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1 COLLEGE BIOLOGY PHYSICS Chapter 8 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Chapter # Chapter Title PowerPoint Image Slideshow

2 Figure 8.0 Photosynthesis

3 Figure 8.1 Earth s distribution of photosynthesis as seen via chlorophyll a concentrations terrestrial plants, and phytoplankton (credit: modification of work by SeaWiFS Project, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and ORBIMAGE)

4 Figure 8.2 Autotrophs Photoautotroph Producers (a) Plants (b) Multicellular alga (c) Unicellular protists 10 m (d) Cyanobacteria 40 m (e) Purple sulfur bacteria 1 m

5 Figure 8.4 & 8.5

6 Figure 8.5 Photosynthetic Redox reaction and atom tracking Reactants: 6 CO 2 12 H 2 O Products: C 6 H 12 O 6 6 H 2 O 6 O 2 becomes reduced Energy 6 CO 2 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 6 O 2 becomes oxidized

7 Figure 10.3 Alternative fuels Biofuels (bioethanol or biodiesel)

8 Figure 8.6 Sites for photosynthesis Thylakoids Stroma

9 Figure 8.7 H 2 O Photosynthesis Overview Light NADP ADP + P i Light Reactions Chloroplast

10 Figure 8.7 H 2 O Photosynthesis Overview Light NADP ADP + P i Light Reactions NADPH Chloroplast O 2

11 Figure 8.7 H 2 O CO 2 Photosynthesis Overview Light Light Reactions NADP ADP + P i NADPH Calvin Cycle Chloroplast O 2

12 Figure 8.7 H 2 O CO 2 Photosynthesis Overview Light Light Reactions NADP ADP + P i NADPH Calvin Cycle Chloroplast O 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar)

13 Figure 8.11 Photosynthetic Pigments Chlorophyll a & b Carotenoids (Accessory pigments) Xanthophyll Chloroplast carotene Fucoxanthin Phycoerythrin Light Reflected light Absorbed light Granum Transmitted light

14 Figure CH 3 CH 3 in chlorophyll a CHO in chlorophyll b Porphyrin ring Hydrocarbon tail (H atoms not shown)

15 Visible Light Spectrum

16 Figure 8.12

17 Determining Absorption Spectrum TECHNIQUE Figure 10.9 White light Refracting prism Chlorophyll solution Photoelectric tube Galvanometer Slit moves to pass light of selected wavelength. Green light High transmittance (low absorption): Chlorophyll absorbs very little green light. Blue light Low transmittance (high absorption): Chlorophyll absorbs most blue light.

18 Rate of photosynthesis (measured by O 2 release) Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments Figure 8.13 RESULTS Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids (a) Absorption spectra Wavelength of light (nm) (b) Action spectrum Aerobic bacteria Filament of alga (c) Engelmann s experiment

19 O2 production (ml) Absorbance Chlorophyll absorption spectrum (line) & O 2 Production (bars) Wavelength (nm)

20 Figure Energy of electron Excitation of chlorophyll Phycobilians (fluorescence) e Excited state Heat Photon Chlorophyll molecule Photon (fluorescence) Ground state (a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule (b) Fluorescence

21 Figure 8.15 Thylakoid membrane Photosystem light harvesting Thylakoid membrane Photon Lightharvesting complexes Photosystem Reactioncenter complex STROMA Primary electron acceptor e Chlorophyll STROMA Transfer of energy Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules (a) How a photosystem harvests light Pigment molecules THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) Protein subunits (b) Structure of photosystem II THYLAKOID SPACE

22 Figure 8.16 Noncyclic Electron Flow Primary acceptor e 2 P680 1 Light Pigment molecules Photosystem II (PS II)

23 Figure 8.16 Noncyclic Electron Flow Primary acceptor 2 H + 1 / 2 O 2 3 H 2 O e e e 2 P680 1 Light Pigment molecules Photosystem II (PS II)

24 Figure 8.16 Noncyclic Electron Flow 2 H + 1 / 2 O 2 3 H 2 O e e Primary acceptor e 2 Pq 4 Cytochrome complex Pc P Light Pigment molecules Photosystem II (PS II)

25 Figure 8.16 Noncyclic Electron Flow 2 H + 1 / 2 O 2 3 H 2 O e e Primary acceptor e 2 P680 Pq Cytochrome complex 5 4 Pc Primary acceptor e P700 Light 1 Light 6 Photosystem II (PS II) Pigment molecules Photosystem I (PS I)

26 Figure 8.16 Noncyclic Electron Flow 2 H + 1 / 2 O 2 3 H 2 O e e Primary acceptor e 2 P680 Pq Cytochrome complex 5 4 Pc Primary acceptor e P700 Fd e e 7 8 NADP reductase Light NADP + H NADPH 1 Light 6 Photosystem II (PS II) Pigment molecules Photosystem I (PS I)

27 Figure 8.16 Noncyclic electron flow Primary acceptor Primary acceptor Fd O 2 H 2 O Pq Cytochrome complex NADP reductase NADP + H NADPH Pc Photosystem II Photosystem I

