Development of the Kingdom Concept
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1 2 2 Development of the Kingdom Concept
2
3 68 Pasteur 63 Aristotale Biogenese Spontaneous generation Sexual Zygote Asexual
4 RNA, DNA Viruses Aristotle 2 2 Theophrastus Plato 033
5 Theophrastus Carolus Linnaeus Genus Genera 6 3 Binomial System Species Plantarum Species 0 Carolus Species Plantarum 68 Linnaeus Linnaeus International Code of Botanical Nomenclature Development of the Kingdom Concept Plantae Aristotale Animalia
6 Slime molds Amoebae John Hogg & Protoctista 683 Emst Haeckel Herbert 36 F.Copeland Monera Protoctista 386 Murray Microorganisms Procaryotic cells Eucaryotic cells 8
7 - أتؼاد النائي الصفة - الس اط Flagella )إى وجذخ( خلية بدائية النواة Procaryotic ه نشوى أو أقل تس غح ( خ ظ هحىس واحذ هنىى هي ىػ ي هي الثشوذ اخ فقظ( خلية حقيقية النواة Eucaryotic أمثش هي 0 ه نشوى ػشضها أو قغشها هؼقذج ( السىط هرؼذد الخ ىط والثشوذ اخ( - الجذاس الخلى ( Cell Wall إى وجذ(: * حوض الو ىساه ل.Muramic acid * حوض د أه ىت و لل.Diaminopimelic acid * السل ىلىص Cellulose - الغشاء الس رىتالصه :Cytoplasmic membrane * السر شوالخ Sterols * الجولح الر فس ح * جهاص الرشم ة الضىئ -0 الس رىتالصم : Cytoplasm * الو رىمى ذس ا وأجسام مىلج والشثنح اإل ذوتالسو ح والل سىسىهاخ. * فجىاخ غاص ح وه ضوصوهاخ Mesosomes * الثالسر ذاخ الخضشاء Chloroplasts * الش ثىسىهاخ الس رىتالصه ح Cytoplasmic ribosomes * الفجىاخ الوحاعح تأغش ح Vacuoles enclosed by membranes * االلرقام والحشمح األه ث ح Phagoctosis and amoeboid movement ىجذ ىجذ أو ال ىجذ ال ىجذ ال ذىجذ ال ذىجذ قذ ىجذ ال ىجذ ا س اب تالسو ال ذىجذ ذىجذ ال ذىجذ راخ هؼاهل ذشس ة 70S ال ذىجذ ال ذىجذ ال ىجذ ال ىجذ ىجذ أو ال ىجذ ذىجذ ذىجذ ىجذ أو ال ىجذ ىجذ ا س اب تالسو ذىجذ ال ذىجذ ذىجذ أو ال ذىجذ راخ هؼاهل ذشس ة 80S ذىجذ ذىجذ أو الذىجذ
8 ال ىجذ ال ىجذ واحذ % -6 تالس اط أو ا ضالق ح شرشك RNA وح ذ هغ تؼض الثشوذ اخ والش ثىسىهاخ. 70S ال ج س - الرضاوج ادس و قىد إل ت ضح هلقحح جضئ ا Merozygote ىجذ ىجذ أمثش هي واحذ حىال % 3 تالس اط أو حشمح مث شج. شرشك ثالثح أ ىاع هي RNA والش ثىسىهاخ 70S و 80S ال ج س وج س والرضاوج قىد إل ت ضح هلقحح Zygote دائوا -8 ال ىاج :Nucleus * الغشاء ال ىو.Nuclear membrane * اال قسام الو رىصي.Mitosis * ػذد النشوهىسىهاخ.Chromosomes number * سثح الغىا ي والس رىص ي ف الذ ا DNA - الىظائف الح ى ح: * الحشمح * ذشم ة الثشوذ ي * الرناثش 383 Procaryotes Whittaker Monera Protista Fungi Eucaryotes Plantae Animalia Ingesters 0 6
9 6 Whittaker Viruses Acellular structure 8 th ed Murray Bergey's Photosynthetic bacteria Photobacteria 3
10 Blue- green Cyanobacteria photobacteria Red photobacteria Green photobacteria Scotobacteria Parasites The Bacteria Saprophytes Rickettsias Obligate intracellular parasites Mollicutes Mycoplasmas Muramic acid True Bacteria 363 Carl Woese Archaebacteria 2 3
11 الخصائص ظام الووالل السد (WOESE ET AL.) 980 ظام الووالل الخوس (WHITTAKE) 969 ظام الووالل األستغ (COPELAND) 938 ظام الووالل الثالز (HOGG AND HAECKEL) 860 ظام الوولنر ي )ذقل ذ (
12 Families Classes Kingdoms Genera 3 2 Linnaeus Orders Phyla (divisions) Suborder Forms Superkingdom Subclass Varieties Subphylum Subspecies Superorder Systematists Taxonomists DNA Cladistics
