Photosynthesis is the main route by which that energy enters the biosphere of the Earth.

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1 Chapter 5-Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the main route by which that energy enters the biosphere of the Earth. To sustain and power life on Earth, the captured energy has to be released and used in cellular metabolism. Photosynthesis- The production of organic food from inorganic molecules (CO 2 and H 2 O), with the use of light energy. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another are called oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions for short. Oxidation Glucose is oxidized during cellular respiration, losing electrons to oxygen. Reduction Oxygen is reduced during cellular respiration, accepting electrons (and hydrogen) lost from glucose.

2 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Other redox reactions in photosynthesis involve electron transport pathways in which an excited electron is passed from one carrier to another. Photosynthesis changed the early Earth so that multicellular life became possible Accumulation of atomospheric oxygen from photosynthetic cyanobacteria Oldest prokaryotic fossils Earth cool enough for crust to solidify Origin of Earth

3 The Nature of Sunlight Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments Light is a form of electromagnetic energy, also called electromagnetic radiation Like other electromagnetic energy, light travels in rhythmic waves How is sunlight absorbed? The full range of radiation is called the electromagnetic spectrum. Visible light composes only a small fraction of the spectrum. Chlorophyll a Accessory pigments, such as chlorophyll b, broaden the spectrum used for photosynthesis Chlorophyll b Carotenoids Wavelength of light (nm) Absorption spectra e Excited state When a pigment absorbs light, it goes from a ground state to an excited state, which is unstable Heat When excited electrons fall back to the ground state, photons are given off, or fluorescence Photon Chlorophyll molecule Photon (fluorescence) Ground state Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule

4 Thylakoid membrane Chloroplasts: Sites of Photosynthesis How Photosystems Harvest Light Energy A photosystem Thylakoid Photon Photosystem STROMA Light-harvesting complexes Reaction center Primary electron acceptor Each photosystem has a cluster of a few hundred pigment molecules. e The photosystem acts as a light gathering antenna. Transfer of energy Special chlorophyll a molecules Pigment molecules THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)

5 A Photosynthesis Road Map Photosynthesis is not a single process, but two processes, each with many steps. The two stages of photosynthesis are called: The light reactions The Calvin cycle The light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy. The light reaction uses light energy to drive the synthesis of 2 molecules: In photosynthesis, light drives electrons to the electron acceptor, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, The Calvin cycle depends on ATP and NADPH in the light reactions. Oxygen is produced as a waste product. The ATP generated by the light reactions provides energy to produce sugar. The light reactions P680 P700

6 The Light Reactions As light is absorbed by chl a in the P680 reaction center of PSII, the excited electron is passed to an electron acceptor molecule. An electron from water replaces the chlorophyll electron that goes to the electron acceptor. From the electron acceptor, the electron is passed down an electron transport chain until it reaches the P700 reaction complex of PSI. ATP is produced during electron transport. ATP is produced during electron transport.

7 How did we make ATP? (outside of thylakoid) thylakoid membrane (inside of thylakoid) Chemiosmosis and Photophosphorylation As electrons pass down the electron transport chain between PSII and PSI, protons (H+) are pumped from the stroma of the chloroplast into the thylakoid lumen (space inside the thylakoid membranes). This results in a buildup of positive charges and acidity inside the thylakoid or an electrochemical gradient. The resulting electrochemical gradient powers the synthesis of ATP as protons flow down through the ATP synthase complex to reenter the stroma.

8 The light reactions Light excites the electron in PSI and it is accepted by another electron acceptor. The electron passes down another electron transport chain and produces NADPH. This is called non-cyclic electron flow. The flow of electrons in PSI can also be cyclic. ATP is generated, but no water is split and no NADPH is made.

9 A Photosynthesis Road Map The molecules of ATP and NADPH formed by the light reactions are produced outside of the thylakoid membranes, where they enter the stroma of the chloroplast. Calvin cycle The Calvin cycle has three phases: Carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco) Reduction Regeneration of RuBP 1. Carbon fixation The Calvin cycle incorporates CO 2 and attaches it to ribulose bisphosphate (5 carbon sugar). 3. Regeneration of RuBP 5 molecules of PGAL are rearranged into 3 molecules of RuBP. Three ATPs are used in this process. Input: Output: 2. Reduction After a series of reactions in the Calvin cycle, PGA is reduced to a 3 carbon molecule, phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL). Because the first detectable product of the Calvin cycle is a 3 carbon molecule, PGA, this metabolic pathway is called the C 3 pathway.

10 Photorespiration Photorespiration occurs in C3 plants during hot summer weather. RuBP combines with O 2 instead of CO 2 and produces 1 PGA instead of 2 in the Calvin Cycle. C 4 pathway Some plants have evolved a modification of photosynthesis, C4 pathway to deal with hot sunny environments without the wasteful process of photorespiration. In these plants, the first compound from carbon fixation CO 2 levels are 10 times higher in the bundle sheath and this eliminates photorespiration. CAM photosynthesis CAM photosynthesis, or Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, utilizes the C4 pathway in a different way.

11 Study outline for Chapter 5-Photosynthesis What is the equation of photosynthesis? What is oxidized? What is reduced? What is the main purpose of photosynthesis? What are the 2 stages of photosynthesis? Light Reactions What is the main purpose of the light reactions? Where do the light reactions occur in the chloroplast? Properties of Light Light is a form of what kind of energy? Light travels in. Light behaves as discrete particles called. Pigments/Photosystems What is the main pigment in photosynthesis? What are accessory pigments? Why are accessory pigments important? What is a photosystem? How the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPH What are the 2 types of photosystems in the light reactions? Non Cyclic Electron Flow- Follow Figure Fill in the steps and answer the questions Photosystem II What is produced?

12 Study outline for Chapter 5-Photosynthesis Chemiosmosis and Photophosphorylation How did we make ATP? This ATP synthesis is called. Non Cyclic Electron Flow- Follow Figure Fill in the steps and answer the questions.. What happens to the photoexcited electrons from PSI? What molecule is the electrons transferred to? How are the PS700 electrons in PSI replaced? Photosystem I Which enzyme transfers electrons from Fd to NADP+? What high energy molecule is produced from the reduction of NADP+? Cyclic Electron Flow How is cyclic electron flow different from non cyclic electron flow?

13 Study outline for Chapter 5-Photosynthesis The Calvin Cycle What is the main purpose of the Calvin Cycle? Where does the Calvin Cycle take place in the chloroplasts? What are the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle? Carbon fixation Input into the Calvin Cycle: The Calvin Cycle attaches carbon dioxide to a 5 carbon sugar. This reaction is catalyzed by. What is the main product of the carbon fixation stage for each molecule of carbon dioxide? Reduction Electrons from (high energy molecule) produce an important 3 carbon sugar? How many molecules of PGAL are produced for every 3 molecules of carbon dioxide? Regeneration of RuBP What happens to G3P? Summary of the Calvin Cycle: Input: Output: Photorespiration/C 3, C 4 and CAM photosynthesis What conditions produce photorespiration in the plant? What happens in the leaf tissue during photosynthesis? In photorespiration, RuBP (5 carbon sugar) combines with instead of carbon dixoide? Why does this occur? Why is it a problem for the plant? Distinguish between C 3, C 4, and CAM plants. Give an example of each.

14 Matching- Photosynthesis D catalyzes carbon fixation high energy electron carrier C E Photosystem I Calvin Cycle Photosystem II A B

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