28 Figure 8.16 e e Mill makes e e e e NADPH e Photosystem II Photosystem I

29 Cyclic Electron Flow Primary acceptor Pq Fd Cytochrome complex Primary acceptor Fd NADP reductase NADP + H NADPH Pc Photosystem II Photosystem I

30 Mitochondrion Chloroplast MITOCHONDRION STRUCTURE CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE Intermembrane space Inner membrane Electron transport chain H Diffusion Thylakoid space Thylakoid membrane Matrix synthase Stroma Key Higher [H ] Lower [H ] ADP P i H

31 Figure 8.16 Photosynthetic chemiosmosis STROMA (low H concentration) Photosystem II Light 4 H + Cytochrome complex Light Photosystem I Fd NADP reductase 3 NADP + H Pq NADPH H 2 O 1 THYLAKOID SPACE (high H concentration) 1 / 2 O 2 +2 H H + Pc To Calvin Cycle STROMA (low H concentration) Thylakoid membrane synthase ADP + P i H + Photophosphorylation

32 Figure 8.17 Light dependent reaction and Calvin Cycle

33 Figure 8.18 Calvin Cycle Input 3 (Entering one at a time) CO 2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 3 P P Short-lived intermediate 6 P 3-Phosphoglycerate

34 Figure 8.18 Calvin Cycle Input 3 (Entering one at a time) CO 2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P Short-lived intermediate 3 P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 6 P 3-Phosphoglycerate 6 6 ADP Calvin Cycle 6 P P 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 NADPH 6 NADP 6 P i 6 P Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) Phase 2: Reduction 1 P G3P (a sugar) Output Glucose and other organic compounds

35 Figure 8.18 Calvin Cycle Input 3 (Entering one at a time) CO 2 Phase 1: Carbon fixation Rubisco 3 P P Short-lived intermediate 3 P P Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 6 P 3-Phosphoglycerate 6 6 ADP 3 3 ADP Calvin Cycle 6 P P 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO 2 acceptor (RuBP) 5 G3P P 6 P Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) 6 NADPH 6 NADP 6 P i Phase 2: Reduction C3 Pathway 1 P G3P (a sugar) Output Glucose and other organic compounds

36

37 When does it occur? Why does it occurs? End products? Photorespiration

38 Photorespiration Adaptations C4 Pathway (spatial separation) C 4 leaf anatomy Photosynthetic cells of C 4 plant leaf Mesophyll cell Bundlesheath cell Vein (vascular tissue) Stoma

39 Photorespiration Adaptations C4 Pathway (spatial separation) The C 4 pathway Mesophyll cell PEP carboxylase CO 2 Oxaloacetate (4C) Malate (4C) PEP (3C) ADP Bundlesheath cell CO 2 Pyruvate (3C) Calvin Cycle Sugar Vascular tissue

40 Photorespiration Adaptations Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) (Temporal separation)

41 Sugarcane Pineapple C 4 CO2 CAM CO 2 Mesophyll cell Organic acid 1 CO 2 incorporated (carbon fixation) Organic acid Night CO 2 CO 2 Bundlesheath cell Calvin Cycle 2 CO 2 released to the Calvin cycle Calvin Cycle Day Sugar Sugar C4: Spatial separation of steps CAM: Temporal separation of steps

42

43 Figure H 2 O CO 2 Light Light Reactions: Photosystem II Electron transport chain Photosystem I Electron transport chain NADP ADP + P i RuBP NADPH 3-Phosphoglycerate Calvin Cycle G3P Starch (storage) Chloroplast O 2 Sucrose (export)

44 The Working Cell Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell: DNA RNA Protein (Chapters 4-5) Movement Across Cell Membranes (Chapter 5) Energy Transformations in the Cell: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (Chapters 6-8) Nucleus Nuclear pore 2 Protein 3 Ribosome mrna 1 mrna DNA Rough endoplasmic Protein reticulum (ER) in vesicle Vacuole Golgi apparatus 4 Plasma membrane 5 Vesicle forming Protein 6 7 Photosynthesis in chloroplast CO 2 H 2 O Organic molecules 8 Cellular respiration in mitochondrion O 2 Transport pump Cell wall H 2 O CO 2 O 2

45 Nucleus Nuclear pore 2 Protein 3 Ribosome mrna 1 mrna Protein in vesicle DNA Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell: DNA RNA Protein (Chapters 4-5)

46 Figure 10.23b Golgi apparatus 4 Plasma membrane 5 Vesicle forming Protein 6 Cell wall Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell: DNA RNA Protein (Chapters 4-5)

47 7 Photosynthesis in chloroplast Organic molecules 8 Cellular respiration in mitochondrion O 2 CO 2 H 2 O Transport pump Movement Across Cell Membranes (Chapter 7) H 2 O CO 2 O 2 Energy Transformations in the Cell: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (Chapters 6-8)

48 How can plants make in the dark? ph 7 ph 4 ph 4 ph 8

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