8 Photosynthesis CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS. Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece

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1 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS Urry Cain Wasserman Minorsky Jackson Reece 8 Photosynthesis Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge

2 Objective: You will be able to contrast respiration and photosynthesis. Do Now: Take out your respiration lab Read p. 155 What type of organisms carry out photosynthesis

3 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food 6 CO 2 12 H 2 O Light energy C 6 H 12 O 6 6 O 2 6 H 2 O 6 CO 2 6 H 2 O Light energy C 6 H 12 O 6 6 O 2

4 Figure 8.3 Leaf cross section Chloroplasts Vein Mesophyll Stomata CO 2 O 2 Chloroplast Mesophyll cell Thylakoid Granum Thylakoid Stroma space Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane 20 m 1 m

5 Figure 8.3b Chloroplast Mesophyll cell Thylakoid Granum Thylakoid Stroma space Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane 20 m 1 m

6 Ohhh The Splitting of Water...My Bad Chloroplasts split H 2 O into hydrogen and oxygen, incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar molecules and releasing oxygen as a by-product

7 Figure 8.5 The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview Tell me one thins that this diagram is telling you. H 2 O CO 2 Light Light Reactions NADP ADP P i ATP Calvin Cycle NADPH Chloroplast O 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar)

8 Figure H 2 O Light NADP ADP P i Light Reactions Chloroplast

9 Figure H 2 O Light NADP ADP P i Light Reactions ATP NADPH Chloroplast O 2

10 Figure H 2 O CO 2 Light Light Reactions NADP ADP P i ATP NADPH Calvin Cycle Chloroplast O 2

11 Figure H 2 O CO 2 Light Light Reactions NADP ADP P i ATP NADPH Calvin Cycle Chloroplast O 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar)

12 Paired Work Work with a partner to list as many differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration as you can.

13 Objective: You will be able to identify and justify the most effective wavelengths for photosynthesis Do Now: Read Photosynthetic pigments on p. 160 Describe how a spectrophotometer works

14 Figure 8.7 Chloroplast Light Reflected light Absorbed light Granum Transmitted light

15 Figure 8.8 Technique White light 1 Refracting prism Chlorophyll solution 2 3 Photoelectric tube Galvanometer 4 Slit moves to pass light of selected wavelength. Green light The high transmittance (low absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs very little green light. Blue light The low transmittance (high absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs most blue light.

16 What would happen if we were to shine a red light? What does that mean?

17 Figure 8.9a Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids Wavelength of light (nm) (a) Absorption spectra

18 Figure 8.9b Rate of photosynthesis (measured by O 2 release) (b) Action spectrum

19 Individual Work Take a moment to look at all the diagrams from figure 8.9 on p. 161 Read through Engelmann s experiment Answer Which wavelengths of light are most effective in driving photosynthesis? State a claim (What you believe is the answer) Provide evidence from the reading to support your claim Explain your reasoning (Why does your evidence support your claim?) Use the word Because or therefore in your explanation

20 Figure 8.9c Aerobic bacteria Filament of alga (c) Engelmann s experiment

21 Figure H 2 O CO 2 Light Light Reactions NADP ADP P i ATP NADPH Calvin Cycle Chloroplast O 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar)

22 Figure 8.11 Energy of electron e Excited state Heat Photon Chlorophyll molecule Photon (fluorescence) Ground state (a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule (b) Fluorescence

23 Objective: You will be able to explain how the light reactions generate ATP and NADPH. Do Now: View the two stages of photosynthesis by looking at the diagram on p List the reactants and products for each stage

24 The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH

25 The light reactions (in the thylakoids) Split H 2 O Release O 2 Reduce the electron acceptor, NADP, to NADPH Generate ATP from ADP by adding a phosphate group, photophosphorylation

26 Take one minute and draw a chloroplast in your notebook Include: Double membrane Thylakoids Grana Stroma Place an X where you would find chlorophyll Leave a space to draw a different diagram of the same size later

27 Figure 8.11 Energy of electron e Excited state Heat Photon Chlorophyll molecule Photon (fluorescence) Ground state (a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule (b) Fluorescence

28 Thylakoid membrane Figure 8.12a Photon Photosystem Lightharvesting complexes Reactioncenter complex STROMA Primary electron acceptor e Transfer of energy Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules Pigment molecules THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) (a) How a photosystem harvests light

29 Energy Figure H O 2 Light 3 H 2 O e e Primary acceptor e 2 P680 4 Pq Electron transport chain Cytochrome complex 5 ATP Pc Primary acceptor e P700 7 Fd e e 6 Electron transport chain 8 NADP reductase Light NADP H NADPH Photosystem II (PS II) Pigment molecules Photosystem I (PS I)

