Increse in pressure: Yield is decresed (Allow if for H (g) or products) () Increse in moles of gs or moles incresed to 4 moles or more moles on right () Equilibrium moves to the left OR bckwrds, OR Equilibrium moves to oppose chnge OR to reduce pressure () If Yield sttement incorrect llow mx one if number of moles chnge is correct. 6 Equilibrium yield: Unffected or equilibrium unchnged () Rte or speed incresed () Forwrd nd bckwrds rections eqully or by the sme mount () Amount of hydrogen produced: More hydrogen produced () 4 [0] M3. () Activtion energy;- The minimum energy needed for rection to occur / strt () Ctlyst effect:- Alterntive route (or more molecules hve E) () Lower ctivtion energy () (c) Increse in moles of gs:- Position of E mp unchnged () More molecules with E mp () Are under curve increses () Molecules with E E incresed () Temperture decresed:- Position of E mp moves to the left () More molecules with E mp () Are under curve unchnged () Molecules with E E decresed () Ctlyst introduced:- Position of E mp unchnged () Molecules with E mp unchnged () Are under curve unchnged () Molecules with E E incresed () [5] Pge of

12 Pge of

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