13 33 Cladograms C B A 2
14 363 Numerical phenetic Sneath Operational Adanson 38 Sokal 3 83 Taxonomic Unit (OTU) Phenogram 8 Cluster analysis 36 Young Jones Asteraceae Cladistic Henning Cladogram Erigeron 3
15 OTU Jones et Young Asteraceae 3 0
16 Jones et Youg 4 2 Phylogenetic 0 8
17 5
18 336 "An Ordinal Classification of Flowering Walter Judd DNA Plants" 333 Magnoliophyta DNA Domains Archaea RNA Archaea Eukarya 6
19 Woese et al. 368 Bergey's Jones et al. Domain Archaea هولنح أسم ا Kingdom Archaea Phylum Archaebacteria (methane, salt, and sulfolobus bacteria) Domain Bacteria Kingdom Bacteria Phylum Eubacteria هولنح الجشاث ن الجشاث ن الحق ق ح Class Eubacteriae(unpigmented,purple, and green sulfur bacteria) الجشاث ن الضسقاء (cyanobacteria) Class Cyanobacteriae Class Chloroxybacteriae (chloroxybacteria) Domain Eukarya هولنح تشوذسرا Kingdom Protista Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae) Phylum Charophyta (stoneworts) Phylum Euglenophyta (euglenoids) Phylum Xanthophyta (Yellow-green algae) Phylum Chrysophyta = (Golden algae) Phylum Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown algae) Phylum Pyrrophyta = Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates) 3 3 الغحالة الخضشاء الغحالة الناس ح الغحالة األوغل ح الغحالة الصفشاء الوخضشج الغحالة الزهث ح الوشغىساخ الغحالة السوشاء الغحالة ال اس ح
20 الغحالة الوسرخف ح (Cryptomonads) Phylum Cryptophyta Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae) الفغش اخ الوخاع ح Phylum Myxomycota الفغش اخ الثالسوىد ىفىس ح Phylum Plasmodiophoromycota Phylum Oomycota (water molds) [Phylum Protozoa-protozoans] [Phylum Porifera-sponges] Kingdom Fungi Phylum Chytridiomycota (chytrids) Phylum Zygomycota (coenocytic fungi) Phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi) [Lichens] Phylum Basidiomycota (club fungi) Phylum Deuteromycota (imperfect fungi) Kingdom Plantae 3 الغحالة الحوشاء هولنح الفغش اخ الفغش اخ الث ض ح الفغش اخ الن رش ذ ح الح ىا اخ األوال اإلسف ج اخ الفغش اخ االصدواج ح الفغش اخ الضق ح األش اخ الفغش اخ الذػاه ح الفغش اخ ال اقصح )النث ش ضو ها ضوي الفغش اخ الضق ح( هولنح ال ثاذاخ النثذ اخ أو الواسما ر اخ Phylum Hepaticophyta (Liverworts) = Marchantiophyta Phylum Anthocerotophyta (Horn worts) Phylum Bryophyta (Mosses) Phylum Psilotophyta (Whisk ferns) األ رىس شاخ الثش ى اخ ( الحضاص اخ( تس لىذاخ ل نىتىد اخ ( أسجل الزئة( mosses) Phylum Lycophyta = Lycopodiophyta (club Phylum Equisetophyta (Horsetails) )السشاخس( Phylum Polypodiophyta (Ferns) = Filicophyta إ نى س رىف را )أر اب الخ ل ) تىل تىد ىف را مى ف شوف را )الوخشوع اخ أو Phylum Pinophyta (Conifers)= Conifeophyta ج نىف را (Ginkgo) Phylum Ginkgophyta س نادوف را (Cycads) Phylum Cycadophyta الص ىتش اخ(
21 غ رىف را )الغ راخ( Welwitschia) Phylum Gnetophyta (Gnetum, Ephedra, Phylum Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants) Class Magnoliopsida (Dicots) Class Liliopsida (Monocots) هاغ ىل ىف را )ال ثاذاخ الضهش ح( هاغ ىل ىتس ذا )ث ائ اخ الفلقح ) ل ل ىتس ذا )أحاد اخ الفلقح ) هولنح الح ىا اخ animals) Kingdom Animalia (Multicellular 8
22 6
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