30 Figure 8.14 Mill makes ATP NADPH Photosystem II Photosystem I

31 Paired Work Explain how each component of this diagram relates to what we just learned.

32 Take one minute and draw a mitochondria next to the chloroplast you drew Include: Double membrane Intermembrane space Matrix Place an X where you would find ETC

33 Figure 8.16 Photosystem II Light 4 H Cytochrome complex Light Photosystem I Fd NADP reductase 3 NADP H H 2 O THYLAKOID SPACE (high H concentration) e e O 2 2 H Pq 2 4 H Pc NADPH To Calvin Cycle STROMA (low H concentration) Thylakoid membrane ATP synthase ADP P i H ATP

34 Objective: You will be able to explain how the Calvin cycle builds carbohydrates. Do Now: Take out the photosynthesis packet Begin completing question #1 Write in ETC, proton pumps and ATP synthase

35 Figure 8.UN02 H 2 O CO 2 Light NADP ADP Light Reactions Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH O 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar)

36 In cyclic electron flow Only photosystem I is used Only ATP is produced Primary acceptor Fd Primary acceptor Fd Pq Cytochrome complex NADP + reductase NADP + NADPH Pc Figure Photosystem II ATP Photosystem I

37 The Calvin cycle uses the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO 2 to sugar

38 Figure Input 3 as 3 CO 2 Rubisco Phase 1: Carbon fixation 3 P P 3 P P RuBP 6 P 3-Phosphoglycerate 6 ATP 6 ADP 3 ATP 3 ADP Phase 3: Regeneration of RuBP 5 P G3P Calvin Cycle 6 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate G3P P 6 P P 6 P i 6 6 NADP NADPH Phase 2: Reduction 1 P G3P Output Glucose and other organic compounds

39 Questions? What is the function of the Calvin cycle? List the reactants of the Calvin Cycle. The products. How are the Calvin cycle and the Krebs cycle similar? Different? Which cycle is your favorite?

40 Paired Work Take 3-5 minutes and add any additional information you can that compares aerobic cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

41 Objective: You will be able to compare and contrast C3, C4 and CAM plants. Do Now: Read Evolution of Alternative on p. 169 Explain what is meant by the photosynthesis-water loss compromise

42 Figure Input 3 as 3 CO 2 Rubisco Phase 1: Carbon fixation 3 P P 3 P P RuBP 6 P 3-Phosphoglycerate 6 ATP 6 ADP 3 ATP 3 ADP Phase 3: Regeneration of RuBP 5 P G3P Calvin Cycle 6 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate G3P P 6 P P 6 P i 6 6 NADP NADPH Phase 2: Reduction 1 P G3P Output Glucose and other organic compounds

43 Figure 10.4a Leaf cross section Chloroplasts Vein Mesophyll Stomata CO 2 O 2 Chloroplast Mesophyll cell 20 m

44 Figure 8.18 C 4 Sugarcane Mesophyll cell Organic acid CO 2 1 Pineapple Organic acid CO 2 1 Night CAM Bundlesheath cell CO 2 CO 2 Calvin Cycle 2 Calvin Cycle 2 Day Sugar Sugar (a) Spatial separation of steps (b) Temporal separation of steps

45

46 Figure 10.20b The C 4 pathway Mesophyll cell PEP carboxylase CO 2 Oxaloacetate (4C) Malate (4C) PEP (3C) ADP ATP Bundlesheath cell CO 2 Pyruvate (3C) Calvin Cycle Sugar Vascular tissue

47 The Photorespiration Mistake In most plants (C 3 plants), initial fixation of CO 2, via rubisco, forms a three-carbon compound In photorespiration, rubisco adds O 2 instead of CO 2 in the Calvin cycle Photorespiration decreases photosynthetic output by consuming ATP, organic fuel and releasing CO 2 without producing sugar

48 Reminder Objective: You will be able to compare and contrast C3, C4 and CAM plants.

49 Paired Work Complete the Scientific Skills Exercise on p. 170 Please be aware that in question 3b you need to: State a claim Provided evidence Explain your reasoning (because, therefore) Make 1 critique about the experiment

50 Figure 8.UN04

51 R F = distance of pigment from origin distance of solvent front from origin Distance of solvent front from origin Distance of pigment from origin

52 Figure 8.19 H 2 O CO 2 Light NADP Light Reactions: Photosystem II Electron transport chain Photosystem I Electron transport chain ADP P i ATP NADPH RuBP 3-Phosphpglycerate Calvin Cycle G3P Starch (storage) Chloroplast O 2 Sucrose (export)

53 Figure 8.UN07 ph 7 ph 4 ph 4 ph 8

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